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{{short description|Non-diffractive wave}}
A '''Bessel beam''' is a field of electromagnetic <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~atomtrap/Research/reconstruct.htm| author=Kishan Dholakia| coauthors= David McGloin, and Vene Garcés-Chávez| title=Optical micromanipulating using a self-reconstructing light beam| year=2002| accessdate=2007-02-06}}<br>See also {{cite journal|author=V. Garcés-Chávez| coauthors= D. McGloin, H. Melville, W. Sibbett and K. Dholakia| title=Simultaneous micromanipulation in multiple planes using a self-reconstructing light beam| journal=Nature| volume= 419| year=2002| url=http://sinclair.ece.uci.edu/Papers/Optics/Orbital%20angular%20momentum/Garces-Chavez%20Nature%20419%20pp145-148%202002%20(Simultaneous%20micromanipulation%20in%20multiple%20planes%20using%20a%20self-reconstructing%20light%20beam).pdf| accessdate=2007-02-06| doi=10.1038/nature01007| pages=145|pmid=12226659|issue=6903}}</ref>, <ref> D. McGloin, K. Dholakia, Bessel beams: diffraction in a new light, Contemporary Physics 46 (2005) 15-28 </ref>, acoustic or even gravitational radiation whose amplitude is described by a [[Bessel function of the first kind]]. It is particularly important to note that the fundamental zero-order Bessel beam has an amplitude maximum at the origin, whereas a high-order Bessel beam (HOBB) possesses an axial phase singularity at the transverse origin where the amplitude vanishes as expected from the mathematical descriptive nature of the high-order [[Bessel function of the first kind]]. A true Bessel beam is non-diffractive. This means that as it propagates, it does not [[diffract]] and spread out; this is in contrast to the usual behavior of light (or sound), which spreads out after being focussed down to a small spot.
[[File:Bessel beam.gif|thumb|Evolution of a Bessel beam.]]
[[File:Bessel beam.svg|thumb|Diagram of [[axicon]] and resulting Bessel beam]]
[[File:Bessek beam intensity.svg|thumb|Cross-section of the Bessel beam and graph of intensity]]
[[File:Bessel beam reform.svg|thumb|Bessel beam re-forming central bright area after obstruction]]


A '''Bessel beam''' is a wave whose amplitude is described by a [[Bessel function of the first kind]].<ref>{{cite journal
As with a [[plane wave]] a true Bessel beam cannot be created, as it is unbounded and therefore requires an infinite amount of [[energy]]. Reasonably good approximations can be made, however, and these are important in many [[optical]] applications because they exhibit little or no diffraction over a limited distance. Bessel beams are also ''self-healing'', meaning that the beam can be partially obstructed at one point, but will re-form at a point further down the [[beam axis]].
|last1=Garcés-Chávez |first1=V.
|last2=McGloin |first2=D.
|last3=Melville |first3=H.
|last4=Sibbett |first4=W.
|last5=Dholakia |first5=K.
|year=2002
|title=Simultaneous micromanipulation in multiple planes using a self-reconstructing light beam
|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
|volume=419 |issue=6903 |pages=145–7
|bibcode=2002Natur.419..145G
|doi=10.1038/nature01007
|pmid=12226659
|s2cid=4426776
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|last1=McGloin |first1=D.
|last2=Dholakia |first2=K.
|year=2005
|title=Bessel beams: diffraction in a new light
|journal=[[Contemporary Physics]]
|volume= 46|issue= 1|pages=15–28
|bibcode=2005ConPh..46...15M
|doi=10.1080/0010751042000275259
|s2cid=31363603
}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Electromagnetic radiation#Wave model|Electromagnetic]], [[Acoustic wave|acoustic]], [[Gravitational wave|gravitational]], and [[Matter wave|matter]] waves can all be in the form of Bessel beams. A true Bessel beam is non-diffractive. This means that as it propagates, it does not [[diffraction|diffract]] and spread out; this is in contrast to the usual behavior of light (or sound), which spreads out after being focused down to a small spot. Bessel beams are also ''self-healing'', meaning that the beam can be partially obstructed at one point, but will re-form at a point further down the [[beam axis]].


As with a [[plane wave]], a true Bessel beam cannot be created, as it is unbounded and would require an infinite amount of [[energy]]. Reasonably good approximations can be made,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cox|first1=A.J.|last2=D'Anna|first2=Joseph|year=1992|title=Constant-axial-intensity nondiffracting beam|journal=Optics Letters|volume=17|issue=4|pages=232–234|doi=10.1364/OL.17.000232|pmid=19784285 |bibcode=1992OptL...17..232C }}</ref> however, and these are important in many [[optics|optical]] applications because they exhibit little or no diffraction over a limited distance. Approximations to Bessel beams are made in practice either by focusing a [[Gaussian beam]] with an [[axicon]] lens to generate a Bessel–Gauss beam, by using [[Rotational symmetry|axisymmetric]] [[diffraction grating]]s,<ref>
These properties together make Bessel beams extremely useful to research in [[Optical Tweezers|optical tweezing]], as a narrow Bessel beam will maintain its required property of tight focus over a relatively long section of beam and even when partially [[occlusion|occluded]] by the dielectric particles being tweezed. Similarly, particle manipulation with acoustical tweezers may be feasible with a Bessel beam that scatters and produces a [[radiation pressure|radiation force]] resulting from the exchange of acoustic momentum between the wave-field and a particle placed along its path <ref> F. G. Mitri, Acoustic radiation force on a sphere in standing and quasi-standing zero-order Bessel
{{cite journal
42 beam tweezers, Annals of Physics 323 (2008) 1604-1620 </ref>, <ref> F. G. Mitri, Z. E. A. Fellah, Theory of the acoustic radiation force exerted on a sphere by a standing and quasi-standing zero-order Bessel beam tweezers of variable half-cone angles, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 55 (2008) 2469-2478 </ref>, <ref> F. G. Mitri, Langevin acoustic radiation force of a high-order Bessel beam on a rigid sphere, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 56 (2009) 1059-1064 </ref>, <ref> F. G. Mitri, Acoustic radiation force on an air bubble and soft fluid spheres in ideal liquids: Example of a high-order Bessel beam of quasi-standing waves, European Physical Journal E 28 (2009) 469-478 </ref>, <ref> F. G. Mitri, Negative Axial Radiation Force on a Fluid and Elastic Spheres Illuminated by a High-Order Bessel Beam of Progressive Waves, Journal of Physics A - Mathematical and Theoretical 42 (2009) 245202 </ref>, <ref> F. G. Mitri, Acoustic scattering of a high-order Bessel beam by an elastic sphere, Annals of Physics 323 (2008) 2840-2850 </ref>, <ref> F. G. Mitri, Equivalence of expressions for the acoustic scattering of a progressive high-order Bessel beam by an elastic sphere, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control
|last=Jiménez |first=N.
23 56 (2009) 1100-1103 </ref>.
|display-authors=etal
|year=2014
|title=Acoustic Bessel-like beam formation by an axisymmetric grating
|journal=[[Europhysics Letters]]
|volume=106 |issue=2 |page=24005
|arxiv=1401.6769
|bibcode=2014EL....10624005J
|doi=10.1209/0295-5075/106/24005
|s2cid=55703345
}}</ref> or by placing a narrow [[Annulus (mathematics)|annular]] [[aperture]] in the [[far field]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal
|last1=Durnin |first1=J.
|year=1987
|title=Diffraction-free beams
|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]
|volume=58 |issue=15 |pages=1499–1501
|bibcode=1987PhRvL..58.1499D
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.1499
|pmid=10034453
}}</ref> High order Bessel beams can be generated by [[spiral diffraction grating]]s.<ref>
{{cite journal
|last=Jiménez |first=N.
|display-authors=etal
|year=2016
|title=Formation of high-order acoustic Bessel beams by spiral diffraction gratings
|journal=[[Physical Review E]]
|volume=94 |issue=5 |page=053004
|arxiv=1604.08353
|bibcode=2016PhRvE..94e3004J
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.94.053004
|pmid=27967159
|s2cid=27190492
}}</ref>


==Properties==
The [[mathematics|mathematical]] function which describes a Bessel beam is a solution of [[Bessel's differential equation]], which itself arises from separable solutions to [[Laplace's equation]] and the [[Helmholtz equation]] in cylindrical coordinates.
The properties of Bessel beams<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Fahrbach |first1=F. O.
|last2=Simon |first2=P.
|last3=Rohrbach |first3=A.
|year=2010
|title=Microscopy with self-reconstructing beams
|journal=[[Nature Photonics]]
|volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=780–785
|bibcode=2010NaPho...4..780F
|doi=10.1038/nphoton.2010.204
|url=https://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/dnb/download/8979
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Mitri |first1=F. G.
|year=2011
|title=Arbitrary scattering of an electromagnetic zero-order Bessel beam by a dielectric sphere
|journal=[[Optics Letters]]
|volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=766–8
|bibcode=2011OptL...36..766M
|doi=10.1364/OL.36.000766
|pmid=21368976
|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235664
}}</ref> make them extremely useful for [[Optical tweezers|optical tweezing]], as a narrow Bessel beam will maintain its required property of tight focus over a relatively long section of beam and even when partially [[wikt:occlusion|occluded]] by the dielectric particles being tweezed. Similarly, particle manipulation with acoustical tweezers was achieved<ref>
{{Cite journal
|last=Hill |first=M.
|year=2016
|title=Viewpoint: A One-Sided View of Acoustic Traps
|journal=[[Physics (American Physical Society journal)|Physics]]
|volume=9 |issue=3
|page=3
|doi=10.1103/Physics.9.3
|doi-access=free
}}</ref><ref>D. Baresch, J.L. Thomas, and R. Marchiano, Physical review letters, 2016, 116(2), 024301.</ref> with a Bessel beam that scatters<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Marston |first1=P. L.
|year=2007
|title=Scattering of a Bessel beam by a sphere
|journal=[[The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America]]
|volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=753–758
|bibcode=2007ASAJ..121..753M
|doi=10.1121/1.2404931
|pmid=17348499
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Silva |first1=G. T.
|year=2011
|title=Off-axis scattering of an ultrasound bessel beam by a sphere
|journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control]]
|volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=298–304
|doi=10.1109/TUFFC.2011.1807
|pmid=21342815
|s2cid=38969143
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Mitri |first1=F. G.
|last2=Silva |first2=G. T.
|year=2011
|title=Off-axial acoustic scattering of a high-order Bessel vortex beam by a rigid sphere
|journal=[[Wave Motion (journal)|Wave Motion]]
|volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=392–400
|doi=10.1016/j.wavemoti.2011.02.001
|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259453
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Gong |first1=Z.
|last2=Marston |first2=P. L.
|last3=Li |first3=W.
|last4=Chai |first4=Y.
|year=2017
|title=Multipole expansion of acoustical Bessel beams with arbitrary order and location
|journal=[[The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America]]
|volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=EL574–EL578
|doi=10.1121/1.4985586
|pmid=28679251
|bibcode=2017ASAJ..141L.574G
|doi-access=free
|hdl=20.500.12210/55318
|hdl-access=free
}}</ref> and produces a [[radiation pressure|radiation force]] resulting from the exchange of acoustic momentum between the wave-field and a particle placed along its path.<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Mitri |first1=F. G.
|year=2008
|title=Acoustic radiation force on a sphere in standing and quasi-standing zero-order Bessel beam tweezers
|journal=[[Annals of Physics]]
|volume=323 |issue=7 |pages=1604–1620
|bibcode=2008AnPhy.323.1604M
|doi=10.1016/j.aop.2008.01.011
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Mitri |first1=F. G.
|last2=Fellah |first2=Z. E. A.
|year=2008
|title=Theory of the acoustic radiation force exerted on a sphere by standing and quasistanding zero-order Bessel beam tweezers of variable half-cone angles
|journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control]]
|volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=2469–2478
|doi=10.1109/TUFFC.954
|pmid=19049926
|s2cid=33064887
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Mitri |first1=F. G.
|year=2009
|title=Langevin acoustic radiation force of a high-order bessel beam on a rigid sphere
|journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control]]
|volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=1059–1064
|doi=10.1109/TUFFC.2009.1139
|pmid=19473924
|s2cid=33955993
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Mitri |first1=F. G.
|year=2009
|title=Acoustic radiation force on an air bubble and soft fluid spheres in ideal liquids: Example of a high-order Bessel beam of quasi-standing waves
|journal=[[The European Physical Journal E]]
|volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=469–478
|bibcode=2009EPJE...28..469M
|doi=10.1140/epje/i2009-10449-y
|pmid=19408023
|s2cid=12972708
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Mitri |first1=F. G.
|year=2009
|title=Negative axial radiation force on a fluid and elastic spheres illuminated by a high-order Bessel beam of progressive waves
|journal=[[Journal of Physics A]]
|volume=42 |issue=24 |page=245202
|bibcode=2009JPhA...42x5202M
|doi=10.1088/1751-8113/42/24/245202
|s2cid=122118984
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Mitri |first1=F. G.
|year=2008
|title=Acoustic scattering of a high-order Bessel beam by an elastic sphere
|journal=[[Annals of Physics]]
|volume=323 |issue=11 |pages=2840–2850
|bibcode=2008AnPhy.323.2840M
|doi=10.1016/j.aop.2008.06.008
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Mitri |first1=F. G.
|year=2009
|title=Equivalence of expressions for the acoustic scattering of a progressive high-order bessel beam by an elastic sphere
|journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control]]
|volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=1100–1103
|doi=10.1109/TUFFC.2009.1143
|pmid=19473927
|s2cid=22404158
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Marston |first1=P. L.
|year=2006
|title=Axial radiation force of a Bessel beam on a sphere and direction reversal of the force
|journal=[[The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America]]
|volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=3518–3524
|bibcode=2006ASAJ..120.3518M
|doi=10.1121/1.2361185
|pmid=17225382
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Marston |first1=P. L.
|year=2009
|title=Radiation force of a helicoidal Bessel beam on a sphere
|journal=[[The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America]]
|volume=125 |issue=6 |pages=3539–3547
|bibcode=2009ASAJ..125.3539M
|doi=10.1121/1.3119625
|pmid=19507935
}}</ref>


The [[mathematics|mathematical]] function which describes a Bessel beam is a solution of [[Bessel's differential equation]], which itself arises from separable solutions to [[Laplace's equation]] and the [[Helmholtz equation]] in cylindrical coordinates. The fundamental zero-order Bessel beam has an amplitude maximum at the origin, while a high-order Bessel beam (HOBB) has an axial phase singularity along the beam axis; the amplitude is zero there. HOBBs can be of vortex (helicoidal) or non-vortex types.<ref>
Approximations to Bessel beams are made in practice by focusing a [[Gaussian beam]] with an [[axicon]] lens to generate a Bessel-Gauss beam.
{{cite journal
|last1=Mitri |first1=F. G.
|year=2011
|title=Linear axial scattering of an acoustical high-order Bessel trigonometric beam by compressible soft fluid spheres
|journal=[[Journal of Applied Physics]]
|volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=014916–014916–5
|bibcode=2011JAP...109a4916M
|doi=10.1063/1.3518496
|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232912
}}</ref>

[[X-wave]]s are special superpositions of Bessel beams which travel at constant [[velocity]], and can [[Faster-than-light|exceed the speed of light]].<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Bowlan |first1=P.
|s2cid=122056218
|display-authors=etal
|year=2009
|title=Measurement of the Spatiotemporal Electric Field of Ultrashort Superluminal Bessel-X Pulses
|journal=[[Optics and Photonics News]]
|volume=20 |issue=12 |page=42
|doi=10.1364/OPN.20.12.000042
|bibcode=2009OptPN..20...42M
}}</ref>

Mathieu beams and parabolic (Weber) beams<ref name="AcB">
{{cite journal
|last1=Bandres |first1=M. A.
|last2=Gutiérrez-Vega |first2=J. C.
|last3=Chávez-Cerda |first3=S.
|year=2004
|title=Parabolic nondiffracting optical wave fields
|journal=[[Optics Letters]]
|volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=44–6
|bibcode=2004OptL...29...44B
|doi=10.1364/OL.29.000044
|pmid=14719655
}}</ref> are other types of non-diffractive beams that have the same non-diffractive and self-healing properties of Bessel beams but different transverse structures.

===Acceleration===
In 2012 it was theoretically proven<ref name=Chremmos2012Bessel>
{{cite journal
|last1=Chremmos |first1=I. D.
|last2=Chen |first2=Z
|last3=Christodoulides |first3=D. N.
|last4=Efremidis |first4=N. K.
|year=2012
|title=Bessel-like optical beams with arbitrary trajectories
|journal=[[Optics Letters]]
|volume=37 |issue=23 |pages=5003–5
|bibcode=2012OptL...37.5003C
|doi=10.1364/OL.37.005003
|pmid=23202118
|url=http://preprints.acmac.uoc.gr/157/1/acmac-0157.pdf
}}</ref> and experimentally demonstrated<ref name=Zhao2013Bessel>
{{cite journal
|last=Juanying |first=Z.
|display-authors=etal
|year=2013
|title=Observation of self-accelerating Bessel-like optical beams along arbitrary trajectories
|journal=[[Optics Letters]]
|volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=498–500
|bibcode=2013OptL...38..498Z
|doi=10.1364/OL.38.000498
|pmid=23455115
|url=http://preprints.acmac.uoc.gr/160/1/acmac-0160.pdf
}}</ref> that, with a special manipulation of their initial phase, Bessel beams can be made to accelerate along arbitrary trajectories in free space. These beams can be considered as hybrids that combine the symmetric profile of a standard Bessel beam with the self-acceleration property of the [[Airy beam]] and its counterparts. Previous efforts to produce accelerating Bessel beams included beams with helical<ref name=Jarutis2009>
{{cite journal
|last1=Jarutis |first1=V.
|last2=Matijošius |first2=A.
|last3=DiTrapani |first3=P.
|last4=Piskarskas |first4=A.
|year=2009
|title=Spiraling zero-order Bessel beam
|journal=[[Optics Letters]]
|volume=34 |issue=14 |pages=2129–31
|bibcode=2009OptL...34.2129J
|doi=10.1364/OL.34.002129
|pmid=19823524
}}</ref> and sinusoidal<ref name=Morris2010>
{{cite journal
|last1=Morris |first1=J. E.
|last2=Čižmár |first2=T.
|last3=Dalgarno |first3=H. I. C.
|last4=Marchington |first4=R. F.
|last5=Gunn-Moore |first5=F. J.
|last6=Dholakia |first6=K.
|year=2010
|title=Realization of curved Bessel beams: propagation around obstructions
|journal=[[Journal of Optics (IOP Publishing journal)|Journal of Optics]]
|volume=12 |issue=12 |page=124002
|bibcode=2010JOpt...12l4002M
|doi=10.1088/2040-8978/12/12/124002
|s2cid=120332951
}}</ref> trajectories as well as the early effort for beams with piecewise straight trajectories.<ref name=Rosen1995>
{{cite journal
|last1=Rosen |first1=J.
|last2=Yariv |first2=A.
|year=1995
|title=Snake beam: a paraxial arbitrary focal line
|journal=[[Optics Letters]]
|volume=20 |issue=20 |pages=2042–4
|bibcode=1995OptL...20.2042R
|doi=10.1364/OL.20.002042
|pmid=19862244
|citeseerx=10.1.1.9.3156
}}</ref>

=== Attenuation-compensation ===
Beams may encounter losses as they travel through materials which will cause attenuation of the beam intensity. A property common to non-diffracting (or propagation-invariant) beams, such as the [[Airy beam]] and Bessel beam, is the ability to control the longitudinal intensity envelope of the beam without significantly altering the other characteristics of the beam. This can be used to create Bessel beams which grow in intensity as they travel and can be used to counteract losses, therefore maintaining a beam of constant intensity as it propagates.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zamboni-Rached|first=Michel|date=2004-08-23|title=Stationary optical wave fields with arbitrary longitudinal shape by superposing equal frequency Bessel beams: Frozen Waves|journal=Optics Express|language=EN|volume=12|issue=17|pages=4001–4006|doi=10.1364/opex.12.004001|pmid=19483938|arxiv=physics/0407128|bibcode=2004OExpr..12.4001Z|s2cid=14469395}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Čižmár|first1=Tomáš|last2=Dholakia|first2=Kishan|date=2009-08-31|title=Tunable Bessel light modes: engineering the axial propagation|journal=Optics Express|language=EN|volume=17|issue=18|pages=15558–15570|doi=10.1364/oe.17.015558|pmid=19724554|bibcode=2009OExpr..1715558C|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Applications ==

=== Imaging and microscopy ===
In [[Light sheet fluorescence microscopy|light-sheet fluorescence microscopy]], non-diffracting (or propagation-invariant) beams have been utilised to produce very long and uniform light-sheets which do not change size significantly across their length. The self-healing property of Bessel beams has also shown to give improved image quality at depth as the beam shape is less distorted after travelling through scattering tissue than a Gaussian beam. Bessel beam based light-sheet microscopy was first demonstrated in 2010<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fahrbach|first1=Florian O.|last2=Simon|first2=Philipp|last3=Rohrbach|first3=Alexander|date=2010|title=Microscopy with self-reconstructing beams|journal=Nature Photonics|language=En|volume=4|issue=11|pages=780–785|doi=10.1038/nphoton.2010.204|bibcode=2010NaPho...4..780F|url=https://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/dnb/download/8979}}</ref> but many variations have followed since. In 2018, it was shown that the use of attenuation-compensation could be applied to Bessel beam based light-sheet microscopy and could enable imaging at greater depths within biological specimens.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nylk|first1=Jonathan|last2=McCluskey|first2=Kaley|last3=Preciado|first3=Miguel A.|last4=Mazilu|first4=Michael|last5=Yang|first5=Zhengyi|last6=Gunn-Moore|first6=Frank J.|last7=Aggarwal|first7=Sanya|last8=Tello|first8=Javier A.|last9=Ferrier|first9=David E. K.|date=2018-04-01|title=Light-sheet microscopy with attenuation-compensated propagation-invariant beams|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=eaar4817|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aar4817|arxiv=1708.02612|bibcode=2018SciA....4R4817N|pmid=29740614|pmc=5938225}}</ref>

=== Acoustofluidics ===
Bessel beams are a good candidate for the selectively trapping because of the concentric circles of pressure maximum and minimum in the transverse planes.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
<references/>


== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal
|last1=Mikutis |first1=M.
|last2=Kudrius |first2=T.
|last3=Šlekys |first3=G.
|last4=Paipulas |first4=D.
|last5=Juodkazis |first5=S.
|year=2013
|title=High 90% efficiency Bragg gratings formed in fused silica by femtosecond Gauss-Bessel laser beams
|journal=[[Optical Materials Express]]
|volume=3 |issue=11 |page=1862
|doi=10.1364/OME.3.001862
|bibcode=2013OMExp...3.1862M|hdl=1959.3/364652|hdl-access=free}}


==External links==
[[lt:Beselio pluoštas]]
* [http://www.gizmag.com/3d-microscope-movies-living-cells/18138/ New microscope captures 3D movies of living cells] gizmag.com (switched Bessel beams used effectively in real-time microscopy)
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12620560 'Tractor beam' is possible with lasers, say scientists]
* [http://www.eng.utoledo.edu/~jilu/lu_images/a_2006.12.12_ieee_uffc02apr_cover.pdf Ultrasound (zeroth-order) Bessel beam profile - Front cover image (April 2002 Issue of the IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferr. Freq. Ctrl.)]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Bessel Beam}}
[[Category:Laser science]]
[[Category:Laser science]]

Latest revision as of 10:38, 7 November 2024

Evolution of a Bessel beam.
Diagram of axicon and resulting Bessel beam
Cross-section of the Bessel beam and graph of intensity
Bessel beam re-forming central bright area after obstruction

A Bessel beam is a wave whose amplitude is described by a Bessel function of the first kind.[1][2][3] Electromagnetic, acoustic, gravitational, and matter waves can all be in the form of Bessel beams. A true Bessel beam is non-diffractive. This means that as it propagates, it does not diffract and spread out; this is in contrast to the usual behavior of light (or sound), which spreads out after being focused down to a small spot. Bessel beams are also self-healing, meaning that the beam can be partially obstructed at one point, but will re-form at a point further down the beam axis.

As with a plane wave, a true Bessel beam cannot be created, as it is unbounded and would require an infinite amount of energy. Reasonably good approximations can be made,[4] however, and these are important in many optical applications because they exhibit little or no diffraction over a limited distance. Approximations to Bessel beams are made in practice either by focusing a Gaussian beam with an axicon lens to generate a Bessel–Gauss beam, by using axisymmetric diffraction gratings,[5] or by placing a narrow annular aperture in the far field.[3] High order Bessel beams can be generated by spiral diffraction gratings.[6]

Properties

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The properties of Bessel beams[7][8] make them extremely useful for optical tweezing, as a narrow Bessel beam will maintain its required property of tight focus over a relatively long section of beam and even when partially occluded by the dielectric particles being tweezed. Similarly, particle manipulation with acoustical tweezers was achieved[9][10] with a Bessel beam that scatters[11][12][13][14] and produces a radiation force resulting from the exchange of acoustic momentum between the wave-field and a particle placed along its path.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

The mathematical function which describes a Bessel beam is a solution of Bessel's differential equation, which itself arises from separable solutions to Laplace's equation and the Helmholtz equation in cylindrical coordinates. The fundamental zero-order Bessel beam has an amplitude maximum at the origin, while a high-order Bessel beam (HOBB) has an axial phase singularity along the beam axis; the amplitude is zero there. HOBBs can be of vortex (helicoidal) or non-vortex types.[24]

X-waves are special superpositions of Bessel beams which travel at constant velocity, and can exceed the speed of light.[25]

Mathieu beams and parabolic (Weber) beams[26] are other types of non-diffractive beams that have the same non-diffractive and self-healing properties of Bessel beams but different transverse structures.

Acceleration

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In 2012 it was theoretically proven[27] and experimentally demonstrated[28] that, with a special manipulation of their initial phase, Bessel beams can be made to accelerate along arbitrary trajectories in free space. These beams can be considered as hybrids that combine the symmetric profile of a standard Bessel beam with the self-acceleration property of the Airy beam and its counterparts. Previous efforts to produce accelerating Bessel beams included beams with helical[29] and sinusoidal[30] trajectories as well as the early effort for beams with piecewise straight trajectories.[31]

Attenuation-compensation

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Beams may encounter losses as they travel through materials which will cause attenuation of the beam intensity. A property common to non-diffracting (or propagation-invariant) beams, such as the Airy beam and Bessel beam, is the ability to control the longitudinal intensity envelope of the beam without significantly altering the other characteristics of the beam. This can be used to create Bessel beams which grow in intensity as they travel and can be used to counteract losses, therefore maintaining a beam of constant intensity as it propagates.[32][33]

Applications

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Imaging and microscopy

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In light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, non-diffracting (or propagation-invariant) beams have been utilised to produce very long and uniform light-sheets which do not change size significantly across their length. The self-healing property of Bessel beams has also shown to give improved image quality at depth as the beam shape is less distorted after travelling through scattering tissue than a Gaussian beam. Bessel beam based light-sheet microscopy was first demonstrated in 2010[34] but many variations have followed since. In 2018, it was shown that the use of attenuation-compensation could be applied to Bessel beam based light-sheet microscopy and could enable imaging at greater depths within biological specimens.[35]

Acoustofluidics

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Bessel beams are a good candidate for the selectively trapping because of the concentric circles of pressure maximum and minimum in the transverse planes.

References

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  1. ^ Garcés-Chávez, V.; McGloin, D.; Melville, H.; Sibbett, W.; Dholakia, K. (2002). "Simultaneous micromanipulation in multiple planes using a self-reconstructing light beam". Nature. 419 (6903): 145–7. Bibcode:2002Natur.419..145G. doi:10.1038/nature01007. PMID 12226659. S2CID 4426776.
  2. ^ McGloin, D.; Dholakia, K. (2005). "Bessel beams: diffraction in a new light". Contemporary Physics. 46 (1): 15–28. Bibcode:2005ConPh..46...15M. doi:10.1080/0010751042000275259. S2CID 31363603.
  3. ^ a b Durnin, J. (1987). "Diffraction-free beams". Physical Review Letters. 58 (15): 1499–1501. Bibcode:1987PhRvL..58.1499D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.1499. PMID 10034453.
  4. ^ Cox, A.J.; D'Anna, Joseph (1992). "Constant-axial-intensity nondiffracting beam". Optics Letters. 17 (4): 232–234. Bibcode:1992OptL...17..232C. doi:10.1364/OL.17.000232. PMID 19784285.
  5. ^ Jiménez, N.; et al. (2014). "Acoustic Bessel-like beam formation by an axisymmetric grating". Europhysics Letters. 106 (2): 24005. arXiv:1401.6769. Bibcode:2014EL....10624005J. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/106/24005. S2CID 55703345.
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  7. ^ Fahrbach, F. O.; Simon, P.; Rohrbach, A. (2010). "Microscopy with self-reconstructing beams". Nature Photonics. 4 (11): 780–785. Bibcode:2010NaPho...4..780F. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.204.
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  21. ^ Mitri, F. G. (2009). "Equivalence of expressions for the acoustic scattering of a progressive high-order bessel beam by an elastic sphere". IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control. 56 (5): 1100–1103. doi:10.1109/TUFFC.2009.1143. PMID 19473927. S2CID 22404158.
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  25. ^ Bowlan, P.; et al. (2009). "Measurement of the Spatiotemporal Electric Field of Ultrashort Superluminal Bessel-X Pulses". Optics and Photonics News. 20 (12): 42. Bibcode:2009OptPN..20...42M. doi:10.1364/OPN.20.12.000042. S2CID 122056218.
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  31. ^ Rosen, J.; Yariv, A. (1995). "Snake beam: a paraxial arbitrary focal line". Optics Letters. 20 (20): 2042–4. Bibcode:1995OptL...20.2042R. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.9.3156. doi:10.1364/OL.20.002042. PMID 19862244.
  32. ^ Zamboni-Rached, Michel (2004-08-23). "Stationary optical wave fields with arbitrary longitudinal shape by superposing equal frequency Bessel beams: Frozen Waves". Optics Express. 12 (17): 4001–4006. arXiv:physics/0407128. Bibcode:2004OExpr..12.4001Z. doi:10.1364/opex.12.004001. PMID 19483938. S2CID 14469395.
  33. ^ Čižmár, Tomáš; Dholakia, Kishan (2009-08-31). "Tunable Bessel light modes: engineering the axial propagation". Optics Express. 17 (18): 15558–15570. Bibcode:2009OExpr..1715558C. doi:10.1364/oe.17.015558. PMID 19724554.
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  35. ^ Nylk, Jonathan; McCluskey, Kaley; Preciado, Miguel A.; Mazilu, Michael; Yang, Zhengyi; Gunn-Moore, Frank J.; Aggarwal, Sanya; Tello, Javier A.; Ferrier, David E. K. (2018-04-01). "Light-sheet microscopy with attenuation-compensated propagation-invariant beams". Science Advances. 4 (4): eaar4817. arXiv:1708.02612. Bibcode:2018SciA....4R4817N. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar4817. PMC 5938225. PMID 29740614.

Further reading

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