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==Origin==
==Origin==
The statement is an [[aphorism]] used to argue that people will believe in, or hope for, a [[Deity|higher power]] in times of fear or stress, such as during war ("in [[Defensive fighting position|foxholes]]").<ref name=washpost-2007>{{cite news |title = No Atheists in Fox Holes |last = Reese |first = Thomas J. |author-link = Thomas J. Reese |url = http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/thomas_j_reese/2007/05/no_atheist_in_fox_holes.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090608151246/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/thomas_j_reese/2007/05/no_atheist_in_fox_holes.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = June 8, 2009 |publisher = Washington Post Company |date = May 31, 2007 }}</ref> The origin of the quotation is uncertain.<ref name=linglist>{{cite web |url=http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0609D&L=ads-l&P=15696 |title=Discussion on Linguist List |accessdate=27 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617035633/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0609D&L=ads-l&P=15696 |archive-date=17 June 2008}}</ref> The U.S. military chaplain [[William Thomas Cummings]] may have said it in a field sermon during the [[Battle of Bataan]] in 1942,<ref>"I Saw the Fall of the Philippines", Carlos Peña Romulo</ref> though scholars have been unable to find a firsthand witness to the sermon.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crosby |first=Donald F. |title=''Battlefield Chaplains: Catholic Priests in World War II'' |year=1994}} Page 26</ref><ref>Page 2 of [[Fulton Sheen]]'s Wartime Prayerbook</ref> Other sources credit [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Warren J. Clear (or the anonymous sergeant he spoke with there), who was also at Bataan and published the usage in 1942;<ref>"The Heroic Defense of the Philippines", reprinted in Reader's Digest, July 1942</ref> or Lieutenant Colonel [[William Casey]]. The phrase is often attributed to war correspondent [[Ernie Pyle]];<ref>{{cite news |title=Oops! He Did It Again! Brokaw Repeats Canard, "There Are No Atheists In Foxholes" During NBC Evening News |date=2003-03-12 |publisher=[[American Atheists]] |url =http://www.atheists.org/flash.line/atheist9.htm |work =Flashline |accessdate = 2008-11-27}}</ref><ref>Johnson, Chip. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/03/06/BAGFOHIUKD1.DTL sfgate.com]; "GI turns to Islam to find God." San Francisco Chronicle. Monday, March 6, 2006. Accessed Nov-22-2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/books/features/weblog/031117.html|title=Faith, Hope, and Charity in North Carolina |accessdate=27 June 2017}}</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kg4xAQAAIAAJ Down in the drink: true stories of the Goldfish Club]'', Ralph Barker 1955</ref> however, no such source published prior to Pyle's death is known. It was also quoted by President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] in remarks broadcast from the White House as part of a February 7, 1954, American Legion Program. With slightly different wording, the statement appears much earlier in press reports dating from the end of the [[World War I|First World War]], while a similar concept has been sought in [[Plato]]'s ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'', and in [[Karl Marx]]'s often-misrepresented{{refn|[[Opium of the people|Karl Marx's quote]] is only quoted in part as the interpretation of the metaphor in its context has received much less attention.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McKinnon|first1=Andrew M.|year=2005|title=Reading 'Opium of the People': Expression, Protest and the Dialectics of Religion|journal=Critical Sociology|volume=31|issue=1–2|pages=15–38|doi=10.1163/1569163053084360|hdl=2164/3074|s2cid=143119316|hdl-access=free}}</ref>|group=note}} partial quote that "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the [[opium of the people]]".<ref name=linglist />
The statement is an [[aphorism]] used to argue that people will believe in, or hope for, a [[Deity|higher power]] in times of fear or stress, such as during war ("in [[Defensive fighting position|foxholes]]").<ref name=washpost-2007>{{cite news |title = No Atheists in Fox Holes |last = Reese |first = Thomas J. |author-link = Thomas J. Reese |url = http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/thomas_j_reese/2007/05/no_atheist_in_fox_holes.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090608151246/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/thomas_j_reese/2007/05/no_atheist_in_fox_holes.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = June 8, 2009 |publisher = Washington Post Company |date = May 31, 2007 }}</ref> The origin of the quotation is uncertain.<ref name=linglist>{{cite web |url=http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0609D&L=ads-l&P=15696 |title=Discussion on Linguist List |accessdate=27 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617035633/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0609D&L=ads-l&P=15696 |archive-date=17 June 2008}}</ref> The U.S. military chaplain [[William Thomas Cummings]] may have said it in a field sermon during the [[Battle of Bataan]] in 1942,<ref>"I Saw the Fall of the Philippines", Carlos Peña Romulo</ref> though scholars have been unable to find a firsthand witness to the sermon.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crosby |first=Donald F. |title=''Battlefield Chaplains: Catholic Priests in World War II'' |year=1994}} Page 26</ref><ref>Page 2 of [[Fulton Sheen]]'s Wartime Prayerbook</ref> Other sources credit Lieutenant Colonel [[Warren J. Clear]] (or the anonymous sergeant he spoke with there), who was also at Bataan and published the usage in 1942;<ref>"The Heroic Defense of the Philippines", reprinted in Reader's Digest, July 1942</ref> or Lieutenant Colonel [[William Casey]]. The phrase is often attributed to war correspondent [[Ernie Pyle]];<ref>{{cite news |title=Oops! He Did It Again! Brokaw Repeats Canard, "There Are No Atheists In Foxholes" During NBC Evening News |date=2003-03-12 |publisher=[[American Atheists]] |url =http://www.atheists.org/flash.line/atheist9.htm |work =Flashline |accessdate = 2008-11-27}}</ref><ref>Johnson, Chip. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/03/06/BAGFOHIUKD1.DTL sfgate.com]; "GI turns to Islam to find God." San Francisco Chronicle. Monday, March 6, 2006. Accessed Nov-22-2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/books/features/weblog/031117.html|title=Faith, Hope, and Charity in North Carolina |accessdate=27 June 2017}}</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kg4xAQAAIAAJ Down in the drink: true stories of the Goldfish Club]'', Ralph Barker 1955</ref> however, no such source published prior to Pyle's death is known. It was also quoted by President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] in remarks broadcast from the White House as part of a February 7, 1954, American Legion Program. With slightly different wording, the statement appears much earlier in press reports dating from the end of the [[World War I|First World War]], while a similar concept has been sought in [[Plato]]'s ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'', and in [[Karl Marx]]'s often-misrepresented{{refn|[[Opium of the people|Karl Marx's quote]] is only quoted in part as the interpretation of the metaphor in its context has received much less attention.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McKinnon|first1=Andrew M.|year=2005|title=Reading 'Opium of the People': Expression, Protest and the Dialectics of Religion|journal=Critical Sociology|volume=31|issue=1–2|pages=15–38|doi=10.1163/1569163053084360|hdl=2164/3074|s2cid=143119316|hdl-access=free}}</ref>|group=note}} partial quote that "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the [[opium of the people]]".<ref name=linglist />


==Usage==
==Usage==
While primarily used to comment on the experiences of combat soldiers, the [[aphorism]] has been adapted to other perilous situations, as in "There are no atheists in [[probate court]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com.au/search?hl=en&q=no+atheists+on+a+sinking+ship&btnG=Google+Search&meta=&aq=f&oq= |title=no atheists on a sinking ship - Google Search |website=www.google.com.au |accessdate=27 June 2017}}</ref> Although the adage occasionally means that all soldiers in combat are "converted" under fire, it is most often used to express the belief of the speaker that all people seek a divine power when they are facing an extreme threat.<ref name=washpost-2007 /><ref>[http://www.maaf.info/rptchap.html "Report on Chaplains."] Military Association of Atheists and Freethinkers. Accessed Nov-22-2009.</ref> The quote is also referenced when discussing the opposite effect — that warfare causes some soldiers to question their existing belief in [[God]] due to the [[death]] and [[violence]] around them.<ref name="csmonitor.com">{{cite web |first=Arnold E. |last=Resnicoff |title=On becoming our own worst enemy |publisher=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0628/p09s02-coop.html |date=June 28, 2004 |accessdate=2009-11-14}}</ref><ref>Allen, Joshua. [http://www.rimonthly.com/Rhode-Island-Monthly/April-2007/There-Are-No-Atheists-in-Foxholes/ There Are No Atheists in Foxholes]. Rhode Island Monthly. April 2007 issue.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Religion: Atheists & Foxholes |date = June 18, 1945 |periodical = Time Magazine |url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,775935,00.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100919222024/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,775935,00.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = September 19, 2010}}</ref>
While primarily used to comment on the experiences of combat soldiers, the [[aphorism]] has been adapted to other perilous situations, as in "There are no [[atheists]] in [[probate court]]".{{cn|date=February 2022}} Although the adage occasionally means that all soldiers in combat are "converted" under fire, it is most often used to express the belief of the speaker that all people seek a divine power when they are facing an extreme threat.<ref name=washpost-2007 /><ref>[http://www.maaf.info/rptchap.html "Report on Chaplains."] Military Association of Atheists and Freethinkers. Accessed Nov-22-2009.</ref> The quote is also referenced when discussing the opposite effect — that warfare causes some soldiers to question their existing belief in [[God]] due to the [[death]] and [[violence]] around them.<ref name="csmonitor.com">{{cite web |first=Arnold E. |last=Resnicoff |title=On becoming our own worst enemy |publisher=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0628/p09s02-coop.html |date=June 28, 2004 |accessdate=2009-11-14}}</ref><ref>Allen, Joshua. [http://www.rimonthly.com/Rhode-Island-Monthly/April-2007/There-Are-No-Atheists-in-Foxholes/ There Are No Atheists in Foxholes]. Rhode Island Monthly. April 2007 issue.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Religion: Atheists & Foxholes |date = June 18, 1945 |periodical = Time Magazine |url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,775935,00.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100919222024/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,775935,00.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = September 19, 2010}}</ref>


The quote has also been used in non-military contexts. In September 2008, in the depths of the [[financial crisis of 2007–2010]], both [[Ben Bernanke]] and [[Paul Krugman]] popularized a version of the quote in reference to financial crises. They paraphrased Harvard professor [[Jeffrey Frankel]], who originally wrote in the ''Cato Journal'' a year earlier, "They say 'there are no atheists in foxholes.' Perhaps, then, there are also no [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarians]] in crises."<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Frankel |first = Jeffrey |author-link = Jeffrey Frankel |title = Responding to Crises |journal = Cato Journal |volume = 27 |issue = 2 |publisher = Cato Institute |date = Spring–Summer 2007 |url = http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/jfrankel/CatoRespCrisesJun07+fn15&2.pdf |accessdate = 2009-12-17}}</ref> The sentence is also quoted in the [[Gustav Hasford]]'s novel ''[[The Short-Timers]]''.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
The quote has also been used in non-military contexts. In September 2008, in the depths of the [[2007–2008 financial crisis]], both [[Ben Bernanke]] and [[Paul Krugman]] popularized a version of the quote in reference to financial crises. They paraphrased Harvard professor [[Jeffrey Frankel]], who originally wrote in the ''Cato Journal'' a year earlier, "They say 'there are no atheists in foxholes.' Perhaps, then, there are also no [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarians]] in crises."<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Frankel |first = Jeffrey |author-link = Jeffrey Frankel |title = Responding to Crises |journal = Cato Journal |volume = 27 |issue = 2 |publisher = Cato Institute |date = Spring–Summer 2007 |url = http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/jfrankel/CatoRespCrisesJun07+fn15&2.pdf |accessdate = 2009-12-17}}</ref> The sentence is also quoted in the [[Gustav Hasford]]'s novel ''[[The Short-Timers]]''. The quote has been used by but commonly misattributed to economist [[Paul Krugman]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/other-peoples-wit/ |title=Other people's wit |author=Paul Krugman |date=2008-12-17 |work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref>


==Criticism==
==Criticism==
Several atheist organizations object to the phrase. The [[Military Association of Atheists & Freethinkers]] has adopted the catch-phrase "Atheists in Foxholes" to emphasize that the original statement is just an [[aphorism]] and not a fact.<ref>{{cite web|title=Military Association of Atheists & Freethinkers|url=http://militaryatheists.org/atheists-in-foxholes/|accessdate=27 June 2017}}</ref> The religious convictions of current US military personnel are similar to those of the general American population, though studies suggest that members of the military are slightly less religious.<ref>21% of US military atheist or non-religious, Source: "America's Military Population". by David R. Segal and Mady Wech Segal. Population Reference Bureau, 2004. [http://www.prb.org/Source/ACF1396.pdf?page=27 page 25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727185232/http://www.prb.org/Source/ACF1396.pdf?page=27|date=2011-07-27}}.</ref> Department of Defense (DoD) demographics show that "Atheist" is selected as a religious preference (0.55% or less than 1 percent of the total DoD force) more than non-Christian options such as Agnostic (0.12%), Hindu (0.07%), Buddhist (0.38%), Muslim (0.24%), and Jewish (0.33%).<ref>[http://militaryatheists.org/demographics/ militaryatheists.org], Military Religious Demographics Survey</ref> Author [[James Morrow]] said: "That maxim, 'There are no atheists in foxholes,' it's not an argument against atheism — it's an argument against foxholes."<ref>{{Cite web|last=December 2001|first=Faith L. Justice Issue: 3|date=2001-12-03|title=Interview: James Morrow|url=http://strangehorizons.com/non-fiction/articles/interview-james-morrow/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Strange Horizons|language=en}}</ref> In 2015, describing the phrase as a "tired, old, untrue cliché", the [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]] erected a monument to "Atheists in Foxholes", commemorating American atheist, agnostic, freethinking and skeptical US armed services veterans.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Seering|first=Lauryn|title=FFRF unveils ‘Atheists in Foxholes’ monument at new headquarters - Freedom From Religion Foundation|url=https://ffrf.org/news/news-releases/item/24221-ffrf-unveils-atheists-in-foxholes-monument-at-new-headquarters|access-date=2021-10-16|website=ffrf.org|language=en-gb}}</ref>
Several atheist organizations object to the phrase. The [[Military Association of Atheists & Freethinkers]] has adopted the catch-phrase "Atheists in Foxholes" to criticise the aphorism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Military Association of Atheists & Freethinkers|url=http://militaryatheists.org/atheists-in-foxholes/|accessdate=27 June 2017}}</ref> Author [[James K. Morrow]] said: "That maxim, 'There are no atheists in foxholes,' it's not an argument against atheism — it's an argument against foxholes."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Justice |first=Faith L. |date=2001-12-03|title=Interview: James Morrow|url=http://strangehorizons.com/non-fiction/articles/interview-james-morrow/|access-date=2024-11-07|website=Strange Horizons|language=en}}</ref> In 2015, describing the phrase as a "tired, old, untrue cliché", the [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]] erected a monument to "Atheists in Foxholes", commemorating American atheist, agnostic, freethinking and skeptical US armed services veterans.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Seering|first=Lauryn|title=FFRF unveils 'Atheists in Foxholes' monument at new headquarters - Freedom From Religion Foundation|url=https://ffrf.org/news/news-releases/item/24221-ffrf-unveils-atheists-in-foxholes-monument-at-new-headquarters|access-date=2021-10-16|website=ffrf.org|date=6 October 2015 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

[[Joe Simpson (mountaineer)|Joe Simpson]], author of ''[[Touching the Void (book)|Touching the Void]]'', addresses the issue in the film adaptation of his nearly fatal climb up the [[Siula Grande]] mountain. Referring to the moment when he lay at the bottom of a deep crevasse, dehydrated, alone, and with a broken leg, he states:
"I was totally convinced I was on my own, that no one was coming to get me. I was brought up as a devout Catholic. I'd long since stopped believing in God. I always wondered if things really hit the fan, whether I would, under pressure, turn round and say a few [[Hail Mary]]s and say 'Get me out of here'. It never once occurred to me. It meant that I really don't believe and I really do think that when you die, you die, that's it, there's no afterlife."<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/nWhmOwGqcMQ Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504145301/http://www.youtube.com//watch?v=nWhmOwGqcMQ Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWhmOwGqcMQ |title=Touching the Void atheism |website=www.youtube.com |accessdate=8 April 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:There Are No Atheists In Foxholes}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:There Are No Atheists In Foxholes}}
[[Category:Atheism]]
[[Category:Religion and atheism]]
[[Category:Adages]]
[[Category:Adages]]
[[Category:Criticism of atheism]]
[[Category:Criticism of atheism]]

Latest revision as of 02:59, 8 November 2024

"There are no atheists in foxholes" is an aphorism used to suggest that times of extreme stress or fear can prompt belief in a higher power.[1] In the context of actual warfare, such a sudden change in belief has been called a foxhole conversion. The logic of the argument is also used to argue for the opposite.

Origin

[edit]

The statement is an aphorism used to argue that people will believe in, or hope for, a higher power in times of fear or stress, such as during war ("in foxholes").[1] The origin of the quotation is uncertain.[2] The U.S. military chaplain William Thomas Cummings may have said it in a field sermon during the Battle of Bataan in 1942,[3] though scholars have been unable to find a firsthand witness to the sermon.[4][5] Other sources credit Lieutenant Colonel Warren J. Clear (or the anonymous sergeant he spoke with there), who was also at Bataan and published the usage in 1942;[6] or Lieutenant Colonel William Casey. The phrase is often attributed to war correspondent Ernie Pyle;[7][8][9][10] however, no such source published prior to Pyle's death is known. It was also quoted by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in remarks broadcast from the White House as part of a February 7, 1954, American Legion Program. With slightly different wording, the statement appears much earlier in press reports dating from the end of the First World War, while a similar concept has been sought in Plato's Laws, and in Karl Marx's often-misrepresented[note 1] partial quote that "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people".[2]

Usage

[edit]

While primarily used to comment on the experiences of combat soldiers, the aphorism has been adapted to other perilous situations, as in "There are no atheists in probate court".[citation needed] Although the adage occasionally means that all soldiers in combat are "converted" under fire, it is most often used to express the belief of the speaker that all people seek a divine power when they are facing an extreme threat.[1][12] The quote is also referenced when discussing the opposite effect — that warfare causes some soldiers to question their existing belief in God due to the death and violence around them.[13][14][15]

The quote has also been used in non-military contexts. In September 2008, in the depths of the 2007–2008 financial crisis, both Ben Bernanke and Paul Krugman popularized a version of the quote in reference to financial crises. They paraphrased Harvard professor Jeffrey Frankel, who originally wrote in the Cato Journal a year earlier, "They say 'there are no atheists in foxholes.' Perhaps, then, there are also no libertarians in crises."[16] The sentence is also quoted in the Gustav Hasford's novel The Short-Timers. The quote has been used by but commonly misattributed to economist Paul Krugman.[17]

Criticism

[edit]

Several atheist organizations object to the phrase. The Military Association of Atheists & Freethinkers has adopted the catch-phrase "Atheists in Foxholes" to criticise the aphorism.[18] Author James K. Morrow said: "That maxim, 'There are no atheists in foxholes,' it's not an argument against atheism — it's an argument against foxholes."[19] In 2015, describing the phrase as a "tired, old, untrue cliché", the Freedom From Religion Foundation erected a monument to "Atheists in Foxholes", commemorating American atheist, agnostic, freethinking and skeptical US armed services veterans.[20]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Karl Marx's quote is only quoted in part as the interpretation of the metaphor in its context has received much less attention.[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Reese, Thomas J. (May 31, 2007). "No Atheists in Fox Holes". Washington Post Company. Archived from the original on June 8, 2009.
  2. ^ a b "Discussion on Linguist List". Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  3. ^ "I Saw the Fall of the Philippines", Carlos Peña Romulo
  4. ^ Crosby, Donald F. (1994). Battlefield Chaplains: Catholic Priests in World War II. Page 26
  5. ^ Page 2 of Fulton Sheen's Wartime Prayerbook
  6. ^ "The Heroic Defense of the Philippines", reprinted in Reader's Digest, July 1942
  7. ^ "Oops! He Did It Again! Brokaw Repeats Canard, "There Are No Atheists In Foxholes" During NBC Evening News". Flashline. American Atheists. 2003-03-12. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
  8. ^ Johnson, Chip. sfgate.com; "GI turns to Islam to find God." San Francisco Chronicle. Monday, March 6, 2006. Accessed Nov-22-2009.
  9. ^ "Faith, Hope, and Charity in North Carolina". Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  10. ^ Down in the drink: true stories of the Goldfish Club, Ralph Barker 1955
  11. ^ McKinnon, Andrew M. (2005). "Reading 'Opium of the People': Expression, Protest and the Dialectics of Religion". Critical Sociology. 31 (1–2): 15–38. doi:10.1163/1569163053084360. hdl:2164/3074. S2CID 143119316.
  12. ^ "Report on Chaplains." Military Association of Atheists and Freethinkers. Accessed Nov-22-2009.
  13. ^ Resnicoff, Arnold E. (June 28, 2004). "On becoming our own worst enemy". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
  14. ^ Allen, Joshua. There Are No Atheists in Foxholes. Rhode Island Monthly. April 2007 issue.
  15. ^ "Religion: Atheists & Foxholes". Time Magazine. June 18, 1945. Archived from the original on September 19, 2010.
  16. ^ Frankel, Jeffrey (Spring–Summer 2007). "Responding to Crises" (PDF). Cato Journal. 27 (2). Cato Institute. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
  17. ^ Paul Krugman (2008-12-17). "Other people's wit". New York Times.
  18. ^ "Military Association of Atheists & Freethinkers". Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  19. ^ Justice, Faith L. (2001-12-03). "Interview: James Morrow". Strange Horizons. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  20. ^ Seering, Lauryn (6 October 2015). "FFRF unveils 'Atheists in Foxholes' monument at new headquarters - Freedom From Religion Foundation". ffrf.org. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
[edit]
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