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{{for|the insect sometimes known as the southern green shield bug|Nezara viridula}}
{{Short description|Species of true bug}}
{{Short description|Species of true bug}}
{{speciesbox
{{speciesbox
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}}
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[[The]] '''green shield bug''' (''Palomena prasina'') is a European [[shield bug]] species in the family [[Pentatomidae]]. The name might equally apply to several other species in the tribe [[Nezarini]], or if referred-to as a "green stink bug", it might{{why?|date=December 2022}} more appropriately belong to the larger [[North America]]n bug, ''[[Acrosternum hilare]]''. The adult green shield bug ranges in the colour of their backs from bright green to bronze, without any substantial markings. Green shield bugs are a very common shield bug throughout [[Europe]], including [[Great Britain]] & [[Ireland]], and are found in a large variety of habitats, including gardens. They have been found as far north as [[63rd parallel north|63° N latitude]].
The '''green shield bug''' ('''''Palomena prasina''''') is a [[Palearctic]] [[shield bug]] species in the family [[Pentatomidae]]. The name might equally apply to several other species in the tribe [[Nezarini]], or if referred-to as a "green stink bug", it might{{why?|date=December 2022}} more appropriately belong to the larger [[North America]]n bug, ''[[Chinavia hilaris]]''. The adult green shield bug ranges in the colour of their backs from bright green to bronze, without any substantial markings. Green shield bugs are a very common shield bug throughout [[Europe]], including the [[British Isles]], and are found in a large variety of habitats, including gardens.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZPSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |page=33 |title=Pests of Fruit Crops: A Colour Handbook |edition=Second |author=David V Alford |publisher=CRC Press |year=2016|isbn=978-1-4822-5421-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Green shield bugs / RHS Gardening |author= |work=Royal Horticultural Society |date= |access-date=11 March 2024 |url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/biodiversity/green-shield-bugs}}</ref> They have been found as far north as [[63rd parallel north|63° N latitude]].


==Life cycle==
==Life cycle==
In Europe, the bright green shield bugs appear in April or May, having hibernated as [[imago|imagoe]]s in [[humus]] during the winter. They live by eating the sap from within plants in apples, pears and hazelnuts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamidi |first=Rachid |last2=Calvy |first2=Mélina |last3=Valentie |first3=Emma |last4=Driss |first4=Laetitia |last5=Guignet |first5=Jonas |last6=Thomas |first6=Maud |last7=Tavella |first7=Luciana |date=2022-03-23 |title=Symptoms resulting from the feeding of true bugs on growing hazelnuts |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eea.13165 |journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata |language=en |pages=eea.13165 |doi=10.1111/eea.13165 |issn=0013-8703}}</ref> They fatten for a month and then mate in June.
In Europe, the bright green shield bugs appear in April or May, having hibernated as [[imago|imagoe]]s in [[humus]] during the winter. They live by eating the sap from within plants including crops such as apples, pears and hazelnuts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hamidi |first1=Rachid |last2=Calvy |first2=Mélina |last3=Valentie |first3=Emma |last4=Driss |first4=Laetitia |last5=Guignet |first5=Jonas |last6=Thomas |first6=Maud |last7=Tavella |first7=Luciana |date=2022-03-23 |title=Symptoms resulting from the feeding of true bugs on growing hazelnuts |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eea.13165 |journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata |volume=170 |issue=6 |language=en |pages=477–487 |doi=10.1111/eea.13165 |bibcode=2022EEApp.170..477H |s2cid=247567135 |issn=0013-8703}}</ref> They fatten for a month and then mate in June.


The imago's coloration changes over the summer months from green to greenish browns even bronze to ready for the [[Autumn]], after which the life cycle will end.
The imago's coloration changes over the summer months from green to greenish browns even bronze to ready for the [[autumn]], after which the life cycle will end.


Mating is back-to-back. The female lays her eggs in hexagonal batches of 25 to 30, and a single female will lay three to four batches. After the eggs hatch, the green shield bug enter a larval stage (which is really their first nymphal stage) where, in general, they remain together in sibling communities. This is made possible by the excretion of an aggregation pheromone. In case of danger, another pheromone is released which causes dispersal. The larval stage is followed by four more nymphal stages as well as moulting between each one.
Mating is back-to-back. The female lays her eggs in hexagonal batches of 25 to 30, and a single female will lay three to four batches. After the eggs hatch, the green shield bug enter a larval stage (which is really their first nymphal stage) where they remain together in sibling communities. This is made possible by the excretion of an aggregation pheromone. In case of danger, another pheromone is released which causes dispersal. The larval stage is followed by four more nymphal stages as well as moulting between each one.


The green shield bug displays different colouration during each nymphal stage, light brown, black or green-black, and in the final stage, the imago, is bright green with short wings. Usually the imago stage is reached in September, with hibernation occurring in November.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Green Shield Bug {{!}} Also Known As Green Stink Bug|url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/other-garden-wildlife/insects-and-other-invertebrates/beetles-and-bugs/green-shield-bug/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=The RSPB|language=en-GB}}</ref>
The green shield bug displays different colouration during each nymphal stage, light brown, black or green-black, and in the final stage, the imago, is bright green with short wings. Usually the imago stage is reached in September, with hibernation occurring in November.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Green Shield Bug {{!}} Also Known As Green Stink Bug|url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/other-garden-wildlife/insects-and-other-invertebrates/beetles-and-bugs/green-shield-bug/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=The RSPB|language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811042329/https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/other-garden-wildlife/insects-and-other-invertebrates/beetles-and-bugs/green-shield-bug/ |archive-date=11 August 2020}}</ref>


===Gallery===
===Gallery===
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==External links==
==External links==
* Southwood, T. R. E. and Leston, D. (1959) [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Land_and_Water_Bugs_of_the_British_Isles/KzVDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Land%20and%20Water%20Bugs%20of%20the%20British%20Isles ''Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles''] Frederick Warne & Co.
* Southwood, T. R. E. and Leston, D. (1959) [https://books.google.com/books?id=KzVDAAAAYAAJ&q=Land%20and%20Water%20Bugs%20of%20the%20British%20Isles ''Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles''] Frederick Warne & Co.
* {{Commons inline|Palomena prasina|''Palomena prasina''}}
* {{Commons inline|Palomena prasina|''Palomena prasina''}}
* [http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/heteroptera/Pentatomidae/palomena_prasina.html Green Shieldbug] species account at [http://www.britishbugs.org.uk British Bugs]
* [http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/heteroptera/Pentatomidae/palomena_prasina.html Green Shieldbug] species account at [http://www.britishbugs.org.uk British Bugs]
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[[Category:Nezarini]]
[[Category:Nezarini]]
[[Category:Hemiptera of Asia]]
[[Category:Hemiptera of Europe]]
[[Category:Hemiptera of Europe]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1761]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1761]]

Latest revision as of 14:32, 7 November 2024

For the insect sometimes known as the southern green shield bug, see Nezara viridula.

Green shield bug
Spring adult in Oxfordshire
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Family: Pentatomidae
Genus: Palomena
Species:
P. prasina
Binomial name
Palomena prasina
(Linnaeus, 1761)
Synonyms[1]
  • Cimex prasinus Linnaeus, 1760
  • Palomena dissimile (Fabricius)

The green shield bug (Palomena prasina) is a Palearctic shield bug species in the family Pentatomidae. The name might equally apply to several other species in the tribe Nezarini, or if referred-to as a "green stink bug", it might[why?] more appropriately belong to the larger North American bug, Chinavia hilaris. The adult green shield bug ranges in the colour of their backs from bright green to bronze, without any substantial markings. Green shield bugs are a very common shield bug throughout Europe, including the British Isles, and are found in a large variety of habitats, including gardens.[2][3] They have been found as far north as 63° N latitude.

Life cycle

[edit]

In Europe, the bright green shield bugs appear in April or May, having hibernated as imagoes in humus during the winter. They live by eating the sap from within plants including crops such as apples, pears and hazelnuts.[4] They fatten for a month and then mate in June.

The imago's coloration changes over the summer months from green to greenish browns even bronze to ready for the autumn, after which the life cycle will end.

Mating is back-to-back. The female lays her eggs in hexagonal batches of 25 to 30, and a single female will lay three to four batches. After the eggs hatch, the green shield bug enter a larval stage (which is really their first nymphal stage) where they remain together in sibling communities. This is made possible by the excretion of an aggregation pheromone. In case of danger, another pheromone is released which causes dispersal. The larval stage is followed by four more nymphal stages as well as moulting between each one.

The green shield bug displays different colouration during each nymphal stage, light brown, black or green-black, and in the final stage, the imago, is bright green with short wings. Usually the imago stage is reached in September, with hibernation occurring in November.[5]

[edit]
  • Egg mass
    Egg mass
  • 4th instar nymph
    4th instar nymph
  • 5th instar nymph
    5th instar nymph
  • Final-stage nymph
    Final-stage nymph
  • Green shield bug. Microscope Lumam P-8
    Green shield bug. Microscope Lumam P-8

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Palomena prasina". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  2. ^ David V Alford (2016). Pests of Fruit Crops: A Colour Handbook (Second ed.). CRC Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4822-5421-1.
  3. ^ "Green shield bugs / RHS Gardening". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  4. ^ Hamidi, Rachid; Calvy, Mélina; Valentie, Emma; Driss, Laetitia; Guignet, Jonas; Thomas, Maud; Tavella, Luciana (2022-03-23). "Symptoms resulting from the feeding of true bugs on growing hazelnuts". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 170 (6): 477–487. Bibcode:2022EEApp.170..477H. doi:10.1111/eea.13165. ISSN 0013-8703. S2CID 247567135.
  5. ^ "Green Shield Bug | Also Known As Green Stink Bug". The RSPB. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
[edit]
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