Jump to content

Dram (unit): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Adding local short description: "Unit of mass or volume in some measurement systems", overriding Wikidata description "unit of mass or volume in different systems" (Shortdesc helper)
Monkbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,695,952 edits
m Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 1);
 
(31 intermediate revisions by 22 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Unit of mass or volume in some measurement systems}}
{{Short description|Unit of mass or volume in some measurement systems}}
{{for multi|the related unit of currency|Greek drachma|the currency used in Armenia|Armenian dram||Dram (disambiguation)}}
{{for-multi|the related unit of currency|Ancient drachma|the currency used in Armenia|Armenian dram||Dram (disambiguation)}}


The '''dram''' (alternative British spelling '''drachm'''; [[Apothecaries' system|apothecary symbol]] '''[[Ezh|ʒ]]''' or ℨ; abbreviated '''dr''')<ref name="OEDdrachm">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Simpson |editor1-first=John A. |editor1-link=John Simpson (lexicographer) |editor2-last=Weiner |editor2-first=Edmund S.C. |editor2-link=Edmund Weiner |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |title=drachm, ''n''. |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/57373 |access-date=2 July 2012 |edition=2nd |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |quote=Spelt ''drachm'' or ''dram''. |isbn=978-0-19-861186-8 |oclc=50959346}} Earlier version first published in ''[[New English Dictionary]]'', 1897.</ref><ref name="NIST">National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. [https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/AppC-12-hb44-final.pdf "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement"] (PDF). [https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/h44-12.cfm ''Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices'']. NIST Handbook. '''44''' (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0271-4027 0271-4027]. [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]] {{OCLC|58927093}}. Retrieved 1 July 2012.</ref>{{rp|C-6–C-7}}<ref name="Boyer2009">{{cite book |last=Boyer |first=Mary Jo |title=Math for Nurses: A Pocket Guide to Dosage Calculation and Drug Preparation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCfCGwqNt4QC |access-date=2 July 2012 |edition=7th |year=2009 |publisher=[[Wolters Kluwer Health]] {{pipe}} [[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins]] |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn=978-0-7817-6335-6 |oclc=181600928 |pages=108–9 |chapter=UNIT 2 Measurement Systems: The Apothecary System |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCfCGwqNt4QC&pg=PA108}}</ref> is a unit of [[mass]] in the [[avoirdupois]] system, and both a unit of mass and a unit of volume in the [[apothecaries' system]].<ref name="NIST" /> It was originally both a [[coin]] and a [[weight]] in [[ancient Greece]].<ref name="OEDdram" /> The unit of volume is more correctly called a '''fluid dram''', '''fluid drachm''', '''fluidram''' or '''fluidrachm''' (abbreviated '''fl dr''', '''ƒ 3''', or '''fʒ''').<ref name="OEDdrachm" /><ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-17}}<ref name="Boyer2009" /><ref name="RoyalCollege1850">{{cite book |author=Royal College of Physicians of Dublin |author-link=Royal College of Physicians of Ireland |title=The Pharmacopœia of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland |year=1850 |publisher=Hodges and Smith |location=Dublin |oclc=599509441 |page=xlvi |chapter=Weights and Measures |hdl=2027/mdp.39015069402942 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/fluidram |title=fluidram |work=Merriam-Webster online |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |location=Springfield, MA |oclc=44475779 |access-date=2 July 2012 |quote=Definition of FLUIDRAM: variant of fluid dram}}</ref><ref name="PowellRoyalCollege1809">{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Richard |author2=Royal College of Physicians of London |author-link2=Royal College of Physicians of London |title=The Pharmacopœia of the Royal College of Physicians of London, M. DCCC. IX |edition=corr. and enl. 2nd |year=1809 |publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme |location=London |oclc=622876101 |page=3 |chapter=Weights, Measures, &c. <nowiki>[measures of liquids sect.]</nowiki> |hdl=2027/wu.89097444632 }}</ref>
The '''dram''' (alternative British spelling '''drachm'''; [[Apothecaries' system|apothecary symbol]] '''[[Ezh|ʒ]]''' or [[Fraktur in Unicode|ℨ]];{{efn|1=In [[Unicode]], a standard designed to allow symbols from all writing systems to be represented and manipulated by computers, the dram symbol has no dedicated symbol.<ref>[https://typedrawers.com/discussion/4676/unicode-where-is-the-drachma-sign "Unicode: where is the Drachma sign?"] typedrawers.com.</ref> Typically, the lowercase [[ezh]], or "tailed z", ({{big|{{IPA|ʒ}}}}) is used,<ref>William R. Newman et al. [https://typedrawers.com/home/leaving?allowTrusted=1&target=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2008%2F08313-newton-alchemy.pdf "Toward a Proposal for an Alchemy Unicode Plane."] 12 August 2008.</ref> and the Unicode code table entry for {{big|{{IPA|ʒ}}}} reads "LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH = dram sign".<ref>[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0250.pdf "IPA Extensions. Range: 0250–02AF"] The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1. 2023.</ref> However, the upper-case letter ''z'' in [[Blackletter]]/[[Fraktur]] hand. i.e. {{big|{{math|ℨ}}}} is also seen. Found in Unicode [[Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols]] block, {{big|{{math|ℨ}}}} is meant to be used in mathematics and phonetics, and is not recommended as an abbreviation for dram.}} abbreviated '''dr''')<ref name="OEDdrachm">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Simpson |editor1-first=John A. |editor1-link=John Simpson (lexicographer) |editor2-last=Weiner |editor2-first=Edmund S.C. |editor2-link=Edmund Weiner |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |title=drachm, ''n''. |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/57373 |access-date=2 July 2012 |edition=2nd |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |quote=Spelt ''drachm'' or ''dram''. |isbn=978-0-19-861186-8 |oclc=50959346}} Earlier version first published in ''[[New English Dictionary]]'', 1897.</ref><ref name="NIST">National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. [https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/AppC-12-hb44-final.pdf "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement"] (PDF). [https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/h44-12.cfm ''Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices'']. NIST Handbook. '''44''' (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0271-4027 0271-4027]. [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]] {{OCLC|58927093}}. Retrieved 1 July 2012.</ref>{{rp|C-6–C-7}}<ref name="Boyer2009">{{cite book |last=Boyer |first=Mary Jo |title=Math for Nurses: A Pocket Guide to Dosage Calculation and Drug Preparation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCfCGwqNt4QC |access-date=2 July 2012 |edition=7th |year=2009 |publisher=[[Wolters Kluwer Health]] {{pipe}} [[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins]] |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn=978-0-7817-6335-6 |oclc=181600928 |pages=108–9 |chapter=UNIT 2 Measurement Systems: The Apothecary System |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCfCGwqNt4QC&pg=PA108}}</ref> is a unit of [[mass]] in the [[avoirdupois]] system, and both a unit of mass and a unit of volume in the [[apothecaries' system]].<ref name="NIST" /> It was originally both a [[coin]] and a [[weight]] in [[ancient Greece]].<ref name="OEDdram" /> The unit of volume is more correctly called a '''fluid dram''', '''fluid drachm''', '''fluidram''' or '''fluidrachm''' (abbreviated '''fl dr''', '''ƒ 3''', or '''fʒ''').<ref name="OEDdrachm" /><ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-17}}<ref name="Boyer2009" /><ref name="RoyalCollege1850">{{cite book |author=Royal College of Physicians of Dublin |author-link=Royal College of Physicians of Ireland |title=The Pharmacopœia of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland |year=1850 |publisher=Hodges and Smith |location=Dublin |oclc=599509441 |page=xlvi |chapter=Weights and Measures |hdl=2027/mdp.39015069402942 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/fluidram |title=fluidram |work=Merriam-Webster online |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |location=Springfield, MA |oclc=44475779 |access-date=2 July 2012 |quote=Definition of FLUIDRAM: variant of fluid dram}}</ref><ref name="PowellRoyalCollege1809">{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Richard |author2=Royal College of Physicians of London |author-link2=Royal College of Physicians of London |title=The Pharmacopœia of the Royal College of Physicians of London, M. DCCC. IX |edition=corr. and enl. 2nd |year=1809 |publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme |location=London |oclc=622876101 |page=3 |chapter=Weights, Measures, &c. <nowiki>[measures of liquids sect.]</nowiki> |series=Pharmacopoeia Londinensis.English |hdl=2027/wu.89097444632 }}</ref>


==Ancient unit of mass==
==Ancient unit of mass==
Line 8: Line 8:
*The Attic [[Ancient Greek units of measurement#Weight|Greek drachma]] ({{lang|grc|δραχμή}}) was a weight of 6 obols, {{frac|100}} Greek [[mina (unit)|mina]], or about 4.37&nbsp;[[gram]]s.<ref name="Mastronarde1993">{{cite book |author=Donald J. Mastronarde |title=Introduction to Attic Greek |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoat00mast/page/222 |url-access=registration |access-date=30 June 2012 |date=19 March 1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07844-4 |page=222 }}</ref>
*The Attic [[Ancient Greek units of measurement#Weight|Greek drachma]] ({{lang|grc|δραχμή}}) was a weight of 6 obols, {{frac|100}} Greek [[mina (unit)|mina]], or about 4.37&nbsp;[[gram]]s.<ref name="Mastronarde1993">{{cite book |author=Donald J. Mastronarde |title=Introduction to Attic Greek |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoat00mast/page/222 |url-access=registration |access-date=30 June 2012 |date=19 March 1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07844-4 |page=222 }}</ref>
* The [[Ancient Roman units of measurement#Weight|Roman drachma]] was a weight of {{frac|96}} Roman pounds, or about 3.41&nbsp;grams.<ref name="DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=William |author-link=William Smith (lexicographer) |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqiyh-kZ8LkC&pg=PA1062 |access-date=1 July 2012 |edition=3rd American |year=1886 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |location=New York |page=1062 }}</ref><ref name="Ramsay1883">{{cite book |last=Ramsay |first=William Wardlaw |author-link=William Ramsay (classical scholar) |title=An elementary manual of Roman antiquities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4IBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA206 |access-date=1 July 2012 |edition=7th |year=1883 |publisher=Charles Griffin and Company |location=London |page=206 }}</ref>
* The [[Ancient Roman units of measurement#Weight|Roman drachma]] was a weight of {{frac|96}} Roman pounds, or about 3.41&nbsp;grams.<ref name="DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=William |author-link=William Smith (lexicographer) |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqiyh-kZ8LkC&pg=PA1062 |access-date=1 July 2012 |edition=3rd American |year=1886 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |location=New York |page=1062 }}</ref><ref name="Ramsay1883">{{cite book |last=Ramsay |first=William Wardlaw |author-link=William Ramsay (classical scholar) |title=An elementary manual of Roman antiquities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4IBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA206 |access-date=1 July 2012 |edition=7th |year=1883 |publisher=Charles Griffin and Company |location=London |page=206 }}</ref>
A coin weighing one drachma is known as a [[stater]], drachm, or drachma. The Ottoman [[dirhem]] ({{lang-ota|درهم}}) was based on the [[Sassanian]] drachm, which was itself based on the Roman dram/drachm.
A coin weighing one drachma is known as a [[stater]], drachm, or drachma. The Ottoman [[dirhem]] ({{langx|ota|درهم}}) was based on the [[Sassanian]] drachm, which was itself based on the Roman dram/drachm.


==British unit of mass==
==British unit of mass==
The British [[Weights and Measures Acts (UK)|Weights and Measures Act]] of 1878 introduced verification and consequent stamping of apothecary weights, making them officially recognized units of measurement. By 1900, Britain had enforced the distinction between the avoirdupois and apothecaries' versions by making the spelling different:<ref>{{cite web|title=Apothecaries Weights |url=http://www.apothecariesweights.com/|access-date=2016-09-21}}</ref>
The British [[Weights and Measures Act 1878]] introduced verification and consequent stamping of apothecary weights, making them officially recognized units of measurement. By 1900, Britain had enforced the distinction between the avoirdupois and apothecaries' versions by making the spelling different:<ref>{{cite web|title=Apothecaries Weights |url=http://www.apothecariesweights.com/|access-date=2016-09-21}}</ref>
*dram now meant only avoirdupois drams, which were {{frac|16}} of an avoirdupois ounce of 437.5 [[grain (unit)|grain]]s, thus equal to 27.34 grains
*''dram'' now meant only avoirdupois drams, which were {{frac|16}} of an avoirdupois ounce. An ounce consisted of 437.5 [[grain (unit)|grain]]s, thus making the dram approximately 27.34 grains.
*drachm now meant only apothecaries' drachms, which were {{frac|8}} of an apothecaries' ounce of 480 grains, thus equal to 60 grains
*''drachm'' now meant only apothecaries' drachms, which were {{frac|8}} of an apothecaries' ounce of 480 grains, thus equal to 60 grains.


==Modern unit of mass==
==Modern unit of mass==
In the [[avoirdupois]] system, the dram is the mass of {{frac|256}}&nbsp;[[pound (mass)|pound]] or {{frac|16}}&nbsp;[[ounce]].<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-6}} The dram weighs {{frac|875|32}}&nbsp;[[grain (mass)|grains]],<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-6}} or exactly {{val|1.7718451953125}} grams.<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-14}}
In the [[avoirdupois]] system, the dram is the mass of {{frac|256}}&nbsp;[[pound (mass)|pound]] or {{frac|16}}&nbsp;[[ounce]].<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-6}} The dram weighs {{frac|27|11|32}}&nbsp;[[grain (mass)|grains]],<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-6}} or exactly {{val|1.7718451953125}} grams.<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-14}}


In the [[apothecaries' system]], which was widely used in the United States until the middle of the 20th century,<ref name="nbs447">{{cite book |last=Judson |first=Lewis V. |title=Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: A brief history |url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp447/index.cfm |format=PDF |access-date=1 July 2012 |series=NBS Special Publication |volume=447 |date=March 1976 |orig-year=October 1963 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=610190761 |page=35 |chapter=Appendix 8 |chapter-url=http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/app8.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603064530/https://www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp447/index.cfm |archive-date=3 June 2011 }}</ref> the dram is the mass of {{frac|96}}&nbsp;pounds apothecaries (lb ap), or {{frac|8}}&nbsp;ounces apothecaries (oz ap or ℥)<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-7}} (the pound apothecaries and ounce apothecaries are equal to the [[troy pound]] (lb t), and [[troy ounce]] (oz t), respectively).<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-6–C-7}} The dram apothecaries is equal to {{val|3|u=[[Apothecaries' system|scruples]] (s ap or ℈)}} or {{val|60|u=grains (gr)}},<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-7}} or exactly {{val|3.8879346}} grams.<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-14}}
In the [[apothecaries' system]], which was widely used in the United States until the middle of the 20th century,<ref name="nbs447">{{cite book |last=Judson |first=Lewis V. |title=Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: A brief history |url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp447/index.cfm |format=PDF |access-date=1 July 2012 |series=NBS Special Publication |volume=447 |date=March 1976 |orig-year=October 1963 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=610190761 |page=35 |chapter=Appendix 8 |chapter-url=http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/app8.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603064530/https://www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp447/index.cfm |archive-date=3 June 2011 }}</ref> the dram is the mass of {{frac|96}}&nbsp;pounds apothecaries (lb ap), or {{frac|8}}&nbsp;ounces apothecaries (oz ap or ℥)<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-7}} (the pound apothecaries and ounce apothecaries are equal to the [[troy pound]] (lb t), and [[troy ounce]] (oz t), respectively).<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-6–C-7}} The dram apothecaries is equal to {{val|3|u=[[Apothecaries' system|scruples]] (s ap or ℈)}} or {{val|60|u=grains (gr)}},<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-7}} or exactly {{val|3.8879346}} grams.<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-14}}


"Dram" is also used as a measure of the powder charge in a shotgun shell, representing the equivalent of black powder in drams avoirdupois.<ref name="BuzzacottBoyles2008">{{cite book|last1=Buzzacott|first1=Francis H.|last2=Boyles|first2=Denis|title=The Complete Sportsman's Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8zFuPTIbd0C&pg=PA271|access-date=1 July 2012|date=3 August 2008|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-1-59921-330-9|page=271}}</ref>
"Dram" is also used as a measure of the powder charge in a shotgun shell, representing the equivalent of black powder in drams avoirdupois.<ref name="BuzzacottBoyles2008">{{cite book|last1=Buzzacott|first1=Francis H.|last2=Boyles|first2=Denis|title=The Complete Sportsman's Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8zFuPTIbd0C&pg=PA271|access-date=1 July 2012|date=3 August 2008|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-1-59921-330-9|page=271}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


==Unit of volume==
==Unit of volume==
[[File:Whisky tasting glass.jpg|thumb|A 'wee dram']]
[[File:Whisky tasting glass.jpg|thumb|A "wee dram", in Scotland the 35&nbsp;ml measurement.]]


The ''fluid dram'' (or ''fluid drachm'' in British spelling<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1994/2866/schedule/made|title=The Weights and Measures Act 1985 (Metrication) (Amendment) Order 1994 |publisher=www.legislation.gov.uk}}</ref>) is defined as {{frac|8}} of a [[fluid ounce]],<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-5,C-7}} and is exactly equal to:
The ''fluid dram'' (or ''fluid drachm'' in British spelling<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1994/2866/schedule/made|title=The Weights and Measures Act 1985 (Metrication) (Amendment) Order 1994 |publisher=www.legislation.gov.uk}}</ref>) is defined as {{frac|8}} of a [[fluid ounce]],<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-5, C-7}} and is exactly equal to:
* {{val|3.6966911953125|u=[[milliliter|ml]]}} in the [[US customary system]]<!-- [231 × 2.54<sup>3</sup> ÷ 1024]--><ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-5,C-12}}
* {{val|3.6966911953125|u=[[milliliter|ml]]}} in the [[U.S. customary system]]<!-- [231 × 2.54<sup>3</sup> ÷ 1024]--><ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-5, C-12}}
* {{val|3.5516328125|u=ml}} in the [[metric system]]<!-- [4546.09 ÷ (160 × 8)]--><ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-7}}<ref name="UnitsOfMeasurementRegulations1995">{{cite book |author1=United Kingdom |author-link1=United Kingdom |author2=Department of Trade and Industry |author-link2=Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom) |title=The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804/made |access-date=1 July 2012 |year=1995 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-11-053334-6 |oclc=33237616 |at=Schedule: Relevant Imperial Units, Corresponding Metric Units and Metric Equivalents}}</ref>
* {{val|3.5516328125|u=ml}} in the [[Imperial units|British Imperial system]]<!-- [4546.09 ÷ (160 × 8)]--><ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-7}}<ref name="UnitsOfMeasurementRegulations1995">{{cite book |author1=United Kingdom |author-link1=United Kingdom |author2=Department of Trade and Industry |author-link2=Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom) |title=The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804/made |access-date=1 July 2012 |year=1995 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-11-053334-6 |oclc=33237616 |at=Schedule: Relevant Imperial Units, Corresponding Metric Units and Metric Equivalents}}</ref>


A [[teaspoonful]] has been considered equal to one fluid dram for medical prescriptions.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Simpson |editor1-first=John A. |editor1-link=John Simpson (lexicographer) |editor2-last=Weiner |editor2-first=Edmund S.C. |editor2-link=Edmund Weiner |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |title=tea-spoon, ''n''. |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/198423 |access-date=2 July 2012 |edition=2nd |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-861186-8 |oclc=50959346 |quote='''teaspoonful''' ''n''. as much as a tea-spoon will hold; in medical prescriptions taken as equal to 1 fluid-drachm.}} Earlier version first published in ''[[New English Dictionary]]'', 1911.</ref> However, by 1876 the teaspoon had grown considerably larger than it was previously, measuring 80–85 [[Minim (unit)|minims]].<ref name="Eclectic1876">{{cite journal |date=July–December 1876 |title=Domestic Measurement of Medicine |journal=The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art |volume=87 |pages=766–7 |location=New York |publisher=[[Leavitt, Trow, & Co.]] |editor1-first=W. H. |editor1-last=Bidwell |oclc=700637572 |hdl=2027/uc1.b2870858 }}</ref> As there are 60 minims in a fluid dram,<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-5,C-7}} using this equivalent for the dosage of medicine was no longer suitable.<ref name="Eclectic1876" /> Today's US teaspoon is equivalent to exactly 4.92892159375 ml, which is also {{frac|6}} US fluid ounces, {{frac|1|1|3}} US fluid drams,<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-18}} or 80 US minims.<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-5}}
A [[teaspoonful]] has been considered equal to one fluid dram for medical prescriptions.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Simpson |editor1-first=John A. |editor1-link=John Simpson (lexicographer) |editor2-last=Weiner |editor2-first=Edmund S.C. |editor2-link=Edmund Weiner |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |title=tea-spoon, ''n''. |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/198423 |access-date=2 July 2012 |edition=2nd |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-861186-8 |oclc=50959346 |quote='''teaspoonful''' ''n''. as much as a tea-spoon will hold; in medical prescriptions taken as equal to 1 fluid-drachm.}} Earlier version first published in ''[[New English Dictionary]]'', 1911.</ref> However, by 1876 the teaspoon had grown considerably larger than it was previously, measuring 80–85 [[Minim (unit)|minims]].<ref name="Eclectic1876">{{cite journal |date=July–December 1876 |title=Domestic Measurement of Medicine |journal=The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art |volume=87 |pages=766–7 |location=New York |publisher=[[Leavitt, Trow, & Co.]] |editor1-first=W. H. |editor1-last=Bidwell |oclc=700637572 |hdl=2027/uc1.b2870858 }}</ref> As there are 60 minims in a fluid dram,<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-5, C-7}} using this equivalent for the dosage of medicine was no longer suitable.<ref name="Eclectic1876" /> Today's US teaspoon is equivalent to exactly 4.92892159375 ml, which is also {{frac|6}} US fluid ounces, {{frac|1|1|3}} US fluid drams,<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-18}} or 80 US minims.<ref name="NIST" />{{rp|C-5}}


While pharmaceuticals are measured nowadays exclusively in metric units, fluid drams are still used to measure the capacity of [[vial|pill containers]].
While pharmaceuticals are measured nowadays exclusively in metric units, fluid drams are still used to measure the capacity of [[vial|pill containers]].


''Dram'' is used informally to mean a small amount of [[Distilled beverage|spirituous liquor]], especially [[Scotch whisky]].<ref name="OEDdram">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Simpson |editor1-first=John A. |editor1-link=John Simpson (lexicographer) |editor2-last=Weiner |editor2-first=Edmund S.C. |editor2-link=Edmund Weiner |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |title=dram, ''n''. |url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/57471 |access-date=2 July 2012 |edition=2nd |date=1989 <!--online version 2012--> |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-861186-8 |oclc=50959346}} Earlier version first published in ''[[New English Dictionary]]'', 1897.</ref> The unit is referenced by the phrase ''[[dram shop]]'', the US legal term for an establishment that serves alcoholic beverages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ritter |first1=Francis D. |title=Successful Personal Injury Investigation: Master the Techniques of Finding the Facts that Win Cases for Plaintiff Attorneys |date=2000 |publisher=Diverse Publications |location=Oceanside, California |page=804 |edition=First}}</ref>
''Dram'' is used informally to mean a small amount of [[Distilled beverage|liquor]], especially [[Scotch whisky]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why is a measure of whisky called a dram? |url=https://topwhiskies.com/blogs/whisky-blog/why-measure-called-dram |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=TopWhiskies |language=en}}</ref><ref name="OEDdram">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Simpson |editor1-first=John A. |editor1-link=John Simpson (lexicographer) |editor2-last=Weiner |editor2-first=Edmund S.C. |editor2-link=Edmund Weiner |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |title=dram, ''n''. |url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/57471 |access-date=2 July 2012 |edition=2nd |date=1989 <!--online version 2012--> |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-861186-8 |oclc=50959346}} Earlier version first published in ''[[New English Dictionary]]'', 1897.</ref> The unit is referenced by the phrase ''[[dram shop]]'', the U.S. legal term for an establishment that serves alcoholic beverages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ritter |first1=Francis D. |title=Successful Personal Injury Investigation: Master the Techniques of Finding the Facts that Win Cases for Plaintiff Attorneys |date=2000 |publisher=Diverse Publications |location=Oceanside, California |page=804 |edition=First}}</ref>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
The line "Where'd you get your whiskey, where'd you get your dram?" appears in some versions of the traditional pre–Civil War American song "Cindy".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Erbsen|first1=Wayne|title=Front Porch Songs, Jokes & Stories|date=1993|publisher=Native Ground|page=12}}</ref> In the [[Monty Python|Monty Python's]] song "[[Bruces' Philosophers Song|The Bruces' Philosophers Song]]", there is the line "[[Thomas Hobbes|Hobbes]] was fond of his dram". In the old-time music tradition of the United States, there is a tune entitled "Gie the Fiddler a Dram",<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Milliner - Koken Collection of American Fiddle Tunes|url = http://slippery-hill.com/M-K/|publisher = slippery-hill.com|access-date = 15 September 2015|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151008190652/http://slippery-hill.com/M-K/|archive-date = 8 October 2015}}</ref><ref>Brown, John. ''Gie the fiddler a dram.'' Rec. May 1939 by Herbert Halpert. Lib. of Cong.<nowiki> Web. 15 September 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/item/afc9999005.7452>.</nowiki></ref> "gie" being the [[Scots language]] word for "give", brought over by immigrants and commonly used by their descendants in Appalachia at the time of writing.
The line "Where'd you get your whiskey, where'd you get your dram?" appears in some versions of the traditional pre–Civil War American song "Cindy".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Erbsen|first1=Wayne|title=Front Porch Songs, Jokes & Stories|date=1993|publisher=Native Ground|page=12}}</ref> In the [[Monty Python|Monty Python's]] song "[[Bruces' Philosophers Song|The Bruces' Philosophers Song]]", there is the line "[[Thomas Hobbes|Hobbes]] was fond of his dram". In the old-time music tradition of the United States, there is a tune entitled "Gie the Fiddler a Dram",<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Milliner - Koken Collection of American Fiddle Tunes|url = http://slippery-hill.com/M-K/|publisher = slippery-hill.com|access-date = 15 September 2015|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151008190652/http://slippery-hill.com/M-K/|archive-date = 8 October 2015}}</ref><ref>Brown, John. ''Gie the fiddler a dram.'' Rec. May 1939 by Herbert Halpert. Lib. of Cong.<nowiki> Web. 15 September 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/item/afc9999005.7452>.</nowiki></ref> "gie" being the [[Scots language]] word for "give", brought over by immigrants and commonly used by their descendants in Appalachia at the time of writing. "Little Maggie," a traditional song popular in [[bluegrass music]], refers to the title character as having a "dram glass in her hand."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bluegrasslyrics.com/song/little-maggie/ | title=Little Maggie – Bluegrass Lyrics }}</ref>


In the episode "Double Indecency" of the TV series [[Archer (2009 TV series)|''Archer'']], the character Cheryl/Carol was carrying around 10 drams of Vole's blood and even offered to pay for a taxi ride with it.
In the episode "Double Indecency" of the TV series [[Archer (2009 TV series)|''Archer'']], the character Cheryl/Carol was carrying around 10 drams of Vole's blood and even offered to pay for a taxi ride with it.


In [[Frank Herbert]]'s [[Dune (novel)|''Dune'']], the Fremen employ a sophisticated measurement system that involves the drachm (and fractions thereof) to accurately count and economize water, an ultra-precious resource on their home, the desert planet Arrakis.
In [[Frank Herbert]]'s [[Dune (novel)|''Dune'']], the Fremen employ a sophisticated measurement system that involves the drachm (and fractions thereof) to accurately count and economize water, an ultra-precious resource on their home, the desert planet Arrakis.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==
Line 48: Line 51:
{{wiktionary|dram}}
{{wiktionary|dram}}
* [https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/AppC-12-hb44-final.pdf Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement] in [https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/h44-12.cfm ''Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices'']. NIST Handbook 44 (2012 ed.).
* [https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/AppC-12-hb44-final.pdf Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement] in [https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/h44-12.cfm ''Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices'']. NIST Handbook 44 (2012 ed.).
* [http://www.artabase.net/exhibition/2642-ancient-coins-heads-and-tales-from-antique-lands Image] of Ancient Greek silver drachm with flying Pegasus, Acarnania, Leucas, c. 470–450 BCE
* [http://www.artabase.net/exhibition/2642-ancient-coins-heads-and-tales-from-antique-lands Image] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202220649/http://www.artabase.net/exhibition/2642-ancient-coins-heads-and-tales-from-antique-lands |date=2014-12-02 }} of Ancient Greek silver drachm with flying Pegasus, Acarnania, Leucas, c. 470–450 BCE


{{Imperial units}}
{{Imperial units}}

Latest revision as of 03:49, 8 November 2024

For the related unit of currency, see Ancient drachma. For the currency used in Armenia, see Armenian dram. For other uses, see Dram (disambiguation).

The dram (alternative British spelling drachm; apothecary symbol ʒ or ℨ;[a] abbreviated dr)[4][5]: C-6–C-7 [6] is a unit of mass in the avoirdupois system, and both a unit of mass and a unit of volume in the apothecaries' system.[5] It was originally both a coin and a weight in ancient Greece.[7] The unit of volume is more correctly called a fluid dram, fluid drachm, fluidram or fluidrachm (abbreviated fl dr, ƒ 3, or fʒ).[4][5]: C-17 [6][8][9][10]

Ancient unit of mass

[edit]
Ilyria Dyracchium drachm
Silver Drachm from Dyrrhachium, Illyria dated c. 229 BC. Obverse: ΞΕΝΩΝ (Xenon) cow standing right, looking back at calf which it suckles, eagle standing right above; Reverse: DUR PURBA, square containing double stellate pattern, club to left. Size: 20mm; Reference: Ceka 360
  • The Attic Greek drachma (δραχμή) was a weight of 6 obols, 1⁄100 Greek mina, or about 4.37 grams.[11]
  • The Roman drachma was a weight of 1⁄96 Roman pounds, or about 3.41 grams.[12][13]

A coin weighing one drachma is known as a stater, drachm, or drachma. The Ottoman dirhem (Ottoman Turkish: درهم) was based on the Sassanian drachm, which was itself based on the Roman dram/drachm.

British unit of mass

[edit]

The British Weights and Measures Act 1878 introduced verification and consequent stamping of apothecary weights, making them officially recognized units of measurement. By 1900, Britain had enforced the distinction between the avoirdupois and apothecaries' versions by making the spelling different:[14]

  • dram now meant only avoirdupois drams, which were 1⁄16 of an avoirdupois ounce. An ounce consisted of 437.5 grains, thus making the dram approximately 27.34 grains.
  • drachm now meant only apothecaries' drachms, which were 1⁄8 of an apothecaries' ounce of 480 grains, thus equal to 60 grains.

Modern unit of mass

[edit]

In the avoirdupois system, the dram is the mass of 1⁄256 pound or 1⁄16 ounce.[5]: C-6  The dram weighs 27+11⁄32 grains,[5]: C-6  or exactly 1.7718451953125 grams.[5]: C-14 

In the apothecaries' system, which was widely used in the United States until the middle of the 20th century,[15] the dram is the mass of 1⁄96 pounds apothecaries (lb ap), or 1⁄8 ounces apothecaries (oz ap or ℥)[5]: C-7  (the pound apothecaries and ounce apothecaries are equal to the troy pound (lb t), and troy ounce (oz t), respectively).[5]: C-6–C-7  The dram apothecaries is equal to 3 scruples (s ap or ℈) or 60 grains (gr),[5]: C-7  or exactly 3.8879346 grams.[5]: C-14 

"Dram" is also used as a measure of the powder charge in a shotgun shell, representing the equivalent of black powder in drams avoirdupois.[16]

Unit of volume

[edit]
A "wee dram", in Scotland the 35 ml measurement.

The fluid dram (or fluid drachm in British spelling[17]) is defined as 1⁄8 of a fluid ounce,[5]: C-5, C-7  and is exactly equal to:

A teaspoonful has been considered equal to one fluid dram for medical prescriptions.[19] However, by 1876 the teaspoon had grown considerably larger than it was previously, measuring 80–85 minims.[20] As there are 60 minims in a fluid dram,[5]: C-5, C-7  using this equivalent for the dosage of medicine was no longer suitable.[20] Today's US teaspoon is equivalent to exactly 4.92892159375 ml, which is also 1⁄6 US fluid ounces, 1+1⁄3 US fluid drams,[5]: C-18  or 80 US minims.[5]: C-5 

While pharmaceuticals are measured nowadays exclusively in metric units, fluid drams are still used to measure the capacity of pill containers.

Dram is used informally to mean a small amount of liquor, especially Scotch whisky.[21][7] The unit is referenced by the phrase dram shop, the U.S. legal term for an establishment that serves alcoholic beverages.[22]

[edit]

The line "Where'd you get your whiskey, where'd you get your dram?" appears in some versions of the traditional pre–Civil War American song "Cindy".[23] In the Monty Python's song "The Bruces' Philosophers Song", there is the line "Hobbes was fond of his dram". In the old-time music tradition of the United States, there is a tune entitled "Gie the Fiddler a Dram",[24][25] "gie" being the Scots language word for "give", brought over by immigrants and commonly used by their descendants in Appalachia at the time of writing. "Little Maggie," a traditional song popular in bluegrass music, refers to the title character as having a "dram glass in her hand."[26]

In the episode "Double Indecency" of the TV series Archer, the character Cheryl/Carol was carrying around 10 drams of Vole's blood and even offered to pay for a taxi ride with it.

In Frank Herbert's Dune, the Fremen employ a sophisticated measurement system that involves the drachm (and fractions thereof) to accurately count and economize water, an ultra-precious resource on their home, the desert planet Arrakis.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In Unicode, a standard designed to allow symbols from all writing systems to be represented and manipulated by computers, the dram symbol has no dedicated symbol.[1] Typically, the lowercase ezh, or "tailed z", (ʒ) is used,[2] and the Unicode code table entry for ʒ reads "LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH = dram sign".[3] However, the upper-case letter z in Blackletter/Fraktur hand. i.e. ℨ is also seen. Found in Unicode Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block, ℨ is meant to be used in mathematics and phonetics, and is not recommended as an abbreviation for dram.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Unicode: where is the Drachma sign?" typedrawers.com.
  2. ^ William R. Newman et al. "Toward a Proposal for an Alchemy Unicode Plane." 12 August 2008.
  3. ^ "IPA Extensions. Range: 0250–02AF" The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1. 2023.
  4. ^ a b Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmund S.C., eds. (1989). "drachm, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8. OCLC 50959346. Retrieved 2 July 2012. Spelt drachm or dram. Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1897.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement" (PDF). Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices. NIST Handbook. 44 (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. ISSN 0271-4027. OCLC OCLC 58927093. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  6. ^ a b Boyer, Mary Jo (2009). "UNIT 2 Measurement Systems: The Apothecary System". Math for Nurses: A Pocket Guide to Dosage Calculation and Drug Preparation (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 108–9. ISBN 978-0-7817-6335-6. OCLC 181600928. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  7. ^ a b Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmund S.C., eds. (1989). "dram, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8. OCLC 50959346. Retrieved 2 July 2012. Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1897.
  8. ^ Royal College of Physicians of Dublin (1850). "Weights and Measures". The Pharmacopœia of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. p. xlvi. hdl:2027/mdp.39015069402942. OCLC 599509441.
  9. ^ "fluidram". Merriam-Webster online. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. OCLC 44475779. Retrieved 2 July 2012. Definition of FLUIDRAM: variant of fluid dram
  10. ^ Powell, Richard; Royal College of Physicians of London (1809). "Weights, Measures, &c. [measures of liquids sect.]". The Pharmacopœia of the Royal College of Physicians of London, M. DCCC. IX. Pharmacopoeia Londinensis.English (corr. and enl. 2nd ed.). London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. p. 3. hdl:2027/wu.89097444632. OCLC 622876101.
  11. ^ Donald J. Mastronarde (19 March 1993). Introduction to Attic Greek. University of California Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-520-07844-4. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  12. ^ Smith, William (1886). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (3rd American ed.). New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 1062. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  13. ^ Ramsay, William Wardlaw (1883). An elementary manual of Roman antiquities (7th ed.). London: Charles Griffin and Company. p. 206. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  14. ^ "Apothecaries Weights". Retrieved 2016-09-21.
  15. ^ Judson, Lewis V. (March 1976) [October 1963]. "Appendix 8". Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: A brief history (PDF). NBS Special Publication. Vol. 447. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. p. 35. OCLC 610190761. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  16. ^ Buzzacott, Francis H.; Boyles, Denis (3 August 2008). The Complete Sportsman's Encyclopedia. Globe Pequot. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-59921-330-9. Retrieved 1 July 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  17. ^ "The Weights and Measures Act 1985 (Metrication) (Amendment) Order 1994". www.legislation.gov.uk.
  18. ^ United Kingdom; Department of Trade and Industry (1995). The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995. London: HMSO. Schedule: Relevant Imperial Units, Corresponding Metric Units and Metric Equivalents. ISBN 978-0-11-053334-6. OCLC 33237616. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  19. ^ Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmund S.C., eds. (1989). "tea-spoon, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8. OCLC 50959346. Retrieved 2 July 2012. teaspoonful n. as much as a tea-spoon will hold; in medical prescriptions taken as equal to 1 fluid-drachm. Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1911.
  20. ^ a b Bidwell, W. H., ed. (July–December 1876). "Domestic Measurement of Medicine". The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art. 87. New York: Leavitt, Trow, & Co.: 766–7. hdl:2027/uc1.b2870858. OCLC 700637572.
  21. ^ "Why is a measure of whisky called a dram?". TopWhiskies. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
  22. ^ Ritter, Francis D. (2000). Successful Personal Injury Investigation: Master the Techniques of Finding the Facts that Win Cases for Plaintiff Attorneys (First ed.). Oceanside, California: Diverse Publications. p. 804.
  23. ^ Erbsen, Wayne (1993). Front Porch Songs, Jokes & Stories. Native Ground. p. 12.
  24. ^ "The Milliner - Koken Collection of American Fiddle Tunes". slippery-hill.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  25. ^ Brown, John. Gie the fiddler a dram. Rec. May 1939 by Herbert Halpert. Lib. of Cong. Web. 15 September 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/item/afc9999005.7452>.
  26. ^ "Little Maggie – Bluegrass Lyrics".
[edit]
Look up dram in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&oldid=1256087258"