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{{Short description|Extinct Ethiopian ethnic group}} |
{{Short description|Extinct Ethiopian ethnic group}} |
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The '''Maya''' are an extinct ethnic group native to the old [[Wej province]] in [[Ethiopia]]. The Mayas were a Cushitic-speaking nomadic people, who were feared and dreaded by their neighbors for their use of deadly poisoned arrows.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hassan |first1=Mohammad |title=The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia |date=2015 |page=95 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=9781847011176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fg1zCgAAQBAJ&dq=mayas+ethiopia+afar&pg=PA95}}</ref> They were primarily pastoralists and their livelihood was with their cattle. |
The '''Maya''' are an extinct ethnic group native to the old [[Wej province]] in [[Ethiopia]]. The Mayas were a Cushitic-speaking nomadic people, who were feared and dreaded by their neighbors for their use of deadly poisoned arrows.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hassan |first1=Mohammad |title=The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia |date=2015 |page=95 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=9781847011176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fg1zCgAAQBAJ&dq=mayas+ethiopia+afar&pg=PA95}}</ref> They were primarily pastoralists and their livelihood was with their cattle. According to professor Ulrich Braukämper, Maya were related to the [[Hadiya people|Hadiyans]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Braukämper |first1=Ulrich |journal=Ethiopianist Notes |date=1977 |volume=1 |issue=1 |title=Islamic Principalities in Southeast Ethiopia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Part 1) |publisher=Michigan State University Press |page=44 |jstor=42731359 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42731359}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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According to sixteenth century Adalite writer [[Shihab al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn Sālim ibn ʿUthmān|Arab Faqih]] and others, the Mayan territory was situated southerly of the [[Awash River]] in [[Adal (historical region)|Adal]] and extended west towards [[Mount Zuqualla]] in Abyssinia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chekroun |first1=Amélie |title=Le" Futuh al-Habasa" : écriture de l'histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa'ad ad-din (Ethiopie, XVIe siècle). |publisher=Université Panthéon-Sorbonne |pages=255–256 |url=https://theses.hal.science/tel-01134623/document}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Braukämper |first1=Ulrich |title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia Collected Essays |date=2002 |publisher=Lit |page=45 |isbn=978-3-8258-5671-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&dq=they+lived+as+nomadic+cattle+breeders+in+the+woody+lowlands+south+of+the&pg=PA45}}</ref> |
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==Military Role== |
==Military Role== |
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To strengthen the [[Ethiopian Empire|imperial]] presence in the area, [[Zara Yaqob]] established a military colony consisting of Maya [[Chewa regiments|warriors]] from the south of his realm in the [[Medri Bahri]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |title=The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century |page=101 |year=1997 |publisher=The Red Sea Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&pg=PR3 |isbn=9780932415196 }}</ref> |
To strengthen the [[Ethiopian Empire|imperial]] presence in the area, [[Zara Yaqob]] established a military colony consisting of Maya [[Chewa regiments|warriors]] from the south of his realm in the [[Medri Bahri]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |title=The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century |page=101 |year=1997 |publisher=The Red Sea Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&pg=PR3 |isbn=9780932415196 }}</ref> |
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Maya archers initially formed the core{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}{{clarification needed|date=May 2022}} of the southern armies of Abyssinian Emperor [[Lebna Dengel]] in the [[ |
Maya archers initially formed the core{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}{{clarification needed|date=May 2022}} of the southern armies of Abyssinian Emperor [[Lebna Dengel]] in the [[Ethiopian–Adal War]] against the forces of the [[Adal Sultanate]]. However, after the fall of their homeland to Ahmed's armies, in true mercenary fashion, the Maya bowmen switched sides.<ref name=pank/> |
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Maya bowmen were armed with spears. They tipped their arrows with [[ouabain]], a poison which caused death by cardiac arrest or respiratory failure. |
Maya bowmen were armed with spears. They tipped their arrows with [[ouabain]], a poison which caused death by cardiac arrest or respiratory failure. |
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==Oromo migrations== |
==Oromo migrations== |
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{{main|Oromo migrations}} |
{{main|Oromo migrations}} |
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The Maya homeland of Wej was one of the first lands to be invaded by the [[Oromo migrations]]. The Maya repelled the weight of the Oromo for years due to their skill with the bow, until the Oromo armies changed tactics and used thick oxhide shields and fixed shield formations.<ref name=pank>{{cite book | last=Pankhurst | first=Richard | title=The Ethiopian borderlands : essays in regional history from ancient times to the end of the 18th century | publisher=Red Sea Press | year=1997 | isbn=0-932415-19-9 | oclc=36543471 | author-link=Richard Pankhurst (Ethiopianist)|page=188}}</ref> In 1574, after finding out the Oromo had conquered the province of [[Wej province|Wej]], [[Atse|Emperor]] [[Sarsa Dengel]] gathered his forces from throughout Ethiopia to form an army at Gind Beret. From there, Sarsa Dengel headed south, where he found that the Oromo had also taken Maya. Sarsa Dengel was able to defeat the Oromo forcing them to flee towards [[ |
The Maya homeland of Wej was one of the first lands to be invaded by the [[Oromo migrations]]. The Maya repelled the weight of the Oromo for years due to their skill with the bow, until the Oromo armies changed tactics and used thick oxhide shields and fixed shield formations.<ref name=pank>{{cite book | last=Pankhurst | first=Richard | title=The Ethiopian borderlands : essays in regional history from ancient times to the end of the 18th century | publisher=Red Sea Press | year=1997 | isbn=0-932415-19-9 | oclc=36543471 | author-link=Richard Pankhurst (Ethiopianist)|page=188}}</ref> In 1574, after finding out the Oromo had conquered the province of [[Wej province|Wej]], [[Atse|Emperor]] [[Sarsa Dengel]] gathered his forces from throughout Ethiopia to form an army at Gind Beret. From there, Sarsa Dengel headed south, where he found that the Oromo had also taken Maya. Sarsa Dengel was able to defeat the Oromo forcing them to flee towards [[Fatagar]].<ref name=pank2>{{cite book | last=Pankhurst | first=Richard | title=The Ethiopian borderlands : essays in regional history from ancient times to the end of the 18th century | publisher=Red Sea Press | year=1997 | isbn=0-932415-19-9 | oclc=36543471 | author-link=Richard Pankhurst (Ethiopianist)|page=285}}</ref> By the end of the 16th century the Mayas were overrun by the attacking Oromos who had equipped themselves with big stiff oxhide shields as a special protection from against arrows. Before they totally disappeared from the historical scene, either by physical extermination or assimilation into the Oromos.<ref name=pank>{{cite book | last=Pankhurst | first=Richard | title=The Ethiopian borderlands : essays in regional history from ancient times to the end of the 18th century | publisher=Red Sea Press | year=1997 | isbn=0-932415-19-9 | oclc=36543471 | author-link=Richard Pankhurst (Ethiopianist)|page=188}}</ref> |
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They were for the last time documented as auxiliaries for the Ethiopian Emperor [[Susenyos I]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia |pages=46 |isbn=9783825856717 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&dq=mayas+oromo&pg=PA46 |last1=Braukämper |first1=Ulrich |date=2002 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster }}</ref> |
They were for the last time documented as auxiliaries for the Ethiopian Emperor [[Susenyos I]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia |pages=46 |isbn=9783825856717 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&dq=mayas+oromo&pg=PA46 |last1=Braukämper |first1=Ulrich |date=2002 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster }}</ref> |
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==Notable People== |
==Notable People== |
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[[Malik Ambar]] (1548 – 1626) was |
[[Malik Ambar]] (1548 – 1626) was born as a Maya under the birth name Chapu.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tourism Potential in Aurangabad: With Ajanta, Ellora, Daulatabad Fort |year=1999 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |page=6 |isbn=9788186050446 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKnpAAAAMAAJ&q=+maya}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Latest revision as of 06:24, 7 November 2024
The Maya are an extinct ethnic group native to the old Wej province in Ethiopia. The Mayas were a Cushitic-speaking nomadic people, who were feared and dreaded by their neighbors for their use of deadly poisoned arrows.[1] They were primarily pastoralists and their livelihood was with their cattle. According to professor Ulrich Braukämper, Maya were related to the Hadiyans.[2]
History
[edit]According to sixteenth century Adalite writer Arab Faqih and others, the Mayan territory was situated southerly of the Awash River in Adal and extended west towards Mount Zuqualla in Abyssinia.[3][4]
Military Role
[edit]To strengthen the imperial presence in the area, Zara Yaqob established a military colony consisting of Maya warriors from the south of his realm in the Medri Bahri.[5] Maya archers initially formed the core[citation needed][clarification needed] of the southern armies of Abyssinian Emperor Lebna Dengel in the Ethiopian–Adal War against the forces of the Adal Sultanate. However, after the fall of their homeland to Ahmed's armies, in true mercenary fashion, the Maya bowmen switched sides.[6]
Maya bowmen were armed with spears. They tipped their arrows with ouabain, a poison which caused death by cardiac arrest or respiratory failure.
Oromo migrations
[edit]The Maya homeland of Wej was one of the first lands to be invaded by the Oromo migrations. The Maya repelled the weight of the Oromo for years due to their skill with the bow, until the Oromo armies changed tactics and used thick oxhide shields and fixed shield formations.[6] In 1574, after finding out the Oromo had conquered the province of Wej, Emperor Sarsa Dengel gathered his forces from throughout Ethiopia to form an army at Gind Beret. From there, Sarsa Dengel headed south, where he found that the Oromo had also taken Maya. Sarsa Dengel was able to defeat the Oromo forcing them to flee towards Fatagar.[7] By the end of the 16th century the Mayas were overrun by the attacking Oromos who had equipped themselves with big stiff oxhide shields as a special protection from against arrows. Before they totally disappeared from the historical scene, either by physical extermination or assimilation into the Oromos.[6]
They were for the last time documented as auxiliaries for the Ethiopian Emperor Susenyos I.[8]
Notable People
[edit]Malik Ambar (1548 – 1626) was born as a Maya under the birth name Chapu.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ Hassan, Mohammad (2015). The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia. Boydell & Brewer. p. 95. ISBN 9781847011176.
- ^ Braukämper, Ulrich (1977). "Islamic Principalities in Southeast Ethiopia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Part 1)". Ethiopianist Notes. 1 (1). Michigan State University Press: 44. JSTOR 42731359.
- ^ Chekroun, Amélie. Le" Futuh al-Habasa" : écriture de l'histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa'ad ad-din (Ethiopie, XVIe siècle). Université Panthéon-Sorbonne. pp. 255–256.
- ^ Braukämper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia Collected Essays. Lit. p. 45. ISBN 978-3-8258-5671-7.
- ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. The Red Sea Press. p. 101. ISBN 9780932415196.
- ^ a b c Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian borderlands : essays in regional history from ancient times to the end of the 18th century. Red Sea Press. p. 188. ISBN 0-932415-19-9. OCLC 36543471.
- ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian borderlands : essays in regional history from ancient times to the end of the 18th century. Red Sea Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-932415-19-9. OCLC 36543471.
- ^ Braukämper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 46. ISBN 9783825856717.
- ^ Tourism Potential in Aurangabad: With Ajanta, Ellora, Daulatabad Fort. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. 1999. p. 6. ISBN 9788186050446.
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