Vicious circle: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description| |
{{Short description|Self-reinforcing sequence of events}} |
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{{Other uses||Vicious Circle (disambiguation)}} |
{{Other uses||Vicious Circle (disambiguation)}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=March 2012}} |
{{More citations needed|date=March 2012}} |
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[[File:Cycle of depression.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Depression (mood)|Depression]] expressed as a vicious circle]] |
[[File:Cycle of depression.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Depression (mood)|Depression]] expressed as a vicious circle]] |
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A '''vicious circle''' (or '''cycle''') is a complex [[chain of events]] that reinforces itself through a [[feedback loop]], with detrimental results.<ref>{{cite book |
A '''vicious circle''' (or '''cycle''') is a complex [[chain of events]] that reinforces itself through a [[feedback loop]], with detrimental results.<ref>{{cite book |author=Charles Webel, [[Johan Galtung]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hULHeXWxLLQC&pg=PA189 |title=Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies |date=19 March 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203089163 |access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref> It is a system with no tendency toward [[List of types of equilibrium|equilibrium]] ([[social equilibrium|social]], [[Economic equilibrium|economic]], [[ecological equilibrium|ecological]], etc.), at least in the short run. Each iteration of the cycle reinforces the previous one, in an example of [[positive feedback]]. A vicious circle will continue in the direction of its momentum until an external factor intervenes to break the cycle. A well-known example of a vicious circle in economics is [[hyperinflation]]. |
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When the results are not detrimental but beneficial, the term '''virtuous cycle''' is used instead. |
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A well-known example of a vicious circle in economics is [[hyperinflation]]. |
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A '''virtuous circle''' is an equivalent system with a favorable outcome. |
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==Examples== |
==Examples== |
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===Subprime mortgage crisis=== |
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{{See|Subprime mortgage crisis}} |
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[[Image:Subprime crisis - Foreclosures & Bank Instability.png|thumb|Vicious cycles in the subprime mortgage crisis]] |
[[Image:Subprime crisis - Foreclosures & Bank Instability.png|thumb|Vicious cycles in the subprime mortgage crisis]] |
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The contemporary [[Subprime mortgage crisis#Understanding the causes and risks of the subprime crisis|subprime mortgage crisis]] is a complex group of vicious circles, both in its genesis and in its manifold outcomes, most notably the [[late 2000s recession]]. A specific example is the circle related to housing. As housing prices decline, more homeowners go "[[negative equity|underwater]]", when the market value of a home drops below that of the mortgage on it. This provides an incentive to walk away from the home, increasing defaults and foreclosures. This, in turn, lowers housing values further from over-supply, reinforcing the cycle.<ref>{{cite web |last=Feldstein |first=Martin |date=18 November 2008 |title=How to Help People Whose Home Values Are Underwater |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122697004441035727 |department=Opinion |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=2013-09-05}}</ref> |
The contemporary [[Subprime mortgage crisis#Understanding the causes and risks of the subprime crisis|subprime mortgage crisis]] is a complex group of vicious circles, both in its genesis and in its manifold outcomes, most notably the [[late 2000s recession]]. A specific example is the circle related to housing. As housing prices decline, more homeowners go "[[negative equity|underwater]]", when the market value of a home drops below that of the mortgage on it. This provides an incentive to walk away from the home, increasing defaults and foreclosures. This, in turn, lowers housing values further from over-supply, reinforcing the cycle.<ref>{{cite web |last=Feldstein |first=Martin |date=18 November 2008 |title=How to Help People Whose Home Values Are Underwater |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122697004441035727 |department=Opinion |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=2013-09-05}}</ref> |
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The foreclosures reduce the cash flowing into banks and the value of mortgage-backed securities (MBS) widely held by banks. Banks incur losses and require additional funds, also called |
The foreclosures reduce the cash flowing into banks and the value of mortgage-backed securities (MBS) widely held by banks. Banks incur losses and require additional funds, also called "recapitalization". If banks are not capitalized sufficiently to lend, economic activity slows and [[unemployment]] increases, which further increase the number of foreclosures. Economist [[Nouriel Roubini]] discussed vicious circles in the housing and financial markets in interviews with [[Charlie Rose]] in September and October 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/9248 |title=Roubini & Panel |publisher=Charlie Rose |access-date=2013-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/9310 |title=Rose & Roubini Discussion |publisher=Charlierose.com |access-date=2013-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401130731/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/9310 |archive-date=2013-04-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charlierose.com/view/clip/9416 |title=Rose & Roubini |publisher=Charlierose.com |access-date=2013-09-05}}</ref> |
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===Ecological areas=== |
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===Designing ecological virtuous circles=== |
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By involving all stakeholders in managing ecological areas, a virtuous circle can be created where improved ecology encourages the actions that maintain and improve the area.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Designing virtuous socio-ecological cycles for biodiversity conservation | publisher = Elsevier | date = March 2016 | doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2015.12.022 | volume=195 | journal=Biological Conservation | pages=9–16 | author=Morrison Scott A| doi-access=free }}</ref> |
By involving all stakeholders in managing ecological areas, a virtuous circle can be created where improved ecology encourages the actions that maintain and improve the area.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Designing virtuous socio-ecological cycles for biodiversity conservation | publisher = Elsevier | date = March 2016 | doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2015.12.022 | volume=195 | journal=Biological Conservation | pages=9–16 | author=Morrison Scott A| doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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===Other=== |
===Other=== |
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Other examples include the [[poverty cycle]], [[sharecropping]], and the intensification of [[drought]]. |
Other examples include the [[poverty cycle]], [[sharecropping]], and the intensification of [[drought]]. In 2021, Austrian Chancellor [[Alexander Schallenberg]] described the recurring need for lockdowns in the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] as a vicious circle that could only be broken by a legally-required vaccination program.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-59358074|title=Covid: WHO says it is very worried about Europe surge|work=BBC News|date=November 20, 2021}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{div col|colwidth=20em}} |
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* {{annotated link|Catch-22 (logic)}} |
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* {{annotated link|Causal loop diagram}} |
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* {{annotated link|Chain reaction}} |
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* {{annotated link|Cycle of poverty}} |
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* {{annotated link|Cycle of violence}} |
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* {{annotated link|Closed timelike curve}} |
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* {{annotated link|Endogeneity (econometrics)}} |
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* {{annotated link|Positive feedback}} |
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* {{annotated link|Rational addiction}} |
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* {{annotated link|Reflexivity (sociology)}} |
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* {{annotated link|Self-fulfilling prophecy}} |
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* {{annotated link|Spiral of silence}} |
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* {{annotated link|Unintended consequences}} |
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{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
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Latest revision as of 10:12, 7 November 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2012) |
A vicious circle (or cycle) is a complex chain of events that reinforces itself through a feedback loop, with detrimental results.[1] It is a system with no tendency toward equilibrium (social, economic, ecological, etc.), at least in the short run. Each iteration of the cycle reinforces the previous one, in an example of positive feedback. A vicious circle will continue in the direction of its momentum until an external factor intervenes to break the cycle. A well-known example of a vicious circle in economics is hyperinflation.
When the results are not detrimental but beneficial, the term virtuous cycle is used instead.
Examples
[edit]Subprime mortgage crisis
[edit]
The contemporary subprime mortgage crisis is a complex group of vicious circles, both in its genesis and in its manifold outcomes, most notably the late 2000s recession. A specific example is the circle related to housing. As housing prices decline, more homeowners go "underwater", when the market value of a home drops below that of the mortgage on it. This provides an incentive to walk away from the home, increasing defaults and foreclosures. This, in turn, lowers housing values further from over-supply, reinforcing the cycle.[2]
The foreclosures reduce the cash flowing into banks and the value of mortgage-backed securities (MBS) widely held by banks. Banks incur losses and require additional funds, also called "recapitalization". If banks are not capitalized sufficiently to lend, economic activity slows and unemployment increases, which further increase the number of foreclosures. Economist Nouriel Roubini discussed vicious circles in the housing and financial markets in interviews with Charlie Rose in September and October 2008.[3][4][5]
Ecological areas
[edit]By involving all stakeholders in managing ecological areas, a virtuous circle can be created where improved ecology encourages the actions that maintain and improve the area.[6]
Other
[edit]Other examples include the poverty cycle, sharecropping, and the intensification of drought. In 2021, Austrian Chancellor Alexander Schallenberg described the recurring need for lockdowns in the COVID-19 pandemic as a vicious circle that could only be broken by a legally-required vaccination program.[7]
See also
[edit]- Catch-22 (logic) – Situation in which one cannot avoid a problem because of contradictory constraints
- Causal loop diagram – Causal diagram that aids in visualizing how different variables in a system are interrelated
- Chain reaction – Self-amplifying chain of events
- Cycle of poverty – Vicious cycle that reinforces poverty
- Cycle of violence – Violent behavior learned as a child, and then repeated as an adult
- Closed timelike curve – World line of a particle in spacetime which returns to its starting point
- Endogeneity (econometrics) – Concept in econometrics
- Positive feedback – Feedback loop that increases an initial small effect
- Rational addiction – Addiction modeled as economically rational form of consumption
- Reflexivity (sociology) – Circular relationships between cause and effect
- Self-fulfilling prophecy – Prediction that causes itself to become true
- Spiral of silence – Political science and mass communication theory
- Unintended consequences – Unforeseen outcomes of an action
References
[edit]- ^ Charles Webel, Johan Galtung (19 March 2012). Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780203089163. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ Feldstein, Martin (18 November 2008). "How to Help People Whose Home Values Are Underwater". Opinion. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
- ^ "Roubini & Panel". Charlie Rose. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
- ^ "Rose & Roubini Discussion". Charlierose.com. Archived from the original on 2013-04-01. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
- ^ "Rose & Roubini". Charlierose.com. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
- ^ Morrison Scott A (March 2016). "Designing virtuous socio-ecological cycles for biodiversity conservation". Biological Conservation. 195. Elsevier: 9–16. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.12.022.
- ^ "Covid: WHO says it is very worried about Europe surge". BBC News. November 20, 2021.
General and cited references
[edit]- Schlesinger, L.; Heskett, J. (1991). "Breaking the cycle of failure in services". Sloan Management Review. 31: 17–28.
- Rational Choice with Passion:Virtue in a Model of Rational Addiction – In this link the author uses Aristotelian virtue as a mediator between passion and reason in the construction of utility/consumption functions in an esoteric part of consumer behaviour theory related to decision making in addictive situations.
- China: A Stabilizing or Deflationary Influence in East Asia? The Problem of Conflicted Virtue – In this paper the author is using virtue in the sense of a positive outcome (balance of payments surplus) that conflicts with long term regional growth and stability.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Vicious circles at Wikimedia Commons- Media related to Virtuous circles at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of vicious circle at Wiktionary- The dictionary definition of virtuous circle at Wiktionary
