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{{Short description|Russian architectural style}}
<br />[[File:Peter and Paul Cathedral (20524988603).jpg|thumb|278x278px|The Peter-Paul Church by architect Dominico Trezzini exists as it was originally designed. The Peter-Paul Church is regarded as the most notable example of the Petrine Baroque style of architecture<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture|last=Cracraft|first=James|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|isbn=|location=Chicago|pages=156|chapter=Revolution Embodied: The Building of St. Petersburg}}</ref>]]
[[File:Петропавловский собор. Санкт-Петербург..jpg|thumb|The [[Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg|Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral]] by architect Dominico Trezzini exists as it was originally designed. It is regarded as the most notable example of the Petrine Baroque style of architecture.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture|last=Cracraft|first=James|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|location=Chicago|pages=156|chapter=Revolution Embodied: The Building of St. Petersburg}}</ref>]]
'''Petrine Baroque''' (Rus. Петровское барокко) is a style of 17th and 18th century [[Baroque architecture]] and decoration favoured by [[Peter the Great]] and employed to design buildings in the newly founded Russian capital, [[Saint Petersburg]], under this monarch and his immediate successors. <ref name=":3" />
'''Petrine Baroque''' (Russian: Петровское барокко) is a style of 17th and 18th century [[Baroque architecture]] and decoration favoured by [[Peter the Great]] and employed to design buildings in the newly founded [[Russia|Russian]] capital, [[Saint Petersburg]], under this monarch and his immediate successors. <ref name=":3" />

⚫
Different from contemporary [[Naryshkin Baroque]], favoured in [[Moscow]], the Petrine Baroque represented a dramatic departure from [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] traditions that had dominated [[Russian architecture]] for almost a millennium. Its chief practitioners - [[Domenico Trezzini]], [[Andreas Schlüter]], and [[Mikhail Zemtsov]] - drew inspiration from a rather modest [[Architecture of the Netherlands|Dutch]], [[Architecture of Denmark|Danish]], and [[Swedish architecture]] of the time. <ref name=":0" />


⚫
Different from contemporary [[Naryshkin Baroque]], favoured in [[Moscow]], the Petrine Baroque represented a drastic rupture with Byzantine traditions that had dominated [[Russian architecture]] for almost a millennium. Its chief practitioners - [[Domenico Trezzini]], [[Andreas Schlüter]], and [[Mikhail Zemtsov]] - drew inspiration from a rather modest Dutch, Danish, and Swedish architecture of the time. <ref name=":0" />
== Notable examples ==
== Notable examples ==
[[File:Kikin palace SPB.jpg|thumb|241x241px|[[Kikin Hall]] (1714), an example of private residence dating from Peter I's reign.|alt=|left]]Extant examples of the style in St Petersburg are the [[Peter and Paul Cathedral]] (Trezzini), the [[Twelve Colleges]] (Trezzini), the [[Kunstkamera]] (Mattarnovi), [[Kikin Hall]] (Schlüter) and [[Menshikov Palace]] (Giovanni Fontana). {{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}
[[File:Kikin palace SPB.jpg|thumb|[[Kikin Hall]] (1714), an example of private residence dating from Peter I's reign.]]
Extant examples of the style in St Petersburg are the [[Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg|Peter and Paul Cathedral]] (Trezzini), the [[Twelve Colleges]] (Trezzini), the [[Kunstkamera]] ([[Georg Johann Mattarnovi]]), [[Kikin Hall]] (Schlüter) and [[Menshikov Palace]] (Giovanni Fontana). {{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}


The Petrine Baroque structures outside St. Petersburg are scarce; they include the [[Menshikov Tower]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kadriorg Palace]] in [[Tallinn]] {{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}
The Petrine Baroque structures outside St. Petersburg are scarce; they include the [[Menshikov Tower]] in [[Moscow]] and [[Kadriorg Palace]] in [[Tallinn]] {{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}


==Architectural influences on Peter the Great==
==Architectural influences on Peter the Great==
Peter the Great, also known as Peter I, served as the tsar of Russia from 1682-1725. He was the first Russian monarch to travel outside of Russia and this travel exposed him to the architecture of many other countries. His own library contained architectural books from the Netherlands, France, Germany and Italy. The buildings of these countries influenced Peter's taste in architecture as he set forward to build the new Russian capital of St. Petersburg. Peter had a very specific idea of what he wanted this new city to look like in terms of architectural style, and he took initiative in recruiting people who could help accomplish his vision and researching architectural styles. While in rule, Peter attempted to bring about change to the nation of Russia as quickly as possible and tried to incorporate western style and tradition into the everyday lives of his citizens. As part of this, Peter put regulations into effect which mandated what cities should look like.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Russian Architecture and the West|last=Shvidkovsky|first=Dmitry|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780300109122|location=New Haven|pages=183|chapter=Russian Imperial Baroque}}</ref> Peter's original goal for St. Petersburg was to re-create the city of Amsterdam.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gold in Azure: One Thousand Years of Russian Architecture|last=Brumfield|first=William Craft|publisher=D.R. Godine|year=1983|isbn=|location=Boston, Mass.|pages=233–237|chapter=Saint Petersburg: The Imperial Design}}</ref> As the city began construction, Peter started making changes to the designs of the buildings, often altering the planned appearance of buildings once their construction had already started. These last minute alterations led to buildings not belonging to one particular architectural school.<ref>Brumfield, William Craft (1983). "Saint Petersburg: The Imperial Design". ''Gold in Azure: One Thousand Years of Russian Architecture''. Boston, Mass.: D.R. Godine. p. 238. {{ISBN|9780879234362}}.</ref>
Peter the Great, also known as Peter I, served as the tsar of Russia from 1682–1725. He was the first Russian monarch to travel outside of Russia and this travel exposed him to the architecture of many other countries. His own library contained architectural books from the Netherlands, France, Germany and Italy. The buildings of these countries influenced Peter's taste in architecture as he set forward to build the new Russian capital of St. Petersburg. Peter had a very specific idea of what he wanted this new city to look like in terms of architectural style, and he took initiative in recruiting people who could help accomplish his vision and researching [[architectural style]]s. While in rule, Peter attempted to bring about change to the nation of Russia as quickly as possible and tried to incorporate western style and tradition into the everyday lives of his citizens. As part of this, Peter put regulations into effect, which mandated what cities should look like.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Russian Architecture and the West|last=Shvidkovsky|first=Dmitry|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780300109122|location=New Haven|pages=183|chapter=Russian Imperial Baroque}}</ref>
Peter's original goal for St. Petersburg was to re-create the city of [[Amsterdam]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gold in Azure: One Thousand Years of Russian Architecture|last=Brumfield|first=William Craft|publisher=D.R. Godine|year=1983|location=Boston, Mass.|pages=233–237|chapter=Saint Petersburg: The Imperial Design}}</ref> As the city began construction, Peter started making changes to the designs of the buildings, often altering the planned appearance of buildings once their construction had already started. These last minute alterations led to buildings not belonging to one particular architectural school.<ref>Brumfield, William Craft (1983). "Saint Petersburg: The Imperial Design". ''Gold in Azure: One Thousand Years of Russian Architecture''. Boston, Mass.: D.R. Godine. p. 238. {{ISBN|9780879234362}}.</ref>


=== Naryshkin Baroque style ===
=== Naryshkin Baroque style ===
{{main|Naryshkin Baroque}}
[[File:Gran Palacio del Kremlin, Moscú, Rusia, 2016-10-03, DD 28-29 HDR.jpg|thumb|303x303px|The Grand Palace of Kremlin, From the Naryshkin style]]
Peter was raised in Moscow, lived at the [[Grand Kremlin Palace|Grand Palace of Kremlin]], and spent time at multiple royal estates outside of the city. His father died when he was four years old, so Peter had a fairly unsupervised youth to pursue his own passions. Peter developed his taste for architecture by looking at the buildings which surrounded him in his childhood, many of which were patronized by his family. These churches and houses which surrounded Moscow reflected European influence in their structure and decoration. The Moscow or Naryshkin Baroque style, named after Peter's maternal side of the family, was prominent in these buildings. Characteristic of the Naryshkin Baroque style is large scale buildings and lack of wood amongst building materials.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture|last=Cracraft|first=James|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|isbn=|location=|pages=147–148|chapter=Revolution Embodied: The Building of St. Petersburg}}</ref>
Peter was raised in Moscow, lived at the [[Kremlin]], and spent time at multiple royal estates outside of the city. His father [[Alexis of Russia|Alexis]] died when he was four years old, so Peter had a fairly unsupervised youth to pursue his own passions. Peter developed his taste for architecture by looking at the buildings which surrounded him in his childhood, many of which were patronized by his family. These churches and houses which surrounded Moscow reflected European influence in their structure and decoration. The Moscow or [[Naryshkin Baroque]] style, named after Peter's [[Naryshkin family|maternal side of the family]], was prominent in these buildings. Characteristic of the Naryshkin Baroque are large scale buildings and lack of wood amongst building materials.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture|last=Cracraft|first=James|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|pages=147–148|chapter=Revolution Embodied: The Building of St. Petersburg}}</ref>


=== Dutch Baroque style ===
=== Dutch Baroque style ===
{{main|Dutch Baroque architecture}}
[[File:Summer Palace St Petersburg.jpeg|thumb|301x301px|The Summer Palace at St. Petersburg, From the Dutch Baroque style]]
[[File:Summer Palace St Petersburg.jpeg|thumb|left|The [[Summer Palace (Rastrelli)|Summer Palace]]]]
⚫
As Peter entered young adulthood and spent time travelling, his architectural taste began to favor the elements of Dutch architecture. Peter met with the Dutch architect Simon Schijnvoet (sometimes Schynvoet or Schynvaet) in 1697. Schijnvoet specialized in [[Dutch Baroque architecture|Dutch Baroque]] but also taught Peter about [[naval architecture]]. The first house in St. Petersburg that Peter designed utilized elements from this naval style which Schjinvoet taught him, including flat, painted log walls, wooden tile-like shingles, and windows made from small planes of glass. These elements of design were unlike the Russian styles seen up until this point. The Russian history scholar [[James Cracraft]] suggests that the clearest example of Dutch architecture designed under Peter's rule was his [[Summer Palace of Peter the Great|Summer Palace]] in St. Petersburg which was referred to as "Monplaisir" or "Little Dutch House". In a 1724 letter to the architectural student Ivan Korobov, Peter discusses his preference for the ornamentation of Dutch Baroque. In this same letter, Peter conveys his disinterest for the architectural styles of the French and Italian due to its lack of adornment and use of stone rather than brick. Among Peter's papers, a note was found describing how he sent two Russian architecture students to Holland so that they could learn the Dutch Baroque style and come back to build churches and houses for St. Petersburg. In addition to having Russian students train abroad, Peter also hired Dutch architects to come and work on projects in Russia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture|last=Cracraft|first=James|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|isbn=|location=|pages=148–149|chapter=Revolution Embodied: The Buildings of St. Petersburg}}</ref>
As Peter entered young adulthood and spent time travelling, his architectural taste began to favor the elements of Dutch architecture. Peter met with the Dutch architect Simon Schijnvoet (sometimes Schynvoet or Schynvaet) in 1697. Schijnvoet specialized in [[Dutch Baroque architecture|Dutch Baroque]] but also taught Peter about [[naval architecture]]. The [[Cabin of Peter the Great|cabin]] in St. Petersburg that Peter designed utilized elements from this naval style which Schjinvoet taught him, including flat, painted log walls, wooden tile-like shingles, and windows made from small planes of glass. These elements of design were unlike the Russian styles seen up until this point.

⚫
The Russian history scholar [[James Cracraft]] suggests that the clearest example of Dutch architecture designed under Peter's rule was his [[Summer Palace of Peter the Great|Summer Palace]] in St. Petersburg, while there was also [[Monplaisir Palace]], also known as the "Little Dutch House". In a 1724 letter to the architectural student Ivan Korobov, Peter discusses his preference for the ornamentation of Dutch Baroque. In this same letter, Peter conveys his disinterest for the architectural styles of the French and Italian due to its lack of adornment and use of stone rather than brick. Among Peter's papers, a note was found describing how he sent two Russian architecture students to Holland so that they could learn the Dutch Baroque style and come back to build churches and houses for St. Petersburg. In addition to having Russian students train abroad, Peter also hired Dutch architects to come and work on projects in Russia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture|last=Cracraft|first=James|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|pages=148–149|chapter=Revolution Embodied: The Buildings of St. Petersburg}}</ref>


=== Other styles ===
=== Other styles ===
While Peter preferred the Dutch Baroque style, he also sought out architectural inspiration from other countries. Despite his recorded dislike for the French and Italian styles, Peter sent two architectural students to Rome in 1723 to replace another two students working there. Scholars suggest that an equal amount of architectural students were sent to Holland and Italy during his reign and more Italian builders worked on projects for Peter in Russia than Dutch builders did. In the early years of St. Petersburg, the French served as prominent designers and decorators.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture|last=Cracraft|first=James|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|isbn=|location=|pages=150|chapter=Revolution Embodied: The Buildings of St. Petersburg}}</ref>
While Peter preferred the Dutch Baroque style, he also sought out architectural inspiration from other countries. Despite his recorded dislike for the [[French Baroque architecture|French]] and [[Italian Baroque architecture]], Peter sent two architectural students to Rome in 1723 to replace another two students working there. Scholars suggest that an equal amount of architectural students were sent to Holland and Italy during his reign and more Italian builders worked on projects for Peter in Russia than Dutch builders did. In the early years of St. Petersburg, the French served as prominent designers and decorators.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture|last=Cracraft|first=James|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|pages=150|chapter=Revolution Embodied: The Buildings of St. Petersburg}}</ref>


== Notable architects ==
== Notable architects ==


=== [[Domenico Trezzini|Dominico Trezzini]] ===
=== Domenico Trezzini ===
[[File:SPB Panoramic view on Twelve Colleges by Atkinson 1802-1805.jpg|thumb|312x312px|The Twelve Colleges, Construction began by Trezzini in 1722]]
[[File:SPB Panoramic view on Twelve Colleges by Atkinson 1802-1805.jpg|thumb|The Twelve Colleges, Construction began by Trezzini in 1722]]
Domenico Trezzini was born in Italian controlled region of Switzerland in 1670. The architects that surrounded him in his youth were responsible for the development of the Baroque style in southern Germany. Trezzini's architectural style has visible influences from this German Baroque style along with the northern style of Baroque architecture that he picked up during his time living in Copenhagen.<ref name=":0" /> Trezzini was also influenced by the Lombard Baroque style of architecture which was popular in Northern Italy where he grew up during the 17th century.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Russian Architecture and the West|last=Scvidkovskii|first=D O|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|isbn=|location=New Haven, CT|pages=197–200|chapter=Russian Imperial Baroque: Peter the Great's Foreign Architects: Dominico Trezzini}}</ref> From 1703 until his death in 1734, Trezzini lived in St. Petersburg during the rule of Peter the Great. Trezzini began many of the building projects that formed the basis of the city. Due to the many projects that Trezzini worked on, he was given the title of "Lieutenant-Colonel of Fortification and Architect" in 1710.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture|last=Cracraft|first=James|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|isbn=|location=Chicago|pages=156|chapter=Revolution Embodied: The Building of St. Petersburg}}</ref>
[[Domenico Trezzini]] was born in Italian-speaking region of Switzerland in 1670. The architects that surrounded him in his youth were responsible for the development of the Baroque style in southern Germany. Trezzini's architectural style has visible influences from this German Baroque style along with the northern style of Baroque architecture that he picked up during his time living in Copenhagen.<ref name=":0" /> Trezzini was also influenced by the Lombard Baroque style of architecture which was popular in Northern Italy where he grew up during the 17th century.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Russian Architecture and the West|last=Scvidkovskii|first=D O|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|location=New Haven, CT|pages=197–200|chapter=Russian Imperial Baroque: Peter the Great's Foreign Architects: Dominico Trezzini}}</ref> From 1703 until his death in 1734, Trezzini lived in St. Petersburg. Trezzini began many of the building projects that formed the basis of the city. Due to the many projects that Trezzini worked on, he was given the title of "Lieutenant-Colonel of Fortification and Architect" in 1710.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture|last=Cracraft|first=James|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|location=Chicago|pages=156|chapter=Revolution Embodied: The Building of St. Petersburg}}</ref>


Some of Trezzini's major additions to the city include: Peter the Great's [[Summer Palace of Peter the Great|Summer Palace]], the Alexander-Nevskii Monastery, the [[Twelve Collegia|Twelve Colleges]], and the [[Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg|Peter-Paul Church]]. Trezzini and his team designed the layout of the developing St. Petersburg including the streets of the anticipated city center of [[Vasilyevsky Island]].<ref name=":0" /> The layout of the city was arranged in a grid format with perpendicular streets and canals. Trezzini's design of the city did not follow the European ideal at the time because of its lack of compactness and grid organization rather than the traditional ringed layout.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Russian Architecture and the West|last=Shvidkovskii|first=D O|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|isbn=|location=New Haven, CT|pages=194–195|chapter=Russian Imperial Baroque}}</ref>
Some of Trezzini's major additions to the city include: Peter the Great's [[Summer Palace of Peter the Great|Summer Palace]], the [[Alexander Nevsky Lavra]], the [[Twelve Collegia|Twelve Colleges]], and the [[Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg|Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral]]. Trezzini and his team designed the layout of the developing St. Petersburg including the streets of the anticipated city center of [[Vasilyevsky Island]].<ref name=":0" /> The layout of the city was arranged in a grid format with perpendicular streets and canals. Trezzini's design of the city did not follow the European ideal at the time because of its lack of compactness and grid organization rather than the traditional ringed layout.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Russian Architecture and the West|last=Shvidkovskii|first=D O|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|location=New Haven, CT|pages=194–195|chapter=Russian Imperial Baroque}}</ref>
[[File:Fragment of Saint Petersburg plan 1720s.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fragment%20of%20Saint%20Petersburg%20plan%201720s.png|thumb|A fragment from Trezzini's 1720 design for the layout of St. Petersburg.|247x247px|alt=|left]]
[[File:Fragment of Saint Petersburg plan 1720s.png|thumb|A fragment from Trezzini's 1720 design for the layout of St. Petersburg.|247x247px|alt=|left]]
[[File:1709. St. Petersburg. Trezini Monument.jpg|thumb|300x300px|The Trezzini Monument in St. Petersburg]]
[[File:1709. St. Petersburg. Trezini Monument.jpg|thumb|The Trezzini Monument in St. Petersburg]]
In 1714, Peter declared that all houses in St. Petersburg should be constructed after Trezzini's model home. Different versions of the home were created for different classes of citizens based on their rank. Peter classified all citizens into 14 different classes, all of which had different residential areas in Trezzini plan. The size of the citizen's home directly corresponded to their standing in this social ranking.<ref name=":1" /> The lower classes were divided by their trades and the upper classes were divided by the amount of [[Serfdom|serfs]] that they controlled.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gold in Azure: One Thousand Years of Russian Architecture|last=Brumfield|first=William Craft|publisher=D.R. Godine|year=1983|isbn=9780879234362|location=Boston, Mass.|pages=229|chapter=Saint Petersburg: The Imperial Design}}</ref> Several engravings of the model homes exist and while they are often accredited to Trezzini himself, his assistant [[Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond]] is responsible for creating them.<ref name=":0" /> These plans dictated the ornamentation style of the homes and the materials that they would be built with belonging to each class of citizens. In the city center proper, these guidelines were adhered to strictly. On the outskirts of town, there was a little bit more flexibility with the design of homes. Despite the effort put into maintaining a regulated city design, after Peter's death, the system that Trezzini designed fell to the wayside.<ref name=":1" /> Scholars consider Peter I's comprehensive urban design to be one of his greatest legacies.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gold in Azure: One Thousand Years of Russian Architecture|last=Brumfield|first=William Craft|publisher=D.R. Godine|year=1983|isbn=9780879234362|location=Boston, Mass.|pages=237|chapter=Saint Petersburg: The Imperial Design}}</ref>
In 1714, Peter declared that all houses in St. Petersburg should be constructed after Trezzini's model home. Different versions of the home were created for different classes of citizens based on their rank. Peter classified all citizens into 14 different classes, all of which had different residential areas in Trezzini plan. The size of the citizen's home directly corresponded to their standing in this social ranking.<ref name=":1" /> The lower classes were divided by their trades and the upper classes were divided by the amount of [[Serfdom|serfs]] that they controlled.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gold in Azure: One Thousand Years of Russian Architecture|last=Brumfield|first=William Craft|publisher=D.R. Godine|year=1983|isbn=9780879234362|location=Boston, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/goldinazureoneth0000brum/page/229 229]|chapter=Saint Petersburg: The Imperial Design|url=https://archive.org/details/goldinazureoneth0000brum/page/229}}</ref> Several engravings of the model homes exist and while they are often accredited to Trezzini himself, his assistant [[Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond]] is responsible for creating them.<ref name=":0" /> These plans dictated the ornamentation style of the homes and the materials that they would be built with belonging to each class of citizens. In the city center proper, these guidelines were adhered to strictly. The further from the city center, the more flexibility with the design of homes there was. Despite the effort put into maintaining a regulated city design, after Peter's death, the system that Trezzini designed fell to the wayside.<ref name=":1" /> Scholars consider Peter I's comprehensive urban design to be one of his greatest legacies.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gold in Azure: One Thousand Years of Russian Architecture|last=Brumfield|first=William Craft|publisher=D.R. Godine|year=1983|isbn=9780879234362|location=Boston, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/goldinazureoneth0000brum/page/237 237]|chapter=Saint Petersburg: The Imperial Design|url=https://archive.org/details/goldinazureoneth0000brum/page/237}}</ref>


In the design of his buildings, the Dutch Baroque style is visible in the types of ornamentation he preferred. For columns, Trezzini preferred squared [[pilaster]]s as a decorative element and restricted their use to where they were structurally necessary or served a major purpose in the overall design. Trezzini also took inspiration from the work of [[Christopher Wren]], whose work on the [[St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]] appears in Trezzini's sketches.<ref name=":2" />
In the design of his buildings, the Dutch Baroque style is visible in the types of ornamentation he preferred. For columns, Trezzini preferred squared [[pilaster]]s as a decorative element and restricted their use to where they were structurally necessary or served a major purpose in the overall design. Trezzini also took inspiration from the work of [[Christopher Wren]], whose work on the [[St Paul's Cathedral]] appears in Trezzini's sketches.<ref name=":2" />

⚫
Trezzini established the St. Petersburg Chancellery of Construction and became its first director. This school was the first institution to offer formal training for architects in Russia. Among those who trained at the Chancellery was [[Mikhail Zemtsov]] who continued Trezzini's legacy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture|last=Cracraft|first=James|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=1988|location=Chicago|pages=158|chapter=Revolution Embodied: The Building of St. Petersburg}}</ref> Other architects whom Trezzini worked alongside during his life and continued the construction of his buildings after his death were [[Carlo Giuseppe Merlo|Carlo Giuseppe]] and [[Pietro Antonio Trezzini]].<ref name=":2" />


⚫
Trezzini established the St. Petersburg Chancellery of Construction and became its first director. This school was the first institution to offer formal training for architects in Russia. Among those who trained at the Chancellery was [[Mikhail Zemtsov]] who continued Trezzini's legacy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture|last=Cracraft|first=James|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=1988|isbn=|location=Chicago|pages=158|chapter=Revolution Embodied: The Building of St. Petersburg}}</ref> Other architects whom Trezzini worked alongside during his life and continued the construction of his buildings after his death were [[Carlo Giuseppe Merlo|Carlo Giuseppe]] and [[Pietro Antonio Trezzini]].<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of Trezzini's architectural contributions
|+Examples of Trezzini's architectural contributions
![[File:175. St. Petersburg. Summer Palace of Peter I.jpg|thumb|The Summer Palace of Peter I by Dominico Trezzini]]
![[File:175. St. Petersburg. Summer Palace of Peter I.jpg|thumb|Summer Palace of Peter I by Dominico Trezzini]]
![[File:RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter and Paul Cathedral.jpg|thumb|The Peter-Paul Church by Dominico Trezzini ]]
![[File:RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter and Paul Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Peter-Paul Church by Dominico Trezzini]]
![[File:1030. Санкт-Петербург. Здание Двенадцати коллегий.jpg|thumb|One of the buildings from the Twelve Colleges by Dominico Trezzini]]
![[File:1030. Санкт-Петербург. Здание Двенадцати коллегий.jpg|thumb|One of the buildings from the Twelve Colleges by Dominico Trezzini]]
![[File:1045. St. Petersburg. Building of the Twelve Collegiums.jpg|thumb|The Twelve Colleges by Dominico Trezzini]]
![[File:1045. St. Petersburg. Building of the Twelve Collegiums.jpg|thumb|Twelve Colleges by Dominico Trezzini]]
|}
|}


=== [[Giovanni Maria Fontana]] ===
=== [[Giovanni Maria Fontana]] ===
[[File:Menshikovsky Palace in Oranienbaum 01.jpg|none|thumb|322x322px|The main building of the Grand Menshikovsky Palace in Oranienbaum designed by Giovanni Maria Fontana.]]
[[File:Menshikovsky Palace in Oranienbaum 01.jpg|none|thumb|The main building of the Grand Menshikovsky Palace in [[Oranienbaum, Russia]] designed by Giovanni Maria Fontana.]]

<br />
=== [[Andreas Schlüter]] ===
[[File:Krasinski garden palace4.jpeg|none|thumb|288x288px|Krasiński Palace in Warsaw, Poland. Sculptural work by Andreas Schulter.]]
<br />
=== [[Mikhail Zemtsov]] ===
=== [[Mikhail Zemtsov]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of Zemtsov's architectural contributions
|+Examples of Zemtsov's architectural contributions
![[File:Kadriorg Palace (7950146782).jpg|none|thumb|352x352px|Kadriorg Palace by Mikahail Zemtsov.]]
![[File:Kadriorg Palace (7950146782).jpg|none|thumb|[[Kadriorg Palace]] by Mikhail Zemtsov]]
|}
|}

<br />
=== [[Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli]] ===
=== [[Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
Examples of Rastrelli's architectural contributions
Examples of Rastrelli's architectural contributions
![[File:Grand Peterhof Palace 01.jpg|none|thumb|365x365px|Grand Peterhof Palace by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli.]]
![[File:Grand Peterhof Palace 01.jpg|none|thumb|Grand Peterhof Palace by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli]]
![[File:Church of Grand Peterhof Palace 02.jpg|none|thumb|361x361px|Grand Church of Peterhof Palace by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli.]]
![[File:Church of Grand Peterhof Palace 02.jpg|none|thumb|Grand Church of Peterhof Palace by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli]]
![[File:Rastrelli Hermitage pavilion.jpg|thumb|291x291px|Hermitage Pavilion by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli.]]
![[File:Rastrelli Hermitage pavilion.jpg|thumb|Hermitage Pavilion by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli]]
|}
|}


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|+
|+
Examples of Mattarnovi's architectural contributions
Examples of Mattarnovi's architectural contributions
![[File:Saint Petersburg Kunstkamera from Neva 04.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint%20Petersburg%20Kunstkamera%20from%20Neva%2004.jpg|thumb|341x341px|The [[Kunstkamera]] museum by Georg Johann Mattarnovi]]
![[File:Saint Petersburg Kunstkamera from Neva 04.jpg|thumb|The [[Kunstkamera]] museum by Georg Johann Mattarnovi]]
|}
|}


== Further reading ==
== See also ==
* [[Elizabethan Baroque]]


== Further reading ==
* William Craft Brumfield. ''A History of Russian Architecture'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) {{ISBN|978-0-521-40333-7}} (Chapter Eight: "The Foundations of the Baroque in Saint Petersburg")
* William Craft Brumfield. ''A History of Russian Architecture'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) {{ISBN|978-0-521-40333-7}} (Chapter Eight: "The Foundations of the Baroque in Saint Petersburg")


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{{Russian architecture}}
{{Baroque architecture by country}}
{{Baroque architecture by country}}
{{Archhistory}}



[[Category:Baroque architecture in Russia| ]]
[[Category:Baroque architecture in Russia| ]]
[[Category:Baroque architectural styles]]
[[Category:Baroque architectural styles]]
[[Category:Russian architecture by period]]
[[Category:Architecture in Russia by period or style]]
[[Category:Netherlandish Baroque art]]
[[Category:Netherlandish Baroque art]]

Latest revision as of 16:03, 7 November 2024

The Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral by architect Dominico Trezzini exists as it was originally designed. It is regarded as the most notable example of the Petrine Baroque style of architecture.[1]

Petrine Baroque (Russian: Петровское барокко) is a style of 17th and 18th century Baroque architecture and decoration favoured by Peter the Great and employed to design buildings in the newly founded Russian capital, Saint Petersburg, under this monarch and his immediate successors. [2]

Different from contemporary Naryshkin Baroque, favoured in Moscow, the Petrine Baroque represented a dramatic departure from Byzantine traditions that had dominated Russian architecture for almost a millennium. Its chief practitioners - Domenico Trezzini, Andreas Schlüter, and Mikhail Zemtsov - drew inspiration from a rather modest Dutch, Danish, and Swedish architecture of the time. [3]

Notable examples

[edit]
Kikin Hall (1714), an example of private residence dating from Peter I's reign.

Extant examples of the style in St Petersburg are the Peter and Paul Cathedral (Trezzini), the Twelve Colleges (Trezzini), the Kunstkamera (Georg Johann Mattarnovi), Kikin Hall (Schlüter) and Menshikov Palace (Giovanni Fontana). [citation needed]

The Petrine Baroque structures outside St. Petersburg are scarce; they include the Menshikov Tower in Moscow and Kadriorg Palace in Tallinn [citation needed]

Architectural influences on Peter the Great

[edit]

Peter the Great, also known as Peter I, served as the tsar of Russia from 1682–1725. He was the first Russian monarch to travel outside of Russia and this travel exposed him to the architecture of many other countries. His own library contained architectural books from the Netherlands, France, Germany and Italy. The buildings of these countries influenced Peter's taste in architecture as he set forward to build the new Russian capital of St. Petersburg. Peter had a very specific idea of what he wanted this new city to look like in terms of architectural style, and he took initiative in recruiting people who could help accomplish his vision and researching architectural styles. While in rule, Peter attempted to bring about change to the nation of Russia as quickly as possible and tried to incorporate western style and tradition into the everyday lives of his citizens. As part of this, Peter put regulations into effect, which mandated what cities should look like.[2]

Peter's original goal for St. Petersburg was to re-create the city of Amsterdam.[4] As the city began construction, Peter started making changes to the designs of the buildings, often altering the planned appearance of buildings once their construction had already started. These last minute alterations led to buildings not belonging to one particular architectural school.[5]

Naryshkin Baroque style

[edit]
Main article: Naryshkin Baroque

Peter was raised in Moscow, lived at the Kremlin, and spent time at multiple royal estates outside of the city. His father Alexis died when he was four years old, so Peter had a fairly unsupervised youth to pursue his own passions. Peter developed his taste for architecture by looking at the buildings which surrounded him in his childhood, many of which were patronized by his family. These churches and houses which surrounded Moscow reflected European influence in their structure and decoration. The Moscow or Naryshkin Baroque style, named after Peter's maternal side of the family, was prominent in these buildings. Characteristic of the Naryshkin Baroque are large scale buildings and lack of wood amongst building materials.[6]

Dutch Baroque style

[edit]
Main article: Dutch Baroque architecture
The Summer Palace

As Peter entered young adulthood and spent time travelling, his architectural taste began to favor the elements of Dutch architecture. Peter met with the Dutch architect Simon Schijnvoet (sometimes Schynvoet or Schynvaet) in 1697. Schijnvoet specialized in Dutch Baroque but also taught Peter about naval architecture. The cabin in St. Petersburg that Peter designed utilized elements from this naval style which Schjinvoet taught him, including flat, painted log walls, wooden tile-like shingles, and windows made from small planes of glass. These elements of design were unlike the Russian styles seen up until this point.

The Russian history scholar James Cracraft suggests that the clearest example of Dutch architecture designed under Peter's rule was his Summer Palace in St. Petersburg, while there was also Monplaisir Palace, also known as the "Little Dutch House". In a 1724 letter to the architectural student Ivan Korobov, Peter discusses his preference for the ornamentation of Dutch Baroque. In this same letter, Peter conveys his disinterest for the architectural styles of the French and Italian due to its lack of adornment and use of stone rather than brick. Among Peter's papers, a note was found describing how he sent two Russian architecture students to Holland so that they could learn the Dutch Baroque style and come back to build churches and houses for St. Petersburg. In addition to having Russian students train abroad, Peter also hired Dutch architects to come and work on projects in Russia.[7]

Other styles

[edit]

While Peter preferred the Dutch Baroque style, he also sought out architectural inspiration from other countries. Despite his recorded dislike for the French and Italian Baroque architecture, Peter sent two architectural students to Rome in 1723 to replace another two students working there. Scholars suggest that an equal amount of architectural students were sent to Holland and Italy during his reign and more Italian builders worked on projects for Peter in Russia than Dutch builders did. In the early years of St. Petersburg, the French served as prominent designers and decorators.[8]

Notable architects

[edit]

Domenico Trezzini

[edit]
The Twelve Colleges, Construction began by Trezzini in 1722

Domenico Trezzini was born in Italian-speaking region of Switzerland in 1670. The architects that surrounded him in his youth were responsible for the development of the Baroque style in southern Germany. Trezzini's architectural style has visible influences from this German Baroque style along with the northern style of Baroque architecture that he picked up during his time living in Copenhagen.[3] Trezzini was also influenced by the Lombard Baroque style of architecture which was popular in Northern Italy where he grew up during the 17th century.[9] From 1703 until his death in 1734, Trezzini lived in St. Petersburg. Trezzini began many of the building projects that formed the basis of the city. Due to the many projects that Trezzini worked on, he was given the title of "Lieutenant-Colonel of Fortification and Architect" in 1710.[3]

Some of Trezzini's major additions to the city include: Peter the Great's Summer Palace, the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, the Twelve Colleges, and the Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral. Trezzini and his team designed the layout of the developing St. Petersburg including the streets of the anticipated city center of Vasilyevsky Island.[3] The layout of the city was arranged in a grid format with perpendicular streets and canals. Trezzini's design of the city did not follow the European ideal at the time because of its lack of compactness and grid organization rather than the traditional ringed layout.[10]

A fragment from Trezzini's 1720 design for the layout of St. Petersburg.
The Trezzini Monument in St. Petersburg

In 1714, Peter declared that all houses in St. Petersburg should be constructed after Trezzini's model home. Different versions of the home were created for different classes of citizens based on their rank. Peter classified all citizens into 14 different classes, all of which had different residential areas in Trezzini plan. The size of the citizen's home directly corresponded to their standing in this social ranking.[10] The lower classes were divided by their trades and the upper classes were divided by the amount of serfs that they controlled.[11] Several engravings of the model homes exist and while they are often accredited to Trezzini himself, his assistant Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond is responsible for creating them.[3] These plans dictated the ornamentation style of the homes and the materials that they would be built with belonging to each class of citizens. In the city center proper, these guidelines were adhered to strictly. The further from the city center, the more flexibility with the design of homes there was. Despite the effort put into maintaining a regulated city design, after Peter's death, the system that Trezzini designed fell to the wayside.[10] Scholars consider Peter I's comprehensive urban design to be one of his greatest legacies.[12]

In the design of his buildings, the Dutch Baroque style is visible in the types of ornamentation he preferred. For columns, Trezzini preferred squared pilasters as a decorative element and restricted their use to where they were structurally necessary or served a major purpose in the overall design. Trezzini also took inspiration from the work of Christopher Wren, whose work on the St Paul's Cathedral appears in Trezzini's sketches.[9]

Trezzini established the St. Petersburg Chancellery of Construction and became its first director. This school was the first institution to offer formal training for architects in Russia. Among those who trained at the Chancellery was Mikhail Zemtsov who continued Trezzini's legacy.[13] Other architects whom Trezzini worked alongside during his life and continued the construction of his buildings after his death were Carlo Giuseppe and Pietro Antonio Trezzini.[9]

Examples of Trezzini's architectural contributions
Summer Palace of Peter I by Dominico Trezzini
Peter-Paul Church by Dominico Trezzini
One of the buildings from the Twelve Colleges by Dominico Trezzini
Twelve Colleges by Dominico Trezzini

Giovanni Maria Fontana

[edit]
The main building of the Grand Menshikovsky Palace in Oranienbaum, Russia designed by Giovanni Maria Fontana.

Mikhail Zemtsov

[edit]
Examples of Zemtsov's architectural contributions
Kadriorg Palace by Mikhail Zemtsov

Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli

[edit]
Examples of Rastrelli's architectural contributions
Grand Peterhof Palace by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
Grand Church of Peterhof Palace by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
Hermitage Pavilion by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli

Georg Johann Mattarnovi

[edit]
Examples of Mattarnovi's architectural contributions
The Kunstkamera museum by Georg Johann Mattarnovi

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • William Craft Brumfield. A History of Russian Architecture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) ISBN 978-0-521-40333-7 (Chapter Eight: "The Foundations of the Baroque in Saint Petersburg")

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Cracraft, James (1988). "Revolution Embodied: The Building of St. Petersburg". The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 156.
  2. ^ a b Shvidkovsky, Dmitry (2007). "Russian Imperial Baroque". Russian Architecture and the West. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780300109122.
  3. ^ a b c d e Cracraft, James (1988). "Revolution Embodied: The Building of St. Petersburg". Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 156.
  4. ^ Brumfield, William Craft (1983). "Saint Petersburg: The Imperial Design". Gold in Azure: One Thousand Years of Russian Architecture. Boston, Mass.: D.R. Godine. pp. 233–237.
  5. ^ Brumfield, William Craft (1983). "Saint Petersburg: The Imperial Design". Gold in Azure: One Thousand Years of Russian Architecture. Boston, Mass.: D.R. Godine. p. 238. ISBN 9780879234362.
  6. ^ Cracraft, James (1988). "Revolution Embodied: The Building of St. Petersburg". Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture. University of Chicago Press. pp. 147–148.
  7. ^ Cracraft, James (1988). "Revolution Embodied: The Buildings of St. Petersburg". Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture. University of Chicago Press. pp. 148–149.
  8. ^ Cracraft, James (1988). "Revolution Embodied: The Buildings of St. Petersburg". Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture. University of Chicago Press. p. 150.
  9. ^ a b c Scvidkovskii, D O (2007). "Russian Imperial Baroque: Peter the Great's Foreign Architects: Dominico Trezzini". Russian Architecture and the West. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 197–200.
  10. ^ a b c Shvidkovskii, D O (2007). "Russian Imperial Baroque". Russian Architecture and the West. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 194–195.
  11. ^ Brumfield, William Craft (1983). "Saint Petersburg: The Imperial Design". Gold in Azure: One Thousand Years of Russian Architecture. Boston, Mass.: D.R. Godine. pp. 229. ISBN 9780879234362.
  12. ^ Brumfield, William Craft (1983). "Saint Petersburg: The Imperial Design". Gold in Azure: One Thousand Years of Russian Architecture. Boston, Mass.: D.R. Godine. pp. 237. ISBN 9780879234362.
  13. ^ Cracraft, James (1988). "Revolution Embodied: The Building of St. Petersburg". The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 158.


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