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Coordinates: 38°08′16″S 176°15′05″E / 38.13778°S 176.25139°E / -38.13778; 176.25139
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| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| image1 = Rotorua museum.jpg
| image1 = Rotorua museum.jpg
| image2 = 00 2009 03 20 1564 Rotorua - i-Site (Informationszentrum).jpg
| image2 = St Faiths Anglican Church, Ohinemutu, Rotorua.jpg
| image3 = Government Gardens in Rotorua 01.jpg
| image3 = Government Gardens in Rotorua 01.jpg
| image4 = City of Rotorua.jpg
| image4 = City of Rotorua.jpg
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Rotorua Lakes Council]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rotorua Lakes Council]]
| established_title = Settled by Māori
| established_title = Settled by Māori
| established_date = c. 1350
| established_date = {{circa|1350}}
| established_title1 = Founded
| established_title1 = Founded
| established_date1 = c. 1350
| established_date1 = {{circa|1350}}
| established_title2 = Borough status
| established_title2 = Borough status
| established_date2 = 1922
| established_date2 = 1922
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| area_total_km2 = 2614.9
| area_total_km2 = 2614.9
| area_metro_km2 = 89.28
| area_metro_km2 = 89.28
| area_urban_km2 = 48.04
| area_urban_km2 = 46.06
| elevation_m = 280
| elevation_m = 280
| timezone = [[Time in New Zealand|NZST]]
| timezone = [[Time in New Zealand|NZST]]
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The name Rotorua comes from the [[Māori language]], where the full name for the city and lake is {{lang|mi|Te Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rotorua – New Zealand History|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/keyword/rotorua|access-date=2023-01-10|website=New Zealand History|language=en|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209202540/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/keyword/rotorua|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Roto'' means 'lake' and ''rua'' means 'two' or in this case, 'second' – Rotorua thus meaning 'Second lake'. [[Kahumatamomoe]] was the uncle of the [[Māori people|Māori]] chief [[Ihenga]], the ancestral explorer of the [[Te Arawa]].<ref name=WisesRotorua>Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p383.</ref> It was the second major lake the chief discovered, and he dedicated it to his uncle. It is the largest of a multitude of lakes found to the northeast, all connected with the Rotorua Caldera and nearby [[Mount Tarawera]]. The name can also mean the equally appropriate 'Crater lake'.<ref name=WisesRotorua/>
The name Rotorua comes from the [[Māori language]], where the full name for the city and lake is {{lang|mi|Te Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rotorua – New Zealand History|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/keyword/rotorua|access-date=2023-01-10|website=New Zealand History|language=en|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209202540/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/keyword/rotorua|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Roto'' means 'lake' and ''rua'' means 'two' or in this case, 'second' – Rotorua thus meaning 'Second lake'. [[Kahumatamomoe]] was the uncle of the [[Māori people|Māori]] chief [[Ihenga]], the ancestral explorer of the [[Te Arawa]].<ref name=WisesRotorua>Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p383.</ref> It was the second major lake the chief discovered, and he dedicated it to his uncle. It is the largest of a multitude of lakes found to the northeast, all connected with the Rotorua Caldera and nearby [[Mount Tarawera]]. The name can also mean the equally appropriate 'Crater lake'.<ref name=WisesRotorua/>


A common nickname for Rotorua is "Sulphur City" due to the [[hydrogen sulphide]] emissions, which gives the city a smell similar to "rotten eggs",<ref name="NZHerald3511691">{{cite web |last=Collins |first=Simon |date=9 July 2003 |title=Sulphur City gases under scrutiny |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3511691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320155606/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3511691 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=7 June 2009 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]}}</ref> as well as "Rotten-rua" combining its legitimate name and the rotten smell prevalent.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 May 2017 |title=Rotten eggs, Rotorua and Parkinson’s disease |url=https://scienceofparkinsons.com/tag/rottenrua/ |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=The Science of Parkinson's |language=en}}</ref> Another common nickname is "Roto-Vegas", likening the city's own strip of road flanked by businesses and restaurants to [[Las Vegas Strip|that of Las Vegas]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bardsley |first1=Dianne |title=Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English: Grammar and beyond |last2=Simpson |first2=Jane |publisher=John Benjamins |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-272-4899-2 |editor-last1=Peters |editor-first1=Pam |page=57 |chapter=Hypocoristics in New Zealand and Australian English |editor-last2=Collins |editor-first2=Peter |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=Adam}}</ref>
A common nickname for Rotorua is "Sulphur City" due to the [[hydrogen sulphide]] emissions, which gives the city a smell similar to "rotten eggs",<ref name="NZHerald3511691">{{cite web |last=Collins |first=Simon |date=9 July 2003 |title=Sulphur City gases under scrutiny |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3511691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320155606/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3511691 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=7 June 2009 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]}}</ref> as well as "Rotten-rua" combining its legitimate name and the rotten smell prevalent.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 May 2017 |title=Rotten eggs, Rotorua and Parkinson's disease |url=https://scienceofparkinsons.com/tag/rottenrua/ |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=The Science of Parkinson's |language=en}}</ref> Another common nickname is "Roto-Vegas", likening the city's own strip of road flanked by businesses and restaurants to [[Las Vegas Strip|that of Las Vegas]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bardsley |first1=Dianne |title=Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English: Grammar and beyond |last2=Simpson |first2=Jane |publisher=John Benjamins |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-272-4899-2 |editor-last1=Peters |editor-first1=Pam |page=57 |chapter=Hypocoristics in New Zealand and Australian English |editor-last2=Collins |editor-first2=Peter |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=Adam}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
The area was initially settled by [[Māori people|Māori]] of the [[Te Arawa]] [[Iwi]] in the 14th century, and a thriving [[pā]] was built at [[Ohinemutu]] by the shores of [[Lake Rotorua]]. According to Te Arawa folklore, the city's bountiful [[Hot spring|geothermal springs]] had resulted from a plea by [[Ngātoro-i-rangi]], an ancestral [[tohunga]], for the gods to send fire-bearing spirits from [[Hawaiki]], the semi-mythological Māori homeland. The Te Arawa Māori who lived at Ohinemutu eventually began to call themselves [[Ngāti Whakaue]], after their ancestor [[Maketu|Whakaue Kaipapa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loading... {{!}} Collections Online - Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa |url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/48122 |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=collections.tepapa.govt.nz}}</ref>
The area was initially settled by [[Māori people|Māori]] of the [[Te Arawa]] [[iwi]] in the 14th century, and a thriving [[pā]] was built at [[Ohinemutu]] by the shores of [[Lake Rotorua]]. According to Te Arawa folklore, the city's bountiful [[Hot spring|geothermal springs]] had resulted from a plea by [[Ngātoro-i-rangi]], an ancestral [[tohunga]], for the gods to send fire-bearing spirits from [[Hawaiki]], the semi-mythological Māori homeland. The Te Arawa Māori who lived at Ohinemutu eventually began to call themselves [[Ngāti Whakaue]], after their ancestor [[Maketu|Whakaue Kaipapa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loading... {{!}} Collections Online - Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa |url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/48122 |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=collections.tepapa.govt.nz}}</ref>


Rotorua was a site of heavy conflict during the [[Musket Wars]]. During the early 1820s, the large Northern [[iwi]] [[Ngāpuhi]] had begun expanding outwards further south, driving [[Ngāti Pāoa|Ngāti Paoa]] and their chief [[Te Hīnaki]] from modern-day [[South Auckland]], and launched periodic raids into the [[Bay of Plenty Region|Bay of Plenty]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Atholl |title=Tangata Whenua |date=November 2015 |publisher=Bridget Williams Books |year=2015 |isbn=9781927131411 |edition=1st |location=Auckland |publication-date=Nov 2015 |pages=178–180 |language=English}}</ref> A military expedition into the Bay of Plenty by a combined Ngāpuhi and [[Ngāti Maru (Hauraki)|Ngāti Maru nō Hauraki]] force in 1818 had set the stage for further raids in the modern Rotorua area. Ngāpuhi and its allies launched an ambitious invasion of the [[Waikato]] in 1822, with a battalion led by junior chief [[Te Wera Hauraki#Mokoia campaign, 1823|Te Pae-o-te-Rangi]] were ambushed and slaughtered by [[Ngāti Whakaue]] for trespassing into Rotorua. This was apparently at the insistence of [[Te Rauparaha]]; under Māori customary law the attack demanded [[Utu (Māori concept)|utu]]. Ngāpuhi commander [[Hongi Hika]] convened with his fellow chiefs [[Pōmare I (Ngāpuhi)|Pomare I]] and [[Te Wera Hauraki]] to propose war, and thus in February 1823 a Ngāpuhi-led coalition invaded Rotorua.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tarakawa |first1=Takaanui |author1-link=Takaanui Tarakawa|title=Nga Mahi A Te Wera, Me Nga-Puhi Hoki, Ki Te Tai-Rawhiti / The Doings of Te Wera-Hauraki and Nga-Puhi, on the East Coast, N.Z |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |date=1899 |volume=8 |pages=179–187, 235–249}}</ref>{{rp|p=242}} The force, which also included [[Ngāti Whātua]] and some [[Waikato Tainui]], landed at [[Tauranga]] and headed up the [[Pongakawa]] valley to attack [[Mokoia Island]]{{sfn|Tarakawa|1899|p=242}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grace |first1=John Te Herekiekie|author1-link=John Grace (Māori leader)|title=Tuwharetoa: The history of the Maori people of the Taupo District|date=1959 |publisher=A.H. & A.W. Reed|location=Auckland, New Zealand |isbn=9780589003739 |p=274}}</ref><ref>{{DNZB|title=Te Wera Hauraki |first= Angela|last= Ballara|id=1t83|access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref> Te Arawa fell back after the loss of 170 men and were defeated by Ngāpuhi,{{sfn|Tarakawa|1899|p=244-245}} and utu was satisfied.<ref name=":4" />
Rotorua was a site of heavy conflict during the [[Musket Wars]]. During the early 1820s, the large Northern [[iwi]] [[Ngāpuhi]] had begun expanding outwards further south, driving [[Ngāti Pāoa]] and their chief [[Te Hīnaki]] from modern-day [[South Auckland]], and launched periodic raids into the [[Bay of Plenty Region|Bay of Plenty]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Atholl |title=Tangata Whenua |date=November 2015 |publisher=Bridget Williams Books |year=2015 |isbn=9781927131411 |edition=1st |location=Auckland |publication-date=Nov 2015 |pages=178–180 |language=English}}</ref> A military expedition into the Bay of Plenty by a combined Ngāpuhi and [[Ngāti Maru (Hauraki)|Ngāti Maru nō Hauraki]] force in 1818 had set the stage for further raids in the modern Rotorua area. Ngāpuhi and its allies launched an ambitious invasion of the [[Waikato]] in 1822, with a battalion led by junior chief [[Te Wera Hauraki#Mokoia campaign, 1823|Te Pae-o-te-Rangi]] were ambushed and slaughtered by [[Ngāti Whakaue]] for trespassing into Rotorua. This was apparently at the insistence of [[Te Rauparaha]]; under Māori customary law the attack demanded ''[[Utu (Māori concept)|utu]]''. Ngāpuhi commander [[Hongi Hika]] convened with his fellow chiefs [[Pōmare I (Ngāpuhi)|Pōmare I]] and [[Te Wera Hauraki]] to propose war, and thus in February 1823 a Ngāpuhi-led coalition invaded Rotorua.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tarakawa |first1=Takaanui |author1-link=Takaanui Tarakawa|title=Nga Mahi A Te Wera, Me Nga-Puhi Hoki, Ki Te Tai-Rawhiti / The Doings of Te Wera-Hauraki and Nga-Puhi, on the East Coast, N.Z |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |date=1899 |volume=8 |pages=179–187, 235–249}}</ref>{{rp|p=242}} The force, which also included [[Ngāti Whātua]] and some [[Waikato Tainui]], landed at [[Tauranga]] and headed up the [[Pongakawa]] valley to attack [[Mokoia Island]]{{sfn|Tarakawa|1899|p=242}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grace |first1=John Te Herekiekie|author1-link=John Grace (Māori leader)|title=Tuwharetoa: The history of the Maori people of the Taupo District|date=1959 |publisher=A.H. & A.W. Reed|location=Auckland, New Zealand |isbn=9780589003739 |page=274}}</ref><ref>{{DNZB|title=Te Wera Hauraki |first= Angela|last= Ballara|id=1t83|access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref> Te Arawa fell back after the loss of 170 men and were defeated by Ngāpuhi,{{sfn|Tarakawa|1899|p=244-245}} and utu was satisfied.<ref name=":4" />


The first European in the area was probably [[Phillip Tapsell]] who was trading from the [[Bay of Plenty]] coast at [[Maketu]] from 1828. He later married into Te Arawa and became highly regarded by them.<ref name="NZETapsell">{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/T/TapsellPhilipOrFelkalsoSpeltFalkHans/TapsellPhilipOrFelkalsoSpeltFalkHans/en|title=1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023131524/http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/T/TapsellPhilipOrFelkalsoSpeltFalkHans/TapsellPhilipOrFelkalsoSpeltFalkHans/en|archive-date=23 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Missionaries [[Henry Williams (missionary)|Henry Williams]] and Thomas Chapman visited in 1831<ref name="WisesRotorua" /> and Chapman and his wife established a mission at Te Koutu in 1835.<ref name="NZDBChapman">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp%3FPersonEssay=1C13|title=Chapman, Anne Maria and Chapman, Thomas – Biography – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=4 June 2009|archive-date=14 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514213458/http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp%3FPersonEssay=1C13|url-status=live}}</ref> This was abandoned within a year, but Chapman returned in 1838 and established a second mission at Mokoia Island.<ref name="WisesRotorua" /><ref name="NZDBChapman" />
The first European in the area was probably [[Phillip Tapsell]] who was trading from the [[Bay of Plenty]] coast at [[Maketu]] from 1828. He later married into Te Arawa and became highly regarded by them.<ref name="NZETapsell">{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/T/TapsellPhilipOrFelkalsoSpeltFalkHans/TapsellPhilipOrFelkalsoSpeltFalkHans/en|title=1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023131524/http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/T/TapsellPhilipOrFelkalsoSpeltFalkHans/TapsellPhilipOrFelkalsoSpeltFalkHans/en|archive-date=23 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Missionaries [[Henry Williams (missionary)|Henry Williams]] and Thomas Chapman visited in 1831<ref name="WisesRotorua" /> and Chapman and his wife established a mission at Te Koutu in 1835.<ref name="NZDBChapman">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp%3FPersonEssay=1C13|title=Chapman, Anne Maria and Chapman, Thomas – Biography – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=4 June 2009|archive-date=14 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514213458/http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp%3FPersonEssay=1C13|url-status=live}}</ref> This was abandoned within a year, but Chapman returned in 1838 and established a second mission at Mokoia Island.<ref name="WisesRotorua" /><ref name="NZDBChapman" />
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{{Weather box
{{Weather box
| location = Rotorua (1981–2010)
| location = Rotorua (1991–2020)
| metric first = Y
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan high C = 22.8
|Jan high C = 22.9
| Feb high C = 22.9
|Feb high C = 23.1
| Mar high C = 20.9
|Mar high C = 21.1
| Apr high C = 18.0
|Apr high C = 18.1
| May high C = 15.1
|May high C = 15.2
| Jun high C = 12.6
|Jun high C = 12.7
| Jul high C = 12.0
|Jul high C = 12.0
| Aug high C = 12.8
|Aug high C = 12.8
| Sep high C = 14.6
|Sep high C = 14.5
| Oct high C = 16.4
|Oct high C = 16.4
| Nov high C = 18.6
|Nov high C = 18.6
| Dec high C = 20.8
|Dec high C = 20.8
| year high C = 17.3
| year high C = 17.4
| Jan mean C = 17.7
|Jan mean C = 17.7
| Feb mean C = 17.9
|Feb mean C = 18.1
| Mar mean C = 16.0
|Mar mean C = 16.1
| Apr mean C = 13.3
|Apr mean C = 13.4
| May mean C = 10.7
|May mean C = 10.9
| Jun mean C = 8.5
|Jun mean C = 8.6
| Jul mean C = 7.8
|Jul mean C = 7.8
| Aug mean C = 8.4
|Aug mean C = 8.4
| Sep mean C = 10.2
|Sep mean C = 10.1
| Oct mean C = 12.0
|Oct mean C = 11.9
| Nov mean C = 13.9
|Nov mean C = 13.8
| Dec mean C = 16.2
|Dec mean C = 16.2
| year mean C = 12.7
| year mean C = 12.8
| Jan low C = 12.6
|Jan low C = 12.6
| Feb low C = 13.0
|Feb low C = 13.1
| Mar low C = 11.1
|Mar low C = 11.1
| Apr low C = 8.5
|Apr low C = 8.7
| May low C = 6.3
|May low C = 6.6
| Jun low C = 4.3
|Jun low C = 4.4
| Jul low C = 3.5
|Jul low C = 3.7
| Aug low C = 4.1
|Aug low C = 4.1
| Sep low C = 5.8
|Sep low C = 5.8
| Oct low C = 7.6
|Oct low C = 7.4
| Nov low C = 9.2
|Nov low C = 9.0
| Dec low C = 11.5
|Dec low C = 11.5
| year low C = 8.1
| year low C = 8.2
| precipitation colour = green
|rain colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 92.7
|Jan rain mm = 93.8
| Feb precipitation mm = 93.9
|Feb rain mm = 100.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 99.2
|Mar rain mm = 100.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 107.2
|Apr rain mm = 133.0
| May precipitation mm = 116.9
|May rain mm = 130.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 136.1
|Jun rain mm = 131.9
| Jul precipitation mm = 134.5
|Jul rain mm = 137.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 131.4
|Aug rain mm = 125.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 109.3
|Sep rain mm = 106.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 112.3
|Oct rain mm = 92.9
| Nov precipitation mm = 93.8
|Nov rain mm = 86.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 114.2
|Dec rain mm = 117.1
| year precipitation mm = 1341.8
|year rain mm =
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan rain days = 7.7
| Jan precipitation days = 8.2
| Feb rain days = 7.6
| Feb precipitation days = 7.4
| Mar rain days = 8.1
| Mar precipitation days = 8.5
| Apr rain days = 9.3
| Apr precipitation days = 8.2
| May rain days = 9.9
| May precipitation days = 9.5
| Jun rain days = 10.9
| Jun precipitation days = 11.2
| Jul rain days = 11.4
| Jul precipitation days = 11.0
| Aug rain days = 12.1
| Aug precipitation days = 11.6
| Sep rain days = 11
| Sep precipitation days = 11.3
| Oct rain days = 10.3
| Oct precipitation days = 10.9
| Nov rain days = 9.5
| Nov precipitation days = 9.4
| Dec rain days = 10.8
| Dec precipitation days = 10.0
| unit rain days = 1.0 mm
| year precipitation days = 117.0
<!--Average daily % humidity-->| Jan humidity = 78.8
<!--Average daily % humidity-->| Jan humidity = 78.8
| Feb humidity = 81.4
| Feb humidity = 81.4
Line 199: Line 198:
| Dec sun = 215.8
| Dec sun = 215.8
| year sun = 2127.8
| year sun = 2127.8
| source 1 = NIWA Climate Data<ref name="niwa">{{cite web
|source 1 = NIWA Climate Data (sun and humidity 1981–2010)<ref name = NIWA>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240520001949/https://niwa.co.nz/climate-and-weather/climate-data-and-activities
| archive-date = 20 May 2024
| url = https://niwa.co.nz/climate-and-weather/climate-data-and-activities
| title = Climate data and activities
| publisher= NIWA
| access-date = 20 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="niwa">{{cite web
| url = http://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-training/schools/resources/climate
| url = http://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-training/schools/resources/climate
| title = Climate Data and Activities
| title = Climate Data and Activities
Line 252: Line 257:
{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Hamurana]]
* [[Hamurana]]
⚫
* [[Ngongotahā]]
* [[Tikitere]]
* [[Tikitere]]
* [[Rotokawa, Bay of Plenty|Rotokawa]]
* Tarawera
* Tarawera
⚫
* [[Ngongotahā]]
* Okareka
* Okareka
* [[Horohoro, New Zealand|Horohoro]]
* [[Horohoro, New Zealand|Horohoro]]
Line 260: Line 266:


== Demography ==
== Demography ==
The Rotorua urban area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, covers {{Convert|48.04|km2||abbr=on}} and incorporates 26 statistical areas.<!--Fairy Springs, Fenton Park, Glenholme North, Glenholme South, Holdens Bay-Rotokawa, Kawaha, Koutu, Kuirau, Lynmore, Mangakakahi Central, Mangakakahi West, Ngapuna, Owhata East, Owhata West, Pleasant Heights, Pomare, Pukehangi North, Pukehangi South, Rotorua Central, Selwyn Heights, Springfield North, Springfield South, Sunnybrook, Tihiotonga-Whakarewarewa, Victoria, and Western Heights--><ref>{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787|access-date=2021-02-18|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214063818/https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787|url-status=live}}</ref> It has an estimated population of {{NZ population data 2018|Rotorua|y}} as of {{NZ population data 2018|||y}}.{{NZ population data 2018||||y}}
The Rotorua urban area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, covers {{Convert|46.06|km2||abbr=on}} and incorporates 26 statistical areas.<!--As of 2018: Fairy Springs, Fenton Park, Glenholme North, Glenholme South, Holdens Bay-Rotokawa, Kawaha, Koutu, Kuirau, Lynmore, Mangakakahi Central, Mangakakahi West, Ngapuna, Owhata East, Owhata West, Pleasant Heights, Pomare, Pukehangi North, Pukehangi South, Rotorua Central, Selwyn Heights, Springfield North, Springfield South, Sunnybrook, Tihiotonga-Whakarewarewa, Victoria, and Western Heights--><ref name="Area">{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787| access-date=22 April 2024|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref> It has an estimated population of {{NZ population data 2018|Rotorua|y}} as of {{NZ population data 2018|||y}}.{{NZ population data 2018||||y}}


The Rotorua urban area had a usual resident population of 54,204 at the [[2018 New Zealand census]], an increase of 5,289 people (10.8%) since the [[2013 New Zealand census|2013 census]]. There were 26,211 males and 27,993 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.936 males per female. Of the total population, 12,366 people (22.8%) were aged up to 15 years, 11,052 (20.4%) were 15 to 29, 22,980 (42.4%) were 30 to 64, and 7,809 (14.4%) were 65 or older.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Age and sex by ethnic group (grouped total response), for census usually resident population counts, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (urban rural areas)|url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8318|access-date=2020-09-13|website=nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009205114/http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8318|url-status=live}}</ref>
Before the 2023 census, the urban area had a larger boundary, covering {{Convert|48.04|km2||abbr=on}}.<ref name="Area"/> Using that boundary, The Rotorua urban area had a usual resident population of 54,204 at the [[2018 New Zealand census]], an increase of 5,289 people (10.8%) since the [[2013 New Zealand census|2013 census]]. There were 26,211 males and 27,993 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.936 males per female. Of the total population, 12,366 people (22.8%) were aged up to 15 years, 11,052 (20.4%) were 15 to 29, 22,980 (42.4%) were 30 to 64, and 7,809 (14.4%) were 65 or older.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Age and sex by ethnic group (grouped total response), for census usually resident population counts, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (urban rural areas)|url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8318|access-date=2020-09-13|website=nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009205114/http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8318|url-status=live}}</ref>


In terms of ethnicity, 59.2% were European/Pākehā, 42.3% were Māori, 6.2% were Pacific peoples, 11.5% were Asian, and 1.5% were other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).<ref name=":02" /> Rotorua has the highest proportion of Māori of any city in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rotorua Facts You Need To Know {{!}} Rotorua Super Passes |url=https://superpasses.co.nz/blog/rotorua-facts/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |language=en}}</ref>
In terms of ethnicity, 59.2% were European/Pākehā, 42.3% were Māori, 6.2% were Pacific peoples, 11.5% were Asian, and 1.5% were other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).<ref name=":02" /> Rotorua has the highest proportion of Māori of any city in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rotorua Facts You Need To Know {{!}} Rotorua Super Passes |url=https://superpasses.co.nz/blog/rotorua-facts/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |language=en}}</ref>
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== Economy ==
== Economy ==
In 2022, the [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of the [[Rotorua Lakes District|Rotorua District]] was $4,241m, representing 1.2% of New Zealand's total GDP. The sector with the largest contribution to the Rotorua District GDP was high value services (professional, managerial, as well as scientific and technical occupations), at 20%. This is less than the 26.7% contribution that high value services make to the national economy. The next highest contribution to the district GDP was from goods-producing industries representing 17.8% in the district GDP, versus 18.5% in the national economy. Primary industries, agriculture and forestry, contributed 10.2%, compared with 5.8% in the national economy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Structure of Rotorua District's Economy |url=https://ecoprofile.infometrics.co.nz/rotorua+District/Gdp/Structure |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Infometrics |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129134737/https://ecoprofile.infometrics.co.nz/Rotorua%2bDistrict/Gdp/Structure |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2022, the [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of the [[Rotorua Lakes District|Rotorua District]] was $4.241 billion, representing 1.2% of New Zealand's total GDP. The sector with the largest contribution to the Rotorua District GDP was high value services (professional, managerial, as well as scientific and technical occupations), at 20%. This is less than the 26.7% contribution that high value services make to the national economy. The next highest contribution to the district GDP was from goods-producing industries representing 17.8% in the district GDP, versus 18.5% in the national economy. Primary industries, agriculture and forestry, contributed 10.2%, compared with 5.8% in the national economy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Structure of Rotorua District's Economy |url=https://ecoprofile.infometrics.co.nz/rotorua+District/Gdp/Structure |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Infometrics |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129134737/https://ecoprofile.infometrics.co.nz/Rotorua%2bDistrict/Gdp/Structure |url-status=live }}</ref>


As a major visitor destination, Rotorua District has a much higher proportion of people in employed in accommodation (3.3%) than the national average (1.1%). Tourism contributed $231 million (5.5%) to the district GDP, compared with 2.8% nationally. The four largest industries in the district, based on employment, were hospitals, accommodation, cafes and restaurants, and primary education.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Rotorua District – Largest industries |url=https://ecoprofile.infometrics.co.nz/rotorua%2bDistrict/Employment/LargestIndustries |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Infometrics |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129134806/https://ecoprofile.infometrics.co.nz/Rotorua%2bDistrict/Employment/LargestIndustries |url-status=live }}</ref>
As a major visitor destination, Rotorua District has a much higher proportion of people in employed in accommodation (3.3%) than the national average (1.1%). Tourism contributed $231 million (5.5%) to the district GDP, compared with 2.8% nationally. The four largest industries in the district, based on employment, were hospitals, accommodation, cafes and restaurants, and primary education.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Rotorua District – Largest industries |url=https://ecoprofile.infometrics.co.nz/rotorua%2bDistrict/Employment/LargestIndustries |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Infometrics |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129134806/https://ecoprofile.infometrics.co.nz/Rotorua%2bDistrict/Employment/LargestIndustries |url-status=live }}</ref>
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===Road===
===Road===
Rotorua is served by [[New Zealand state highway network|state highways]] [[State Highway 5 (New Zealand)|5]], [[New Zealand State Highway 30|30]], and [[New Zealand State Highway 30A|30A]], and the Thermal Explorer Highway touring route, with [[New Zealand State Highway 33|state highways 33]] and [[New Zealand State Highway 36|36]] terminating on the outskirts of the town.
Rotorua is served by [[New Zealand state highway network|state highways]] [[State Highway 5 (New Zealand)|5]], [[New Zealand State Highway 30|30]], and [[New Zealand State Highway 30A|30A]], and the Thermal Explorer Highway touring route, with [[New Zealand State Highway 33|state highways 33]] and [[New Zealand State Highway 36|36]] terminating on the outskirts of the city.


State Highway 5, running concurrently with the Thermal Explorer Highway, is the main north–south route through Rotorua, bypassing the town centre to the west. North of the town at Ngongotahā, State Highway 36 splits off to provide a route to [[Tauranga]] via Pyes Pa, while State Highway 5 turns westward, connecting to [[State Highway 1 (New Zealand)|State Highway 1]] at [[Tīrau]] and providing the main route into Rotorua from [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] and [[Auckland]]. To the south, State Highway 5 provides the main route from [[Taupō]], [[Hawke's Bay Region|Hawke's Bay]], [[Manawatū-Whanganui|Manawatu]], and [[Wellington]].
State Highway 5, running concurrently with the Thermal Explorer Highway, is the main north–south route through Rotorua, bypassing the city centre to the west. North of the city at Ngongotahā, State Highway 36 splits off to provide a route to [[Tauranga]] via Pyes Pa, while State Highway 5 turns westward, connecting to [[State Highway 1 (New Zealand)|State Highway 1]] at [[Tīrau]] and providing the main route into Rotorua from [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] and [[Auckland]]. To the south, State Highway 5 provides the main route from [[Taupō]], [[Hawke's Bay Region|Hawke's Bay]], [[Manawatū-Whanganui|Manawatu]], and [[Wellington]].


State Highway 30 runs southwest to northeast through the town. It enters the town in the southwest (running concurrently with SH 5), before crossing the southern suburbs to the shore of Lake Rotorua east of the town centre. It then runs through the suburb of Te Ngae, before splitting off SH 33 to continue eastwards.
State Highway 30 runs southwest to northeast through the city. It enters the city in the southwest (running concurrently with SH 5), before crossing the southern suburbs to the shore of Lake Rotorua east of the city centre. It then runs through the suburb of Te Ngae, before splitting off SH 33 to continue eastwards.


State Highway 30A runs northwest to southeast, connecting State Highways 5 and 30 with each other via the town centre.
State Highway 30A runs northwest to southeast, connecting State Highways 5 and 30 with each other via the city centre.


===Bus===
===Bus===
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* [[David Kosoof]], Olympic hockey player
* [[David Kosoof]], Olympic hockey player
* [[Danny Lee (golfer)|Danny Lee]], professional golfer
* [[Danny Lee (golfer)|Danny Lee]], professional golfer
* [[Ranginui Parewahawaha Leonard]], New Zealand weaver, farmer and kuia
* [[Dennis List]], poet and writer
* [[Dennis List]], poet and writer
* [[Angus Hikairo Macfarlane]], educator
* [[Angus Hikairo Macfarlane]], educator
* [[Gina Matchitt]], Māori jeweller, weaver and artist
* [[Steve McDowall]], All Black
* [[Steve McDowall]], All Black
*[[Hinematau McNeill]] (also writing as Naomi Te Hiini) academic and treaty negotiator
*[[Hinematau McNeill]] (also writing as Naomi Te Hiini) academic and treaty negotiator

Latest revision as of 05:35, 7 November 2024

Rotorua
Te Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe (Māori)
City
Coat of arms of Rotorua
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
Sulphur City,[1] Roto-Vegas[2]
Motto: 
Tātau tātau[3]
Rotorua is located in New Zealand
Rotorua
Rotorua
Coordinates: 38°08′16″S 176°15′05″E / 38.13778°S 176.25139°E / -38.13778; 176.25139
CountryNew Zealand
RegionBay of Plenty
Territorial authorityRotorua Lakes Council
Settled by Māoric. 1350
Foundedc. 1350
Borough status1922
City status1962
City status revoked1989
ElectorateRotorua
Government
 • MayorTania Tapsell
Area
 • Territorial
2,614.9 km2 (1,009.6 sq mi)
 • Urban
46.06 km2 (17.78 sq mi)
 • Metro
89.28 km2 (34.47 sq mi)
Elevation
280 m (920 ft)
Population
 (June 2024)[4]
 • Territorial
77,800
 • Density30/km2 (77/sq mi)
 • Urban
58,800
 • Urban density1,300/km2 (3,300/sq mi)
 • Metro
58,800
 • Metro density660/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
DemonymRotoruan
Time zoneUTC+12 (NZST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+13 (NZDT)
Postcode(s)
3010, 3015
Area code07
Local iwiNgāti Whakaue, Te Arawa
Websitewww.rotorualakescouncil.nz

Rotorua (Māori: [ˌɾɔtɔˈɾʉa][5]) is a city in the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand's North Island. It is sited on the southern shores of Lake Rotorua, from which it takes its name. It is the seat of the Rotorua Lakes District, a territorial authority encompassing Rotorua and several other nearby towns. It has an estimated resident population of 58,800, making it the country's 13th largest urban area, and the Bay of Plenty's second-largest urban area behind Tauranga.

Māori first settled in Rotorua in the 14th century, and a thriving pā was established at Ohinemutu by the people who would become Ngāti Whakaue. The city became closely associated with conflict during the Musket Wars of the 1820s. Ohinemutu was invaded by a Ngāpuhi-led coalition in 1823, commanded by Hongi Hika and Pōmare I. In the 19th century early European settlers had an interest in developing Rotorua, due to its unique geothermal activity in Rotorua and its surrounding area.[6] Then, efforts by Māori and Europeans alike to establish Rotorua as a spa town led to a 99-year lease of land from Ngāti Whakaue to the Government. The city first became a major site of tourism due to the Rotorua's close proximity to the Pink and White Terraces, until they were destroyed by the volcanic eruption of Mount Tarawera in 1886. Rotorua was elevated to borough status in 1922 and to city status 40 years later.

Rotorua is a major destination for both domestic and international tourists; the tourism industry is by far the largest industry in the district. It is known for its geothermal activity and Māori cultural tourism, and features geysers – notably the Pōhutu Geyser at Whakarewarewa – and hot mud pools. This thermal activity is sourced to the Rotorua Caldera, in which the town lies.

Toponymy

[edit]

The name Rotorua comes from the Māori language, where the full name for the city and lake is Te Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe.[7] Roto means 'lake' and rua means 'two' or in this case, 'second' – Rotorua thus meaning 'Second lake'. Kahumatamomoe was the uncle of the Māori chief Ihenga, the ancestral explorer of the Te Arawa.[8] It was the second major lake the chief discovered, and he dedicated it to his uncle. It is the largest of a multitude of lakes found to the northeast, all connected with the Rotorua Caldera and nearby Mount Tarawera. The name can also mean the equally appropriate 'Crater lake'.[8]

A common nickname for Rotorua is "Sulphur City" due to the hydrogen sulphide emissions, which gives the city a smell similar to "rotten eggs",[1] as well as "Rotten-rua" combining its legitimate name and the rotten smell prevalent.[9] Another common nickname is "Roto-Vegas", likening the city's own strip of road flanked by businesses and restaurants to that of Las Vegas.[10]

History

[edit]

The area was initially settled by Māori of the Te Arawa iwi in the 14th century, and a thriving pā was built at Ohinemutu by the shores of Lake Rotorua. According to Te Arawa folklore, the city's bountiful geothermal springs had resulted from a plea by Ngātoro-i-rangi, an ancestral tohunga, for the gods to send fire-bearing spirits from Hawaiki, the semi-mythological Māori homeland. The Te Arawa Māori who lived at Ohinemutu eventually began to call themselves Ngāti Whakaue, after their ancestor Whakaue Kaipapa.[11]

Rotorua was a site of heavy conflict during the Musket Wars. During the early 1820s, the large Northern iwi Ngāpuhi had begun expanding outwards further south, driving Ngāti Pāoa and their chief Te Hīnaki from modern-day South Auckland, and launched periodic raids into the Bay of Plenty.[12] A military expedition into the Bay of Plenty by a combined Ngāpuhi and Ngāti Maru nō Hauraki force in 1818 had set the stage for further raids in the modern Rotorua area. Ngāpuhi and its allies launched an ambitious invasion of the Waikato in 1822, with a battalion led by junior chief Te Pae-o-te-Rangi were ambushed and slaughtered by Ngāti Whakaue for trespassing into Rotorua. This was apparently at the insistence of Te Rauparaha; under Māori customary law the attack demanded utu. Ngāpuhi commander Hongi Hika convened with his fellow chiefs Pōmare I and Te Wera Hauraki to propose war, and thus in February 1823 a Ngāpuhi-led coalition invaded Rotorua.[13]: 242  The force, which also included Ngāti Whātua and some Waikato Tainui, landed at Tauranga and headed up the Pongakawa valley to attack Mokoia Island[14][15][16] Te Arawa fell back after the loss of 170 men and were defeated by Ngāpuhi,[17] and utu was satisfied.[12]

The first European in the area was probably Phillip Tapsell who was trading from the Bay of Plenty coast at Maketu from 1828. He later married into Te Arawa and became highly regarded by them.[18] Missionaries Henry Williams and Thomas Chapman visited in 1831[8] and Chapman and his wife established a mission at Te Koutu in 1835.[19] This was abandoned within a year, but Chapman returned in 1838 and established a second mission at Mokoia Island.[8][19]

The lakeshore was a prominent site of skirmishes during the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s. William Fox advocated for turning the Rotorua region into a national park, inspired by the Yellowstone in the United States.[20] Conversely, the Te Arawa community suggested the establishment of a township centred around Rotorua's thermal springs, with the intent of developing a Polynesian Spa and health resort where tourists could indulge in hot pools.[20] In 1880, instead of selling the land, the Ngāti Whakaue people leased 50 acres to the Crown under the Fenton Agreement,[21][22] granting the government the authority to offer 99-year leases on their behalf.[20] Revenues from leases helped fund Rotorua Boys' High School, and increased significantly upon the expiry of the 99-year leases.[23] The eponymous Fenton Street in the modern city’s CBD bears the judge’s name.[24] Nevertheless, the enactment of the Thermal Springs District Act in 1881 gave the government exclusive rights to both purchase and lease lands containing hot springs, lakes, or river, and as a result, by the turn of the century, nearly half of the Rotorua blocks were sold.[20] In 1993, the Crown settled a Treaty of Waitangi claim with the Ngāti Whakaue people to honour their broken contract, by agreeing to return the gifted lands that were no longer required for their original use.[25]

The town was connected to Auckland with the opening of the Rotorua Branch railway and commencement of the Rotorua Express train in 1894, resulting in the rapid growth of the town and tourism from this time forward. Guidebooks about the 'Land of Boiling Water' also proliferated.[20] During the 1880s, tourists, especially from Australia, started visiting Rotorua to witness its natural marvels like the Pink and White Terraces until these were destroyed in a volcanic eruption in 1886.[20] Rotorua was established as a borough in 1922, elected its first mayor in 1923, and declared a city in 1962 before becoming a district in 1979.[26]

Geography

[edit]

Setting

[edit]
Main article: Rotorua Caldera

The city of Rotorua and the adjacent Lake Rotorua are located within the Rotorua Caldera that was formed in a major volcanic eruption approximately 240,000 years ago. The caldera is the source of the geothermal activity that is a key feature of the city and surrounding region.[27][28]

Climate

[edit]

The Rotorua region enjoys a mild temperate climate (Cfb). Rotorua is situated inland from the coast and is sheltered by high country to the south and east of the city, resulting in less wind than many other places in New Zealand. During the winter months, June – August, temperatures can drop below 0 °C. Frost is common in Rotorua during its winter months, with an average of 57 ground frosts annually, and 20 nights per year below 0 °C. Snowfall in Rotorua is rare, and since the 1970s has only been recorded twice. On 15 August 2011 and 13 July 2017, snowflakes fell in the town centre, and during the July 2017 snowfall, snow accumulated in the nearby Mamaku ranges and in the outer reaches of the district, where snowfall occurs on average once every three years.

Climate data for Rotorua (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.9
(73.2) 		23.1
(73.6) 		21.1
(70.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		15.2
(59.4) 		12.7
(54.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		12.8
(55.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		16.4
(61.5) 		18.6
(65.5) 		20.8
(69.4) 		17.4
(63.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.7
(63.9) 		18.1
(64.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		13.4
(56.1) 		10.9
(51.6) 		8.6
(47.5) 		7.8
(46.0) 		8.4
(47.1) 		10.1
(50.2) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.8
(56.8) 		16.2
(61.2) 		12.8
(55.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 12.6
(54.7) 		13.1
(55.6) 		11.1
(52.0) 		8.7
(47.7) 		6.6
(43.9) 		4.4
(39.9) 		3.7
(38.7) 		4.1
(39.4) 		5.8
(42.4) 		7.4
(45.3) 		9.0
(48.2) 		11.5
(52.7) 		8.2
(46.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 93.8
(3.69) 		100.4
(3.95) 		100.3
(3.95) 		133.0
(5.24) 		130.2
(5.13) 		131.9
(5.19) 		137.4
(5.41) 		125.2
(4.93) 		106.6
(4.20) 		92.9
(3.66) 		86.8
(3.42) 		117.1
(4.61) 		1,355.6
(53.38)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.7 7.6 8.1 9.3 9.9 10.9 11.4 12.1 11 10.3 9.5 10.8 118.6
Average relative humidity (%) 78.8 81.4 81.5 83.4 87.1 87.5 87.3 85.9 81.6 79.7 77.2 78.9 82.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 242.9 205.9 199.7 170.5 145.1 119.1 130.7 152.1 155.1 190.8 200.1 215.8 2,127.8
Source: NIWA Climate Data (sun and humidity 1981–2010)[29][30]

Lakes

[edit]
Main article: Lakes of Rotorua

The Rotorua region has 17 lakes, known collectively as the Lakes of Rotorua. Fishing, waterskiing, swimming and other water activities are popular in summer. Several of the lakes are stocked for sports fishing with trout from the Fish and Game New Zealand hatchery at Ngongotahā. The lakes are also used for event venues; Rotorua hosted the 2007 World Waterski Championships and Lake Rotorua was the venue for the World Blind Sailing Championships in March 2009.[31] Lake Rotorua is also used as a departure and landing point for float planes.

Suburbs

[edit]
Inner suburbs
Outer suburbs

Demography

[edit]

The Rotorua urban area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, covers 46.06 km2 (17.78 sq mi) and incorporates 26 statistical areas.[32] It has an estimated population of 58,800 as of June 2024.[4]

Before the 2023 census, the urban area had a larger boundary, covering 48.04 km2 (18.55 sq mi).[32] Using that boundary, The Rotorua urban area had a usual resident population of 54,204 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 5,289 people (10.8%) since the 2013 census. There were 26,211 males and 27,993 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.936 males per female. Of the total population, 12,366 people (22.8%) were aged up to 15 years, 11,052 (20.4%) were 15 to 29, 22,980 (42.4%) were 30 to 64, and 7,809 (14.4%) were 65 or older.[33]

In terms of ethnicity, 59.2% were European/Pākehā, 42.3% were Māori, 6.2% were Pacific peoples, 11.5% were Asian, and 1.5% were other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).[33] Rotorua has the highest proportion of Māori of any city in New Zealand.[34]

Government

[edit]

Local

[edit]
Main article: Rotorua Lakes District

In October 2013, Steve Chadwick was elected Mayor of Rotorua and was re-elected in the 2016 mayoral election and the 2019 mayoral election. She previously served as the Member of Parliament for Rotorua between 1999 and 2008, and served as a Cabinet Minister in the Fifth Labour Government.[35]

In 2022, Tania Tapsell was elected as the Mayor of Rotorua. She is the first woman of Māori descent to hold the role.[36]

National

[edit]

Rotorua is covered by the Rotorua electorate for the general roll and the Waiariki electorate for the Māori roll.[37]

Economy

[edit]

In 2022, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Rotorua District was $4.241 billion, representing 1.2% of New Zealand's total GDP. The sector with the largest contribution to the Rotorua District GDP was high value services (professional, managerial, as well as scientific and technical occupations), at 20%. This is less than the 26.7% contribution that high value services make to the national economy. The next highest contribution to the district GDP was from goods-producing industries representing 17.8% in the district GDP, versus 18.5% in the national economy. Primary industries, agriculture and forestry, contributed 10.2%, compared with 5.8% in the national economy.[38]

As a major visitor destination, Rotorua District has a much higher proportion of people in employed in accommodation (3.3%) than the national average (1.1%). Tourism contributed $231 million (5.5%) to the district GDP, compared with 2.8% nationally. The four largest industries in the district, based on employment, were hospitals, accommodation, cafes and restaurants, and primary education.[39]

Geothermal attractions

[edit]
Mud pool, Tikitere ("Hell's Gate"), Rotorua.
The Prince of Wales Feathers thermal spring erupting

Known as a spa town and major tourist resort since the 1800s, many of Rotorua's buildings reflect this history. Government Gardens, close to the lake-shore at the eastern edge of the town, include the Rotorua Museum of Art and History housed in the large Tudor-style bath house building, and the Art Deco style Blue Baths, noted for its embrace of mixed sex bathing in the 1930s. As of October 2023, both buildings are closed because of earthquake strength concerns.[40][41]

There are many geothermal attractions in the Rotorua area, including:[42]

The especially pungent smell in the central-east 'Te Ngae' area is due to the dense sulphur deposits located next to the southern boundary of the Government Gardens, in the area known as 'Sulphur Point'.

Mountain biking

[edit]

Another of Rotorua's attractions is mountain biking. Rotorua was listed as one of the Top 6 mountain biking destinations globally by the International Mountain Biking Association in 2015, when they awarded Rotorua the gold level ride centre status.[48] The Whakarewarewa forest includes over 150 km of mountain bike trails[49] and in August 2006 was a host of the UCI Mountain Bike and Trials World Championships.[50] Each year, from 2015–present, Rotorua has hosted a round of the Crankworx World Tour.[51]

Other attractions

[edit]

The Rotorua Pistol club is among the largest in the Southern Hemisphere and hosted the 2013 Australasian IPSC Handgun Championship.[52]

The Kaituna River, 15 minutes drive northeast of the CBD, provides class 5 whitewater kayaking and rafting through a spectacular tree lined gorge.[53]

Another visitor attraction in the Ngongotahā area is the Wingspan National Bird of Prey Centre. It is a captive breeding facility and visitor centre located in the Ngongotahā Valley. Wingspan undertakes conservation, education and research activities related to birds of prey found in New Zealand, and provides demonstrations of falconry.[54]

Rotorua is known for its Māori cultural tourism.[55]

The Rotorua Museum of Art and History
The Rotorua Museum of Art and History
Pictured as a bath house in the early 20th century
Hot springs present in much of Rotorua
Te Papaiouru Marae in Ohinemutu, January 2001
The historic Ohinemutu Church...
...as viewed from across the water in early spring.
Beside Lake Rotorua
The Government Gardens
A panoramic view of Rotorua taken at the top of Mt Ngongotahā, December 2015

Transport

[edit]

Road

[edit]

Rotorua is served by state highways 5, 30, and 30A, and the Thermal Explorer Highway touring route, with state highways 33 and 36 terminating on the outskirts of the city.

State Highway 5, running concurrently with the Thermal Explorer Highway, is the main north–south route through Rotorua, bypassing the city centre to the west. North of the city at Ngongotahā, State Highway 36 splits off to provide a route to Tauranga via Pyes Pa, while State Highway 5 turns westward, connecting to State Highway 1 at Tīrau and providing the main route into Rotorua from Hamilton and Auckland. To the south, State Highway 5 provides the main route from Taupō, Hawke's Bay, Manawatu, and Wellington.

State Highway 30 runs southwest to northeast through the city. It enters the city in the southwest (running concurrently with SH 5), before crossing the southern suburbs to the shore of Lake Rotorua east of the city centre. It then runs through the suburb of Te Ngae, before splitting off SH 33 to continue eastwards.

State Highway 30A runs northwest to southeast, connecting State Highways 5 and 30 with each other via the city centre.

Bus

[edit]

Rotorua has a local bus service,[56] with 11 routes under the Baybus brand, serving the urban area, mostly at half-hourly intervals,[57] operated by Reesby Buses.[58] Bike racks were introduced in 2017[59] and Bee Cards for fares on 27 July 2020.[60] Trial commuter services between Rotorua and Tauranga are running in each direction until the end of 2021.[61][62] The city is also served by InterCity[63] and services to local tourist sites.[64]

History

[edit]

Edwin Robertson, who died aged 74 in 1931,[65] started with pack horses in 1869 and ran coaches from 1873.[66] In 1902, the Tauranga route was sold and became Robertson & Co,[67] then, about 1903, Rotorua Motor Coaching Co. Ltd.[68] In 1904, Hot Lakes Transport, which ran trips to Taupō,[69] Waiotapu and all the lakes,[70] and Rotorua Motor Coaching added motor cars to their fleets of coaches.[71] In 1905 E. Robertson & Co moved from Ohinemutu to the new town, close to the new railway station,[66] which remained the main stop until InterCity moved to their stop from Hinemoa / Fenton Street[72] to the Tourism Office in 1995.[73] The last coach ran in 1919.[74] When Hot Lakes Transport's assets were sold in 1920, they had 10 coaches and 3 motor cars.[75] In September 1920, Rotorua Motor Transport Co. was formed and took over Hot Lakes Transport Co. and Rotorua Motor Coaching Co,[76] continuing with similar services.[77] In 1926, a consortium of local operators formed Rotorua Bus Co.[78] During 1922, Kusab's transport company became K Motors,[74] which was taken over by the railways in 1938.[79] Rotorua Motor Transport and Rotorua Bus Co followed in 1940[80] and all became part of New Zealand Railways Road Services.[68]

Air

[edit]

Rotorua Regional Airport is located 9 km (6 mi) northeast of the city centre, off State Highway 30. Air New Zealand provides daily turbo-prop flights between Rotorua and Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch airports. Previously Qantas also operated Boeing 737 aircraft from Christchurch, but upon their departure from domestic flights in New Zealand this was discontinued.[citation needed]

Scenic and chartered flights in both helicopters and float planes are operated by Volcanic Air, who are based on Rotorua's lake front.[citation needed]

From 2009 to 2015 there was also an international link, with direct Sydney to Rotorua flights.[81]

Rail

[edit]

Rotorua is connected to the rail network by the Rotorua Branch line from Putāruru. Until 2001, passenger trains ran from Auckland to Rotorua via Hamilton daily using Silver Fern railcars, terminating north of the town centre at Koutu (the original station on Amohau Street was closed and relocated to Koutu in 1989). However, owing to poor advertising of the service and the location of the station being a 15-minute walk from the town centre in an industrial area, passenger services stopped in October 2001. Freight services on the line declined over the decades until the nightly freight service stopped in 2000, largely due to a continual move of freight and passengers onto road transport using ever-improving highways in the region. The line is currently disused.

Education

[edit]
See also: List of schools in the Bay of Plenty Region § Rotorua District

Tertiary

[edit]

Rotorua is home to the central campus of Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, which provides a range of certificates, diplomas and a limited number of degree-level programmes. The largest programmes on offer are Te Reo Māori (Māori language), nursing, forestry, business, computing, tourism and hospitality. As of June 2022, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology is a business division of Te Pūkenga – New Zealand Institute of Skills and Technology.[82]

Secondary

[edit]

Rotorua has five secondary schools:

Students can also attend Te Rangihakahaka Centre for Science and Techbnology, a Māori- and English-medium special character school from years 1–10.[88] It currently has around 100 students.[89] Students here need to attend a mainstream secondary school or Kura Kaupapa Māori for their senior secondary schooling.

Kura Kaupapa Māori (Māori language immersion schools)

[edit]

Rotorua has four Kura Kaupapa Māori:

Media

[edit]

Rotorua has several media organisations, including the Rotorua Daily Post, More FM Rotorua and The Hits Rotorua.

Sister cities

[edit]

Rotorua's sister cities are:[94]

Notable people

[edit]
See also: Category:People from Rotorua

References

[edit]
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