Green shield bug: Difference between revisions

Green shield bug
	Spring adult in Oxfordshire
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hemiptera
Suborder:	Heteroptera
Family:	Pentatomidae
Genus:	Palomena
Species:	P. prasina
Binomial name
	Palomena prasina; (Linnaeus, 1761)
Synonyms
	Cimex prasinus Linnaeus, 1760 ; Palomena dissimile (Fabricius) ;

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The green shield bug (Palomena prasina) is a Palearctic shield bug species in the family Pentatomidae. The name might equally apply to several other species in the tribe Nezarini, or if referred-to as a "green stink bug", it might^[why?] more appropriately belong to the larger North American bug, Chinavia hilaris. The adult green shield bug ranges in the colour of their backs from bright green to bronze, without any substantial markings. Green shield bugs are a very common shield bug throughout Europe, including the British Isles, and are found in a large variety of habitats, including gardens.^[2]^[3] They have been found as far north as 63° N latitude.

Life cycle

In Europe, the bright green shield bugs appear in April or May, having hibernated as imagoes in humus during the winter. They live by eating the sap from within plants including crops such as apples, pears and hazelnuts.^[4] They fatten for a month and then mate in June.

The imago's coloration changes over the summer months from green to greenish browns even bronze to ready for the autumn, after which the life cycle will end.

Mating is back-to-back. The female lays her eggs in hexagonal batches of 25 to 30, and a single female will lay three to four batches. After the eggs hatch, the green shield bug enter a larval stage (which is really their first nymphal stage) where they remain together in sibling communities. This is made possible by the excretion of an aggregation pheromone. In case of danger, another pheromone is released which causes dispersal. The larval stage is followed by four more nymphal stages as well as moulting between each one.

The green shield bug displays different colouration during each nymphal stage, light brown, black or green-black, and in the final stage, the imago, is bright green with short wings. Usually the imago stage is reached in September, with hibernation occurring in November.^[5]

Gallery

Egg mass
4th instar nymph
5th instar nymph
Final-stage nymph
Green shield bug. Microscope Lumam P-8

References

^ "Palomena prasina". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
^ David V Alford (2016). Pests of Fruit Crops: A Colour Handbook (Second ed.). CRC Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4822-5421-1.
^ "Green shield bugs / RHS Gardening". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
^ Hamidi, Rachid; Calvy, Mélina; Valentie, Emma; Driss, Laetitia; Guignet, Jonas; Thomas, Maud; Tavella, Luciana (2022-03-23). "Symptoms resulting from the feeding of true bugs on growing hazelnuts". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 170 (6): 477–487. Bibcode:2022EEApp.170..477H. doi:10.1111/eea.13165. ISSN 0013-8703. S2CID 247567135.
^ "Green Shield Bug | Also Known As Green Stink Bug". The RSPB. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 2021-06-07.

External links

Southwood, T. R. E. and Leston, D. (1959) Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles Frederick Warne & Co.
Media related to Palomena prasina at Wikimedia Commons
Green Shieldbug species account at British Bugs
ARKive page about the green shield bug

[1] "Palomena prasina". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 10 April 2022.

[2] David V Alford (2016). Pests of Fruit Crops: A Colour Handbook (Second ed.). CRC Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4822-5421-1.

[3] "Green shield bugs / RHS Gardening". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 11 March 2024.

[4] Hamidi, Rachid; Calvy, Mélina; Valentie, Emma; Driss, Laetitia; Guignet, Jonas; Thomas, Maud; Tavella, Luciana (2022-03-23). "Symptoms resulting from the feeding of true bugs on growing hazelnuts". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 170 (6): 477–487. Bibcode:2022EEApp.170..477H. doi:10.1111/eea.13165. ISSN 0013-8703. S2CID 247567135.

[5] "Green Shield Bug | Also Known As Green Stink Bug". The RSPB. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 2021-06-07.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{for|the insect sometimes known as the southern green shield bug|Nezara viridula}}
+{{Short description|Species of true bug}}
 {{speciesbox
-| image = Green shield bug (Palomena prasina).JPG
+| image = Green shield bug (Palomena prasina) 3.jpg
 | image_caption = Spring adult in [[Oxfordshire]]
 | genus = Palomena
 | species = prasina
 | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1761)
+| synonyms =
+{{Species list
+| Cimex prasinus | Linnaeus, 1760
+| Palomena dissimile | (Fabricius)
+}}
+| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{GBIF |id=4485776 |taxon=''Palomena prasina'' |accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref>
 }}
-The '''green shield bug''' – '''''Palomena prasina''''' – is a European [[shield bug]] species in the family [[Pentatomidae]]. The name might equally apply to several other species in the tribe [[Nezarini]], or if referred-to as a "green stink bug", it might more appropriately belong to the larger [[North America]]n bug, ''[[Acrosternum hilare]]''. The adult green shield bug ranges in the colour of their backs from bright green to bronze, without any substantial markings. Green shield bugs are a very common shield bug throughout [[Europe]], including the [[British Isles]], and are found in a large variety of habitats, including gardens. They have been found as far north as [[63rd parallel north|63° N latitude]].
+The '''green shield bug''' ('''''Palomena prasina''''') is a [[Palearctic]] [[shield bug]] species in the family [[Pentatomidae]]. The name might equally apply to several other species in the tribe [[Nezarini]], or if referred-to as a "green stink bug", it might{{why?|date=December 2022}} more appropriately belong to the larger [[North America]]n bug, ''[[Chinavia hilaris]]''. The adult green shield bug ranges in the colour of their backs from bright green to bronze, without any substantial markings. Green shield bugs are a very common shield bug throughout [[Europe]], including the [[British Isles]], and are found in a large variety of habitats, including gardens.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZPSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |page=33 |title=Pests of Fruit Crops: A Colour Handbook |edition=Second |author=David V Alford |publisher=CRC Press |year=2016|isbn=978-1-4822-5421-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Green shield bugs / RHS Gardening |author= |work=Royal Horticultural Society |date= |access-date=11 March 2024 |url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/biodiversity/green-shield-bugs}}</ref> They have been found as far north as [[63rd parallel north|63° N latitude]].
 ==Life cycle==
+In Europe, the bright green shield bugs appear in April or May, having hibernated as [[imago|imagoe]]s in [[humus]] during the winter. They live by eating the sap from within plants including crops such as apples, pears and hazelnuts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hamidi |first1=Rachid |last2=Calvy |first2=Mélina |last3=Valentie |first3=Emma |last4=Driss |first4=Laetitia |last5=Guignet |first5=Jonas |last6=Thomas |first6=Maud |last7=Tavella |first7=Luciana |date=2022-03-23 |title=Symptoms resulting from the feeding of true bugs on growing hazelnuts |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eea.13165 |journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata |volume=170 |issue=6 |language=en |pages=477–487 |doi=10.1111/eea.13165 |bibcode=2022EEApp.170..477H |s2cid=247567135 |issn=0013-8703}}</ref> They fatten for a month and then mate in June.
-In Europe, the bright green shield bugs appear in May, having hibernated as [[imago]]s during the winter. They fatten for a month and then mate in June. The imago's coloration changes over the summer months from green to greenish browns even bronze, after which the life cycle will end. Mating is back-to-back. The female lays her eggs in hexagonal batches of 25 to 30, and a single female will lay three to four batches. After the eggs hatch, the green shield bug enter a larval stage (which is really their first nymphal stage) where, in general, they remain together in sibling communities. This is made possible by the excretion of an aggregation pheromone. In case of danger, another pheromone is released which causes dispersal. The larval stage is followed by four more nymphal stages as well as moulting between each one. The green shield bug displays different colouration during each nymphal stage, light brown, black or green-black, and in the final stage, the imago, is bright green with short wings. Usually the imago stage is reached in September, with hibernation occurring in November.
+The imago's coloration changes over the summer months from green to greenish browns even bronze to ready for the [[autumn]], after which the life cycle will end.
+Mating is back-to-back. The female lays her eggs in hexagonal batches of 25 to 30, and a single female will lay three to four batches. After the eggs hatch, the green shield bug enter a larval stage (which is really their first nymphal stage) where they remain together in sibling communities. This is made possible by the excretion of an aggregation pheromone. In case of danger, another pheromone is released which causes dispersal. The larval stage is followed by four more nymphal stages as well as moulting between each one.
+The green shield bug displays different colouration during each nymphal stage, light brown, black or green-black, and in the final stage, the imago, is bright green with short wings. Usually the imago stage is reached in September, with hibernation occurring in November.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Green Shield Bug {{!}} Also Known As Green Stink Bug|url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/other-garden-wildlife/insects-and-other-invertebrates/beetles-and-bugs/green-shield-bug/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=The RSPB|language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811042329/https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/other-garden-wildlife/insects-and-other-invertebrates/beetles-and-bugs/green-shield-bug/ |archive-date=11 August 2020}}</ref>
 ===Gallery===
 <gallery widths="200px">
-Green shield bugs (Palomena prasina) mating.jpg|Mating
 File:Insekt_Eier_Gelege_verm_Palomena_Prasina.jpg|Egg mass
 Green shield bug (Palomena prasina) 4th instar nymph.jpg|4th instar nymph
 Green shield bug (Palomena prasina) 5th instar nymph.jpg|5th instar nymph
 Palomena prasina MHNT Nymph.jpg|Final-stage nymph
+Щитник зелёный древесный.jpg|Green shield bug. Microscope Lumam P-8
 </gallery>
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-* Southwood, T. R. E. and Leston, D. (1959) ''Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles'' Frederick Warne & Co.
 ==External links==
+* Southwood, T. R. E. and Leston, D. (1959) [https://books.google.com/books?id=KzVDAAAAYAAJ&q=Land%20and%20Water%20Bugs%20of%20the%20British%20Isles ''Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles''] Frederick Warne & Co.
 * {{Commons inline|Palomena prasina|''Palomena prasina''}}
 * [http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/heteroptera/Pentatomidae/palomena_prasina.html Green Shieldbug] species account at [http://www.britishbugs.org.uk British Bugs]
@@ Line 32: / Line 47: @@
 [[Category:Nezarini]]
+[[Category:Hemiptera of Asia]]
 [[Category:Hemiptera of Europe]]
 [[Category:Insects described in 1761]]

Taxon identifiers
Palomena prasina	Wikidata: Q844036 Wikispecies: Palomena prasina BioLib: 72106 BOLD: 350295 EPPO: PALOPR EUNIS: 247266 Fauna Europaea: 454094 Fauna Europaea (new): 73337e2e-e135-4f9d-a5a6-afe11a689411 GBIF: 4485776 iNaturalist: 62060 NBN: NHMSYS0020109266 NCBI: 55431 Observation.org: 1436 Open Tree of Life: 460573
Cimex prasinus	Wikidata: Q109661852 GBIF: 4485777