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An open prison or open jail is any jail in which the prisoners are trusted to complete sentences with minimal supervision and perimeter security and are often not locked up in their prison cells. Prisoners may be permitted to take up employment while serving their sentence. This provides an opportunity for criminals to reintegrate into society and withdraw from criminal behavior. Without the constraints and stresses of typical incarcerations, criminals can discover more positive lifestyles through support and light supervision from the criminal justice system. Open prisons provide the opportunity for prisoners to increase their mental health and opportunity for employment. Some scholars have pointed out that new forms of “pains of imprisonment” can arise within open prisons, due to the stresses of “liberty under constraint.”^[1]

United Kingdom

In the UK, open prisons are often part of a rehabilitation plan for prisoners moved from closed prisons. They may be designated "training prisons" and are only for prisoners considered a low risk to the public.

Indonesia

In Indonesia, open prisons have been used to substitute immigrant detention centers and closed prison incarceration. This change has been helpful in creating a humane environment for immigrants that is less confining than incarceration and detention centers. These open prisons tend to do a better job at providing basic needs and creating better conditions than detention centers. The assistance of the International Organization of Migration contributed to Indonesia's government efforts to create alternative systems to detention. In 2018, refugees and asylum seekers no longer housed in immigration detention centers, and open prisons became one of trial substitutes for immigrants. Entry into open prisons may be dependent upon agreements to follow Indonesia law, consistently report to local authorities, and adhere to discretionary rules while being in the country.

The idea of an open prison is often criticized by members of the public and politicians, despite its success towards rehabilitation compared to older, more draconian methods.^[2] Prisoners in open jails do not have complete freedom and are only allowed to leave the premises for specific purposes, such as going to an outside job.^[3] In Ireland, there has been controversy about the level of escape from open prisons, attributed to their use by the Irish Prison Service not just to transfer prisoners suitable for open conditions, but also to reduce overcrowding in closed prisons. The idea of open prisons is to rehabilitate prisoners rather than to punish them.^[4]

Examples of open prisons

India

Nettukaltheri Open Prison & Correctional Home, Thiruvananthapuram
Cheemeni Open Prison & Correctional Home, Kasaragod
Poojapura Women Open Prison & Correctional Home, Thiruvananthapuram
Yerwada Open Jail, in Yerwada, Pune, Maharashtra
Tihar Open Jail, in Delhi
Sampurnanand Open Jail, in Sitarganj, Uttarakhand

Ireland

Loughan House, Blacklion, County Cavan, Ireland
Shelton Abbey Prison, Arklow, County Wicklow, Ireland

Philippines

Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm^[5]

United Kingdom

England (men's)

England (women's)

HM Prison Askham Grange, York
HM Prison East Sutton Park, Kent

Wales

HM Prison Prescoed, Monmouthshire

Scotland

HM Prison Castle Huntly, Longforgan, Perth and Kinross

Offener Vollzug in Germany

In Germany the "Offener Vollzug" is part of the rehabilitation process for about 16% of prisoners.^[6]

In fiction

Trumble, a fictional open prison in Florida, is the major setting for John Grisham's novel The Brethren.

References

^ Shammas, Victor Lund (January 2014). "The pains of freedom: Assessing the ambiguity of Scandinavian penal exceptionalism on Norway's Prison Island". Punishment & Society. 16 (1): 104–123. doi:10.1177/1462474513504799. ISSN 1462-4745. S2CID 145330708.
^ "'Skull Cracker' Michael Wheatley absconds from open prison". BBC News. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ James, Erwin (3 January 2011). "Why life in an open prison is no holiday camp". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ Reilly, Michael (6 May 2009). "Annual Report 2008". Office of the Inspector of Prisons.
^ Martinez Cantera, Angel L. (7 October 2015). "Life inside the Philippines' prison without walls". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
^ Justizvollzug: Strafgefangene nach Geschlecht, Alter und Art des Vollzugs, voraussichtliche Vollzugsdauer Archived 14 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany

Andvig, E., Koffeld-Hamidane, S., Ausland, L. H., & Karlsson, B. (2021). Inmates’ perceptions and experiences of how they were prepared for release from a Norwegian open prison. Nordic Journal of Criminology (Routledge), 22(2), 203–220. {{doi|10.1080/2578983X.2020.1847954}}

Baumann, M., Meyers, R., Le Bihan, E., Houssemand, C., & Baumann, M. (2008). Mental health (GHQ12; CES-D) and attitudes towards the value of work among inmates of a semi-open prison and the long-term unemployed in Luxembourg. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 214–223. {{doi|10.1186/1471-2458-8-214}}

Easing overcrowding in Indonesia’s prisons: Opening unexpected opportunities. Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (n.d.). https://www.dfat.gov.au/development/australias-development-program/stories-impact/easing-overcrowding-indonesias-prisons-opening-unexpected-opportunities

Missbach, A. (2021). Substituting immigration detention centres with “open prisons” in Indonesia: alternatives to detention as the continuum of unfreedom. Citizenship Studies, 25(2), 224–237. {{doi|10.1080/13621025.2020.1859193}}

Easing overcrowding in Indonesia’s prisons: Opening unexpected opportunities. Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (n.d.). https://www.dfat.gov.au/development/australias-development-program/stories-impact/easing-overcrowding-indonesias-prisons-opening-unexpected-opportunities

[1] Shammas, Victor Lund (January 2014). "The pains of freedom: Assessing the ambiguity of Scandinavian penal exceptionalism on Norway's Prison Island". Punishment & Society. 16 (1): 104–123. doi:10.1177/1462474513504799. ISSN 1462-4745. S2CID 145330708.

[2] "'Skull Cracker' Michael Wheatley absconds from open prison". BBC News. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2022.

[3] James, Erwin (3 January 2011). "Why life in an open prison is no holiday camp". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 November 2022.

[4] Reilly, Michael (6 May 2009). "Annual Report 2008". Office of the Inspector of Prisons.

[5] Martinez Cantera, Angel L. (7 October 2015). "Life inside the Philippines' prison without walls". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.

[6] Justizvollzug: Strafgefangene nach Geschlecht, Alter und Art des Vollzugs, voraussichtliche Vollzugsdauer Archived 14 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Prison where the detainees serve their sentences with minimal supervision}}
-{{Criminology and penology |penology}}
+{{Criminology and penology|penology}}
 {{Positive criminology sidebar}}
+{{About|minimally supervised prisons|the characterization of the Gaza Strip by human rights activists and organizations|Gaza Strip#Characterization as open-air prison}}
-[[File:HMP and YOI Moorland Open Prison - geograph.org.uk - 427477.jpg|thumb|[[HM Prison Hatfield]], [[South Yorkshire]], an open prison in England, UK.]]
+[[File:HMP and YOI Moorland Open Prison - geograph.org.uk - 427477.jpg|thumb|[[HM Prison Hatfield]], [[South Yorkshire]], an open prison in England]]
-An '''open prison''' ('''open jail''') is any jail in which the [[prisoner]]s are trusted to complete sentences with minimal supervision and perimeter security and are often not locked up in their prison cells. Prisoners may be permitted to take up employment while serving their sentence.
+An '''open prison''' or '''open jail''' is any jail in which the [[prisoner]]s are trusted to complete sentences with minimal supervision and perimeter security and are often not locked up in their prison cells. Prisoners may be permitted to take up employment while serving their sentence. This provides an opportunity for criminals to reintegrate into society and withdraw from criminal behavior. Without the constraints and stresses of typical incarcerations, criminals can discover more positive lifestyles through support and light supervision from the criminal justice system. Open prisons provide the opportunity for prisoners to increase their mental health and opportunity for employment. Some scholars have pointed out that new forms of “pains of imprisonment” can arise within open prisons, due to the stresses of “liberty under constraint.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shammas |first=Victor Lund |date=January 2014 |title=The pains of freedom: Assessing the ambiguity of Scandinavian penal exceptionalism on Norway's Prison Island |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1462474513504799 |journal=Punishment & Society |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=104–123 |doi=10.1177/1462474513504799 |s2cid=145330708 |issn=1462-4745}}</ref>
+== United Kingdom ==
-In the UK, open prisons are often part of a [[Rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitation plan]] for prisoners moved from closed prisons.<ref>[http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/CrimeJusticeAndTheLaw/Sentencingprisonandprobation/Goingtoprison/DG_196234 UK Government: Types of prison and security categories]</ref>  They may be designated "training prisons" and are only for prisoners considered a low risk to the public.
+In the UK, open prisons are often part of a rehabilitation plan for prisoners moved from [[closed prison]]s. They may be designated "training prisons" and are only for prisoners considered a low risk to the public.
+== Indonesia ==
-The idea of an open prison is often criticized by members of the public and politicians.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-27280228 Philip Davies, "It is completely ludicrous that a serving life-sentence prisoner is even in an open prison", ''BBC'', 05 May 2014]</ref> Prisoners in open jails do not have complete freedom and are only allowed to leave the premises for specific purposes, such as going to an outside job.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/jan/13/open-prison-no-holiday-camp Erwin James, "Why life in an open prison is no holiday camp", ''The Guardian'', 13 January 2011.  Retrieved 16 August 2012]</ref> In Ireland, there has been controversy about the level of escape from open prisons, attributed to the use of the prison by the [[Irish Prison Service]] to transfer prisoners unsuitable for open conditions but to reduce overcrowding in the closed prisons. The idea of open prisons is to rehabilitate prisoners rather than to punish them.<ref>Reilly, Michael (6 May 2009). "Annual Report 2008". Office of the Inspector of Prisons (PDF).</ref>
+In Indonesia, open prisons have been used to substitute immigrant detention centers and closed prison incarceration. This change has been helpful in creating a humane environment for immigrants that is less confining than incarceration and detention centers. These open prisons tend to do a better job at providing basic needs and creating better conditions than detention centers. The assistance of the International Organization of Migration contributed to Indonesia's government efforts to create alternative systems to detention. In 2018, refugees and asylum seekers no longer housed in immigration detention centers, and open prisons became one of trial substitutes for immigrants. Entry into open prisons may be dependent upon agreements to follow Indonesia law, consistently report to local authorities, and adhere to discretionary rules while being in the country.
+The idea of an open prison is often criticized by members of the public and politicians, despite its success towards rehabilitation compared to older, more draconian methods.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-27280228|title='Skull Cracker' Michael Wheatley absconds from open prison|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=5 May 2014|access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> Prisoners in open jails do not have complete freedom and are only allowed to leave the premises for specific purposes, such as going to an outside job.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/jan/13/open-prison-no-holiday-camp|last=James|first=Erwin|authorlink=Erwin James|title=Why life in an open prison is no holiday camp|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=3 January 2011|access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> In Ireland, there has been controversy about the level of escape from open prisons, attributed to their use by the [[Irish Prison Service]] not just to transfer prisoners suitable for open conditions, but also to reduce overcrowding in closed prisons. The idea of open prisons is to rehabilitate prisoners rather than to punish them.<ref>Reilly, Michael (6 May 2009). "Annual Report 2008". Office of the Inspector of Prisons.</ref>
-==Notable open prisons==
-;United Kingdom
+==Examples of open prisons==
-* [[HM Prison Prescoed]],  [[Monmouthshire]], [[South Wales]]
+===India===
-* [[HM Prison Ford]], [[Ford, West Sussex|Ford]], [[West Sussex]], [[England]]
+*[[Nettukaltheri]] Open Prison & Correctional Home, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
-* [[HM Prison Blantyre House]], Goudhurst, Kent, England
-* [[HM Prison Askham Grange]], York, England
+*[[Cheemeni]] Open Prison & Correctional Home, [[Kasaragod]]
+*[[Poojapura]] Women Open Prison & Correctional Home, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
-* [[HM Prison Leyhill]], [[South Gloucestershire]], England
-* [[HM Prison Castle Huntly]], [[Longforgan]], [[Perth and Kinross]], [[Scotland]]
+*[[Yerwada Central Jail#Yerwada Open Jail|Yerwada Open Jail]], in [[Yerwada]], [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
+*[[Tihar Jail#Tihar Open Jail|Tihar Open Jail]], in [[Delhi]]
-;Ireland
+*Sampurnanand Open Jail, in [[Sitarganj]], [[Uttarakhand]]
+===Ireland===
 *[[Loughan House]], Blacklion, County Cavan, Ireland
 *[[Shelton Abbey Prison]], Arklow, County Wicklow, Ireland
-;India
+===Philippines===
-* [[Yerwada Central Jail#Yerwada Open Jail|Yerwada Open Jail]],  in [[Yerwada]], [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
+*[[Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martinez Cantera |first1=Angel L. |title=Life inside the Philippines' prison without walls |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/10/7/life-inside-the-philippines-prison-without-walls |access-date=22 February 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210193008/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/10/7/life-inside-the-philippines-prison-without-walls |archive-date=10 February 2023}}</ref>
-* [[Tihar Jail#Tihar Open Jail|Tihar Open Jail]],  in [[Delhi]]
+===United Kingdom===
+;;England (men's)
+*[[HM Prison Ford]], [[Ford, West Sussex|Ford]], [[West Sussex]]
+*[[HM Prison Leyhill]], [[South Gloucestershire]]
+*[[HM Prison Hatfield]], [[South Yorkshire]]
+*[[HM Prison Haverigg]], [[Cumbria]]
+*[[HM Prison Thorn Cross]], [[Cheshire]]
+*[[HM Prison Hollesley Bay]], [[Suffolk]]
+*[[HM Prison Kirkham]], [[Lancashire]]
+*[[HM Prison Kirklevington Grange]], [[North Yorkshire]]
+*[[HM Prison North Sea Camp]], [[Lincolnshire]]
+*[[HM Prison Spring Hill]], [[Buckinghamshire]]
+*[[HM Prison Standford Hill]], [[Kent]]
+*[[HM Prison Sudbury]], [[Derbyshire]]
+;;England (women's)
+*[[HM Prison Askham Grange]], York
+*[[HM Prison East Sutton Park]], [[Kent]]
+;;Wales
+*[[HM Prison Prescoed]],  [[Monmouthshire]]
+;;Scotland
+*[[HM Prison Castle Huntly]], [[Longforgan]], [[Perth and Kinross]]
 ==Offener Vollzug in Germany==
-In Germany the "Offener Vollzug" is part of the rehabilitation process for about 16% of prisoners.<ref>[https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Rechtspflege/Justizvollzug/Tabellen/Strafgefangene.html Justizvollzug: Strafgefangene nach Geschlecht, Alter und Art des Vollzugs, voraussichtliche Vollzugsdauer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314144932/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Rechtspflege/Justizvollzug/Tabellen/Strafgefangene.html |date=2014-03-14 }} from the [[Federal Statistical Office of Germany]]</ref>
+In Germany the "Offener Vollzug" is part of the rehabilitation process for about 16% of prisoners.<ref>[https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Rechtspflege/Justizvollzug/Tabellen/Strafgefangene.html Justizvollzug: Strafgefangene nach Geschlecht, Alter und Art des Vollzugs, voraussichtliche Vollzugsdauer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314144932/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Rechtspflege/Justizvollzug/Tabellen/Strafgefangene.html|date=14 March 2014}} from the [[Federal Statistical Office of Germany]]</ref>
 ==In fiction==
@@ Line 31: / Line 60: @@
 ==See also==
+*[[Closed prison]]
 *[[Prison security categories in the United Kingdom]]
 *[[House arrest]]
+*[[Penal colony]]
+*[[Club Fed]], similar phenomenon in US and Canada
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}Andvig, E., Koffeld-Hamidane, S., Ausland, L. H., & Karlsson, B. (2021). Inmates’ perceptions and experiences of how they were prepared for release from a Norwegian open prison. Nordic Journal of Criminology (Routledge), 22(2), 203–220. <nowiki>{{doi|10.1080/2578983X.2020.1847954}}</nowiki>
-{{Reflist}}
+Baumann, M., Meyers, R., Le Bihan, E., Houssemand, C., & Baumann, M. (2008). Mental health (GHQ12; CES-D) and attitudes towards the value of work among inmates of a semi-open prison and the long-term unemployed in Luxembourg. ''BMC Public Health'', ''8''(1), 214–223. <nowiki>{{doi|10.1186/1471-2458-8-214}}</nowiki>
+Easing overcrowding in Indonesia’s prisons: Opening unexpected opportunities. Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (n.d.). <nowiki>https://www.dfat.gov.au/development/australias-development-program/stories-impact/easing-overcrowding-indonesias-prisons-opening-unexpected-opportunities</nowiki>
+Missbach, A. (2021). Substituting immigration detention centres with “open prisons” in Indonesia: alternatives to detention as the continuum of unfreedom. Citizenship Studies, 25(2), 224–237. <nowiki>{{doi|10.1080/13621025.2020.1859193}}</nowiki>
+Easing overcrowding in Indonesia’s prisons: Opening unexpected opportunities. Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (n.d.). <nowiki>https://www.dfat.gov.au/development/australias-development-program/stories-impact/easing-overcrowding-indonesias-prisons-opening-unexpected-opportunities</nowiki>{{Authority control}}
-{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Open Prison}}