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Coordinates: 48°18′N 89°30′E / 48.300°N 89.500°E / 48.300; 89.500
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{{Short description|Province (aimag) of Mongolia}}
{{Short description|Westernmost Mongolian province}}
{{About|the aimag (province) in Mongolia||Ölgii (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the aimag (province) in Mongolia||Ölgii (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bayan-Ölgii Province
| name = Bayan-Ölgii Province
| native_name = بايان ولگەي ايماعى, Баян-Өлгий аймаг<br>{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠠᠨ}}{{MongolUnicode|ᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠢ}}{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ}}<br>
| native_name = Баян-Өлгий аймаг<br />{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠠᠨ}}{{MongolUnicode|ᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠢ}}{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ}}
| native_name_lang = mn
| native_name_lang = mn
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Mongolia|Province]]
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Mongolia|Province]]
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| government_footnotes =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_title = [[Governor]]
| leader_name = A. Kameliyat<ref>https://bayan-olgii.gov.mn/governor/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes =
| area_footnotes =
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| population_demonym =
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| population_note =
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, by region, aimags and the Capital|url=https://www.1212.mn/en/statistic/statcate/573052/table-view/DT_NSO_0500_007V1
|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2023-12-06|publisher=Mongolian Statistical Information Service|website=www.1212.mn}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = [[Mongolian tögrög |MNT]] 659 billion<br />[[US$]] 0.2 billion (2022)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = MNT 6,035,000<br />US$ 1,932 (2022)
| timezone1 = UTC+7
| timezone1 = UTC+7
| utc_offset1 =
| utc_offset1 =
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| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
'''Bayan-Ölgii''' ({{lang-xal|Байн-Өлгий}}, {{IPA-mn|bajən œlˈɡiː|}}; {{lang-kz| بايان ولگەي ايماعى|Baı-Ölke}}, ''Rich cradle/region'', alternately spelled Olgiy, Ulgii, etc.) is the westernmost of the 21 [[Aimags of Mongolia|aimags]] (provinces) of [[Mongolia]]. The country's only [[Islam in Mongolia|Muslim]] and [[Kazakh people|Kazakh]]-majority aimag, it was established in August 1940. Its capital is [[Ölgii (city)|Ölgii]].
'''Bayan-Ölgii''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|aɪ|ə|n|_|ˈ|oʊ|l|ɡ|i}} {{respell|BY-ən OHL-gee}}){{efn|{{langx|mn|Баян-Өлгий}}, {{IPA|mn|ˈpajɴ ɵɮˈɟiː|IPA}}; {{langx|xal|Байн-Өлгий}}, {{IPA|xal|ˈpajɴ ɵlʲˈɡʲiː|IPA}}; {{langx|kk|Бай-Өлке|Bai-Ölke}}, {{small|[[Kazakh alphabets#Arabic script|arabized]]:}} باي- ٴولكە, {{IPA|kk|ˌb̥aj‿ɵʎˈcʰe|IPA}}; {{lit|Wealthy Region}}}} is the westernmost of the 21 [[Aimags of Mongolia|aimags]] (provinces) of [[Mongolia]]. The country's only [[Islam in Mongolia|Muslim]] and [[Kazakh people|Kazakh]]-majority aimag, it was established in August 1940. Its capital is [[Ölgii (city)|Ölgii]].


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
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The [[Nairamdal Peak]] (also ''Friendship Peak'', Chinese: ''Youyi Feng'') of the [[Altai Tavan Bogd]] (''five saints mountain'') massif mountain marks the corner between the three neighbouring countries. About 2.5&nbsp;km further south on the Mongolian-Chinese border, the [[Khüiten Peak]] is the highest point of Mongolia at a height of 4,374&nbsp;m. The massif includes several glaciers, such as the 19&nbsp;km [[Potanin Glacier]], and is only accessible to experienced climbers with local guidance.
The [[Nairamdal Peak]] (also ''Friendship Peak'', Chinese: ''Youyi Feng'') of the [[Altai Tavan Bogd]] (''five saints mountain'') massif mountain marks the corner between the three neighbouring countries. About 2.5&nbsp;km further south on the Mongolian-Chinese border, the [[Khüiten Peak]] is the highest point of Mongolia at a height of 4,374&nbsp;m. The massif includes several glaciers, such as the 19&nbsp;km [[Potanin Glacier]], and is only accessible to experienced climbers with local guidance.


The [[Khovd River]] (the longest in the western Mongolian [[Great Lakes Depression]]) has its origin in this aimag. It is fed by the three lakes ''Khoton'', ''Khurgan'', and ''Dayan'', and in turn feeds the lake [[Khar-Us Lake]] in the Khovd Aimag. The [[Tolbo Lake]] is a large saline lake about 50&nbsp;km south of the aimag capital. It features clear and cold water on an elevation of 2,080 m.
The [[Khovd River]] (the longest in the western Mongolian [[Great Lakes Depression]]) has its origin in this aimag. It is fed by the three lakes ''Khoton'', ''Khurgan'', and ''Dayan'', and in turn feeds the lake [[Khar-Us Lake|Khar-Us]] in the Khovd Aimag. The [[Tolbo Lake]] is a large saline lake about 50&nbsp;km south of the aimag capital. It features clear and cold water on an elevation of 2,080 m.


== Population ==
== Population ==
Most inhabitants of Bayan-Ölgii are [[Kazakhs]] (93%<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bayan-olgii.gov.mn/pages/introduction |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-01-20 |archive-date=2015-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216165435/http://www.bayan-olgii.gov.mn/pages/introduction |url-status=dead }}</ref>). The rest of the population is composed of [[Altai Uriankhai|Uriankhai]], [[Dörvöd]],<ref>[http://zasag.mn/m/bayanulgii Official website: Main Page]</ref> [[Khalkha]], Tsengel [[Tuvans]], and [[Khoshuud]]. A significant portion of the population speaks [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] as their mother tongue and the [[Mongolian language]] only as a second language, if at all.
Most inhabitants of Bayan-Ölgii are [[Kazakhs]] (93%).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bayan-olgii.gov.mn/pages/introduction |title=Танилцуулга &#124; Баян-Өлгий аймаг |access-date=2016-01-20 |archive-date=2015-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216165435/http://www.bayan-olgii.gov.mn/pages/introduction |url-status=dead }}</ref> The rest of the population is composed of [[Altai Uriankhai|Uriankhai]], [[Dörvöd]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zasag.mn/m/bayanulgii|title=Баян-Өлгий|website=zasag.mn|accessdate=9 April 2023}}</ref> [[Khalkha]], Tsengel [[Tuvans]], and [[Khoshuud]]. A significant portion of the population speaks [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] as their mother tongue and the [[Mongolian language]] only as a second language, if at all.


After democratization, many inhabitants moved to their historical homeland, [[Kazakhstan]], assuming they would find a better future there. The result was a noticeable loss of population in 1991-1993, when approx. 80 thousands were repatriated to Kazakhstan. A noticeable number of former immigrants have been returning, so that the population has risen again.
After democratization, many inhabitants moved to their historical homeland, [[Kazakhstan]], assuming they would find a better future there. The result was a noticeable loss of population in 1991–1993, when approximately 80 thousand repatriated to Kazakhstan. A noticeable number of former immigrants have been returning, so that the population has risen again.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Bayan-Ölgii aimag population <ref name="statoids">{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/umn.html|title=Mongolia Provinces|website=www.statoids.com|accessdate=May 18, 2021}}</ref><ref name="statis">{{cite web |url=http://202.131.5.91/webs/aimags/02/stat_hun_am.htm |title=Statistics office of Bayan-Ölgii aimag |access-date=2007-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623000420/http://202.131.5.91/webs/aimags/02/stat_hun_am.htm |archive-date=2007-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="new">{{cite web|url=http://www.nso.mn/mdg/eng_index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607183346/http://www.nso.mn/mdg/eng_index.htm|url-status=dead|title=МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН ҮНДЭСНИЙ СТАТИСТИКИЙН ХОРОО|archivedate=Jun 7, 2007|website=www.nso.mn|accessdate=May 18, 2021}}</ref><ref name="old">National Economy of the Mongolian People's Republic (1921 - 1981), Ulaanbaatar 1981</ref><ref name="GeoHive">[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/mongolia.aspx GeoHive: Global Statistics]</ref><ref name="prel_report_2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cdoc0x184.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722220135/http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cdoc0x184.doc |archive-date=2011-07-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="prel_report_2009" />
|+ Bayan-Ölgii aimag population<ref name="statoids">{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/umn.html|title=Mongolia Provinces|website=www.statoids.com|accessdate=May 18, 2021}}</ref><ref name="statis">{{cite web |url=http://202.131.5.91/webs/aimags/02/stat_hun_am.htm |title=Statistics office of Bayan-Ölgii aimag |access-date=2007-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623000420/http://202.131.5.91/webs/aimags/02/stat_hun_am.htm |archive-date=2007-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="new">{{cite web|url=http://www.nso.mn/mdg/eng_index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607183346/http://www.nso.mn/mdg/eng_index.htm|url-status=dead|title=МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН ҮНДЭСНИЙ СТАТИСТИКИЙН ХОРОО|archivedate=Jun 7, 2007|website=www.nso.mn|accessdate=May 18, 2021}}</ref><ref name="old">National Economy of the Mongolian People's Republic (1921–1981), Ulaanbaatar 1981</ref><ref name="GeoHive">{{Cite web|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/mongolia.aspx|title=None|accessdate=9 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="prel_report_2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cdoc0x184.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722220135/http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cdoc0x184.doc |archive-date=2011-07-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="prel_report_2009" />
|-
|-
! 1956 <br> census
! 1956 <br /> census
! 1960 <br> est.
! 1960 <br /> est.
! 1963 <br> census
! 1963 <br /> census
! 1969 <br> census
! 1969 <br /> census
! 1975 <br> est.
! 1975 <br /> est.
! 1979 <br> census
! 1979 <br /> census
! 1981 <br> est.
! 1981 <br /> est.
! 1985 <br> est.
! 1985 <br /> est.
! 1989 <br> census
! 1989 <br /> census
! 1991 <br> est.
! 1991 <br /> est.
! 1993 <br> est.
! 1993 <br /> est.
! 1995 <br> est.
! 1995 <br /> est.
! 1998 <br> est.
! 1998 <br /> est.
! 2000 <br> census
! 2000 <br /> census
! 2010 <br> census
! 2010 <br /> census
! 2020 <br> census
! 2020 <br /> census
|-
|-
| 38,800||44,600||47,800|| 58,100|| 66,600|| 71,400|| 74,500||82,400||90,900|| 102,817|| 75,043|| 82,259|| 87,341|| 94,094||88,056||108,530
| 38,800||44,600||47,800|| 58,100|| 66,600|| 71,400|| 74,500||82,400||90,900|| 102,817|| 75,043|| 82,259|| 87,341|| 94,094||88,056||108,530
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The culture of the Kazakh majority is strongly influenced by Islamic traditions. The mosque of Ölgii also houses the Islamic Center of Mongolia. It is placed at an unusual angle within the fabric of the city, because the building was oriented exactly towards [[Mecca]]. There is also a ''[[madrasah]]'' (Islamic school) at the same place.
The culture of the Kazakh majority is strongly influenced by Islamic traditions. The mosque of Ölgii also houses the Islamic Center of Mongolia. It is placed at an unusual angle within the fabric of the city, because the building was oriented exactly towards [[Mecca]]. There is also a ''[[madrasah]]'' (Islamic school) at the same place.


The aimag is famous for the traditional practice of [[hunting with eagles#Kazakhs|hunting with trained eagles]].<ref>Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Contemporary Falconry in Altai-Kazakh in Western Mongolia’''The International Journal of Intangible Heritage (vol.7)'', pp.&nbsp;103–111. [http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=7&manuType=02]</ref><ref>Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘The Art of Horse-Riding Falconry by Altai-Kazakh Falconers’. In ''HERITAGE 2012 (vol.2): Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development'', edited by R. Amoêda, S. Lira, & C. Pinheiro, pp.&nbsp;1499–1506. Porto: Green Line Institute for Sustainable Development, {{ISBN|978-989-95671-8-4}}.</ref><ref>Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Horse-Riding Falconry in Altai-Kazakh Nomadic Society: Anthropological Researches in Summertime Activities of Falconers and Golden Eagle’. ''Japanese Journal of Human and Animal Relation 32'': pp.&nbsp;38–47.</ref><ref>Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Hunting Arts of Eagle Falconers in the Altai-Kazakhs: Contemporary Operations of Horse-Riding Falconry in Sagsai County, Western Mongolia’. ''Japanese Journal of Human and Animal Relation 35'':　pp.&nbsp;58–66.</ref><ref>Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Ethnographic Study of Altaic Kazakh Falconers’, ''Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 41'', pp.&nbsp;10–14. 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151017084620/http://www.mefrg.org/images/falco/falco41.pdf]</ref> The captive eagles work in a similar way as hunting falcons do. While eagles are used for hunting in other parts of the world, particularly [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]], the practice is most common in Bayan-Ölgii, where an estimated 80 percent of the world's eagle hunters live.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discover-bayanolgii.com/eagle-hunters/|title=Eagle Hunters|date=Dec 28, 2012|accessdate=May 18, 2021}}</ref> The annual [[Golden Eagle Festival]] is held in [[Ölgii (city)|Ölgii]] every October to display the skill of eagle hunters, with about 70 hunters participating per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.touristinfocenter.mn/en/cate3_more.aspx?ItemID=14|title=Home Page|website=www.touristinfocenter.mn|accessdate=May 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>Soma, Takuya & Battulga, Sukhee. 2014. 'Altai Kazakh Falconry as Heritage Tourism: “The Golden Eagle Festival” of Western Mongolia', "The International Journal of Intangible Heritage vol. 9", edited by Alissandra Cummins, pp. 135-148. Seoul: The National Folk Museum of Korea. [http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=9&manuType=02]</ref>
The aimag is famous for the traditional practice of [[hunting with eagles#Kazakhs|hunting with trained eagles]].<ref>Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Contemporary Falconry in Altai-Kazakh in Western Mongolia’''The International Journal of Intangible Heritage (vol.7)'', pp.&nbsp;103–111. [http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=7&manuType=02]</ref><ref>Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘The Art of Horse-Riding Falconry by Altai-Kazakh Falconers’. In ''HERITAGE 2012 (vol.2): Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development'', edited by R. Amoêda, S. Lira, & C. Pinheiro, pp.&nbsp;1499–1506. Porto: Green Line Institute for Sustainable Development, {{ISBN|978-989-95671-8-4}}.</ref><ref>Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Horse-Riding Falconry in Altai-Kazakh Nomadic Society: Anthropological Researches in Summertime Activities of Falconers and Golden Eagle’. ''Japanese Journal of Human and Animal Relation 32'': pp.&nbsp;38–47.</ref><ref>Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Hunting Arts of Eagle Falconers in the Altai-Kazakhs: Contemporary Operations of Horse-Riding Falconry in Sagsai County, Western Mongolia’. ''Japanese Journal of Human and Animal Relation 35'':　pp.&nbsp;58–66.</ref><ref>Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Ethnographic Study of Altaic Kazakh Falconers’, ''Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 41'', pp.&nbsp;10–14. 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151017084620/http://www.mefrg.org/images/falco/falco41.pdf]</ref> The captive eagles work in a similar way as hunting falcons do. While eagles are used for hunting in other parts of the world, particularly [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]], the practice is most common in Bayan-Ölgii, where an estimated 80 percent of the world's eagle hunters live.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discover-bayanolgii.com/eagle-hunters/|title=Eagle Hunters|date=Dec 28, 2012|accessdate=May 18, 2021}}</ref> The annual [[Golden Eagle Festival]] is held in [[Ölgii (city)|Ölgii]] every October to display the skill of eagle hunters, with about 70 hunters participating per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.touristinfocenter.mn/en/cate3_more.aspx?ItemID=14|title=Home Page|website=www.touristinfocenter.mn|accessdate=May 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>Soma, Takuya & Battulga, Sukhee. 2014. 'Altai Kazakh Falconry as Heritage Tourism: “The Golden Eagle Festival” of Western Mongolia', "The International Journal of Intangible Heritage vol. 9", edited by Alissandra Cummins, pp. 135–148. Seoul: The National Folk Museum of Korea. [http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=9&manuType=02]</ref>


== Traffic ==
== Traffic ==
The [[Ölgii Airport]] (ULG/ZMUL) has one runway, unpaved until 2011. It offers regular flights to [[Ulaanbaatar]] and irregular flights to [[Ulaangom]] and Moron in Mongolia and [[Almaty]] in [[Kazakhstan]].
The [[Ölgii Airport]] (ULG/ZMUL) has one runway, unpaved until 2011. It offers regular flights to [[Ulaanbaatar]] and irregular flights to [[Ulaangom]] and Mörön in Mongolia and [[Almaty]] in [[Kazakhstan]].


A road connecting to Russia starts in [[Tsagaannuur, Bayan-Ölgii|Tsagaannuur]].
A road connecting to Russia starts in [[Tsagaannuur, Bayan-Ölgii|Tsagaannuur]].
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! Sum
! Sum
! [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
! [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
! Sum<br>population<br>(1985){{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
! Sum<br />population<br />(1985){{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
! Sum<br>population<br>(1994)<ref>http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/oxfamannex1-4.pdf{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
! Sum<br />population<br />(1994)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/oxfamannex1-4.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.reliefweb.int |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103221824/http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/oxfamannex1-4.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
! Sum<br>population<br>(2005)<ref name="statis" />
! Sum<br />population<br />(2005)<ref name="statis" />
! Sum<br>population<br>(2008)<ref name="prel_report_2008" />
! Sum<br />population<br />(2008)<ref name="prel_report_2008" />
! Sum<br>population<br>(2009)<ref name="prel_report_2009">[http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cdoc0x1526.doc Bayan-Ölgii Aimag Statistical Office. Annual Report 2009 (prelim.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722221913/http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cdoc0x1526.doc |date=2011-07-22 }} ''(mong.)''</ref>
! Sum<br />population<br />(2009)<ref name="prel_report_2009">[http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cdoc0x1526.doc Bayan-Ölgii Aimag Statistical Office. Annual Report 2009 (prelim.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722221913/http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cdoc0x1526.doc |date=2011-07-22 }} ''(mong.)''</ref>
! Sum<br>centre<br>population<br>(2009)<ref name="prel_report_2009" />
! Sum<br />centre<br />population<br />(2009)<ref name="prel_report_2009" />
! Area<br>(km²)<ref name="Stat2008">[http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cpdf0x365.pdf Bayan-Ölgii Aimag Annual Statistical Report 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722221251/http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cpdf0x365.pdf |date=July 22, 2011 }}</ref>
! Area<br />(km²)<ref name="Stat2008">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cpdf0x365.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722221251/http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cpdf0x365.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Bayan-Ölgii Aimag Annual Statistical Report 2008|archive-date=22 July 2011|accessdate=9 April 2023}}</ref>
! Density<br>(/km²)
! Density<br />(/km²)
! Distance<br>from<br>
! Distance<br />from<br />
Ölgii<br>city(km)
Ölgii<br />city(km)
|-
|-
| [[Altai, Bayan-Ölgii|Altai]] || {{lang|mn|Алтай}}||3,400 ||3,237 ||3,914||3,659||3,811||973||3,163.56 ||1.20 ||112
| [[Altai, Bayan-Ölgii|Altai]] || {{lang|mn|Алтай}}||3,400 ||3,237 ||3,914||3,659||3,811||973||3,163.56 ||1.20 ||112
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|}
|}


<sup>*</sup> - [[Tsagaannuur, Bayan-Ölgii|Tsagaannuur]] including
<sup>*</sup> – [[Tsagaannuur, Bayan-Ölgii|Tsagaannuur]] including


== Governors ==
== Governors ==
{{col-begin}}{{col-3}}
{{col-begin}}{{col-3}}
First secretaries
First secretaries
# Şımşırulı Noğay {{lang-kz|Шымшырұлы Ноғай}} (1940-1942)
# Şymşyrūly Noğai ({{langx|kk|Шымшырұлы Ноғай}}; 1940–1942)
# Düzelbayulı Jeñishan {{lang-kz|Дүзелбайұлы Жеңісхан}} (1942)
# Düzelbaiūly Jeñıshan ({{langx|kk|Дүзелбайұлы Жеңісхан}}; 1942)
# Ş.Vançinhüü arslan {{lang-mn|Ш.Ванчинхүү арслан}} (1943)
# Ş. Vançinhű Arslan ({{langx|mn|Ш. Ванчинхүү арслан}}; 1943)
# Mälikulı Qaşqınbay {{lang-kz|Мәлікұлы Қашқынбай}} (1943-1952)
# Mälıkūly Qaşqynbai ({{langx|kk|Мәлікұлы Қашқынбай}}; 1943–1952)
# Muhamädïulı Qurmanhan {{lang-kz|Мұхамәдиұлы Құрманхан}} (1952-1953)
# Mūhamädiūly Qūrmanhan ({{langx|kk|Мұхамәдиұлы Құрманхан}}; 1952–1953)
# Juwanğanulı Rım {{lang-kz|Жуанғанұлы Рым}} (1953-1954)
# Juanğanūly Rym ({{langx|kk|Жуанғанұлы Рым}}; 1953–1954)
# Mälikulı Qaşqınbay {{lang-kz|Мәлікұлы Қашқынбай}} (1954-1957)
# Mälıkūly Qaşqynbai ({{langx|kk|Мәлікұлы Қашқынбай}}; 1954–1957)
# Qamatjanulı Musahan {{lang-kz|Қаматжанұлы Мұсахан}} (1958-1962)
# Qamatjanūly Mūsahan ({{langx|kk|Қаматжанұлы Мұсахан}}; 1958–1962)
# B.Dulamragçaa {{lang-mn|Б.Дуламрагчаа}} (1962-1966)
# B. Dulamragçá ({{langx|mn|Б. Дуламрагчаа}}; 1962–1966)
# B.Dejid {{lang-mn|Б.Дэжид}} (1966-1970)
# B. Dejid ({{langx|mn|Б.Дэжид}}; 1966–1970)
# Ya,Jigjid {{lang-mn|Я.Жигжид}} (1970-1976)
# Ya Jigjid ({{langx|mn|Я. Жигжид}}; 1970–1976)
# L.Hürlee {{lang-mn|Л.Хүрлээ}} (1976-1980)
# L. Hürlé ({{langx|mn|Л. Хүрлээ}}; 1976–1980)
# Bayatazaulı Qurmetbek {{lang-kz|Байтазаұлы Құрметбек}} (1980-199)
# Baitazaūly Qūrmetbek ({{langx|kk|Байтазаұлы Құрметбек}}; 1980–1999)
{{col-3}}
{{col-3}}
Chairmen of executive committee
Chairmen of executive committee
# Bäjiulı Qabï {{lang-kz|Бәжіұлы Қаби}} (1940-1942)
# Bäjıūly Qabi ({{langx|kk|Бәжіұлы Қаби}}; 1940–1942)
# A.Begzjav {{lang-mn|А.Бэгзжав}} (1942-1943)
# A. Begzjav ({{langx|mn|А. Бэгзжав}}; 1942–1943)
# Düzelbayulı Jeñizhan {{lang-kz|Дүзелбайұлы Жеңісхан}} (1943-1950)
# Düzelbaiūly Jeñıshan ({{langx|kk|Дүзелбайұлы Жеңісхан}}; 1943–1950)
# Muhamädïulı Qurmanhan {{lang-kz|Мұхамәдиұлы Құрманхан}} (1950-1952)
# Mūhamädiūly Qūrmanham ({{langx|kk|Мұхамәдиұлы Құрманхан}}; 1950–1952)
# Ç.Şagdar {{lang-mn|Ч.Шагдар}} (1952-1953)
# Ç. Şagdar ({{langx|mn|Ч. Шагдар}}; 1952–1953)
# Muhamädïulı Qurmanhan {{lang-kz|Мұхамәдиұлы Құрманхан}} (1954-1955)
# Mūhamädiūly Qūrmanham ({{langx|kk|Мұхамәдиұлы Құрманхан}}; 1954–1955)
# Şäbiulı Qabdıl {{lang-kz|Шәбіұлы Қабдыл}} (1955-1958)
# Şäbıūly Qabdyl ({{langx|kk|Шәбіұлы Қабдыл}}; 1955–1958)
# Juwanğanulı Rım {{lang-kz|Жуанғанұлы Рым}} (1959-1970)
# Juanğanūly Rym ({{langx|kk|Жуанғанұлы Рым}}; 1959–1970)
# Asqanbayulı Saray {{lang-kz|Асқанбайұлы Сарай}} (1970-1978)
# Asqanbaiūly Sarai ({{langx|kk|Асқанбайұлы Сарай}}; 1970–1978)
# Qusbekulı Qızırhan {{lang-kz|Құсбекұлы Қызырхан}} (1978-1989)
# Qūsbekūly Qyzyrhan ({{langx|kk|Құсбекұлы Қызырхан}}; 1978–1989)
# T.Davaajav {{lang-mn|Т.Даваажав}} (1989-1990)
# T. Davájav ({{langx|mn|Т. Даваажав}}; 1989–1990)
{{col-3}}
{{col-3}}
After 1991
After 1991
# Küntuwğanulı Mïzamhan {{lang-kz|Күнтуғанұлы Мизамхан}} (1990-1996)
# Küntuğanūly Mizamhan ({{langx|kk|Күнтуғанұлы Мизамхан}}; 1990–1996)
# Qadırulı Meyram {{lang-kz|Қадырұлы Мейрам}} (1996-2000)
# Qadyrūly Meiram ({{langx|kk|Қадырұлы Мейрам}}; 1996–2000)
# Qabdısilämulı Bädelhan {{lang-kz|Қабдысіләмұлы Бәделхан}} (2000-2004)
# Qabdysılämūly Bädelhan ({{langx|kk|Қабдысіләмұлы Бәделхан}}; 2000–2004)
# Omarulı Ğabsattar {{lang-kz|Омарұлы Ғабсаттар}} (2004-2007) ({{lang-mn|Омарын Хабсатар}}
# Omarūly Ğabsattar ({{langx|kk|Омарұлы Ғабсаттар}}; 2004–2007)
# Säkeyulı Qabıl {{lang-kz|Сәкейұлы Қабыл}}(2007-2012)
# Säkeiūly Qabyl ({{langx|kk|Сәкейұлы Қабыл}}; 2007–2012)
# Quzkeyulı Därmen {{lang-kz|Құзкейұлы Дәрмен}} (2012-2016)
# Qūzkeiūly Därmen ({{langx|kk|Құзкейұлы Дәрмен}}; 2012–2016)
# Ayıpulı Ğılımhan {{lang-kz|Айыпұлы Ғылымхан}} (2016-2020) ({{lang-mn|Айпын Гылымхан}}
# Aiypūly Ğylymhan ({{langx|kk|Айыпұлы Ғылымхан}}; 2016–2020)
# Dalelūly Bauyrjan ({{langx|kk|Далелұлы Бауыржан}}; 2020-2023)
# Ahmediaūly Kameliat ({{langx|kk|Ахмедияұлы Камелият}}; 2023-present)
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


== References ==
== References ==
Line 229: Line 240:


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://SayatTravel.com/ Bayan-Olgiy guides website]
*[http://discover-bayanolgii.com/ Bayan-Olgii Tourism Website]
*[http://discover-bayanolgii.com/ Bayan-Olgii Tourism Website]
*[http://www.ulgii.wordpress.com Bayan-Ulgii blog]
*[http://www.ulgii.wordpress.com Bayan-Ulgii blog]

Revision as of 10:43, 8 November 2024

This article is about the aimag (province) in Mongolia. For other uses, see Ölgii (disambiguation).
Bayan-Ölgii Province
Баян-Өлгий аймаг
ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠠᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠢᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ
Province
Ölgii
Ölgii
Flag of Bayan-Ölgii Province
Flag
Coat of arms of Bayan-Ölgii Province
Coat of arms
Coordinates: 48°18′N 89°30′E / 48.300°N 89.500°E / 48.300; 89.500
CountryMongolia
Established1939
CapitalÖlgii
Government
 • GovernorA. Kameliyat[1]
Area
 • Total
45,704.89 km2 (17,646.76 sq mi)
Elevation
1,710 m (5,610 ft)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
108,530
 • Density2.4/km2 (6.2/sq mi)
GDP
[2]
 • TotalMNT 659 billion
US$ 0.2 billion (2022)
 • Per capitaMNT 6,035,000
US$ 1,932 (2022)
Time zoneUTC+7
Area code+976 (0)142
ISO 3166 codeMN-071
Vehicle registrationБӨ_
Websitewww.bayan-olgii.gov.mn

Bayan-Ölgii (/ˈbaɪən ˈoʊlɡi/ BY-ən OHL-gee)[a] is the westernmost of the 21 aimags (provinces) of Mongolia. The country's only Muslim and Kazakh-majority aimag, it was established in August 1940. Its capital is Ölgii.

Geography

The aimag is located in the extreme west of the country, and shares borders with both Russia and China. The border between the two neighbouring countries is very short here, though, and ends after about 40 km at the eastern end of Kazakhstan. Within Mongolia, the neighbouring aimags are Uvs in the north east and Khovd in the south east.

Lake Tolbo

Bayan-Ölgii is the highest Mongolian aimag. For the most part it is located in the Mongolian Altay, at the transition point to the Russian Altay. About 10% of the territory is covered by forests, consisting primarily of Siberian Larch.

The Nairamdal Peak (also Friendship Peak, Chinese: Youyi Feng) of the Altai Tavan Bogd (five saints mountain) massif mountain marks the corner between the three neighbouring countries. About 2.5 km further south on the Mongolian-Chinese border, the Khüiten Peak is the highest point of Mongolia at a height of 4,374 m. The massif includes several glaciers, such as the 19 km Potanin Glacier, and is only accessible to experienced climbers with local guidance.

The Khovd River (the longest in the western Mongolian Great Lakes Depression) has its origin in this aimag. It is fed by the three lakes Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan, and in turn feeds the lake Khar-Us in the Khovd Aimag. The Tolbo Lake is a large saline lake about 50 km south of the aimag capital. It features clear and cold water on an elevation of 2,080 m.

Population

Most inhabitants of Bayan-Ölgii are Kazakhs (93%).[3] The rest of the population is composed of Uriankhai, Dörvöd,[4] Khalkha, Tsengel Tuvans, and Khoshuud. A significant portion of the population speaks Kazakh as their mother tongue and the Mongolian language only as a second language, if at all.

After democratization, many inhabitants moved to their historical homeland, Kazakhstan, assuming they would find a better future there. The result was a noticeable loss of population in 1991–1993, when approximately 80 thousand repatriated to Kazakhstan. A noticeable number of former immigrants have been returning, so that the population has risen again.[citation needed]

Bayan-Ölgii aimag population[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
1956
census 		1960
est. 		1963
census 		1969
census 		1975
est. 		1979
census 		1981
est. 		1985
est. 		1989
census 		1991
est. 		1993
est. 		1995
est. 		1998
est. 		2000
census 		2010
census 		2020
census
38,800 44,600 47,800 58,100 66,600 71,400 74,500 82,400 90,900 102,817 75,043 82,259 87,341 94,094 88,056 108,530

Culture

Landscape in Bayan-Ölgii Province.
Further information: Islam in Mongolia

The culture of the Kazakh majority is strongly influenced by Islamic traditions. The mosque of Ölgii also houses the Islamic Center of Mongolia. It is placed at an unusual angle within the fabric of the city, because the building was oriented exactly towards Mecca. There is also a madrasah (Islamic school) at the same place.

The aimag is famous for the traditional practice of hunting with trained eagles.[12][13][14][15][16] The captive eagles work in a similar way as hunting falcons do. While eagles are used for hunting in other parts of the world, particularly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the practice is most common in Bayan-Ölgii, where an estimated 80 percent of the world's eagle hunters live.[17] The annual Golden Eagle Festival is held in Ölgii every October to display the skill of eagle hunters, with about 70 hunters participating per year.[18][19]

Traffic

The Ölgii Airport (ULG/ZMUL) has one runway, unpaved until 2011. It offers regular flights to Ulaanbaatar and irregular flights to Ulaangom and Mörön in Mongolia and Almaty in Kazakhstan.

A road connecting to Russia starts in Tsagaannuur.

The border with China is open only for a short time in the summer.

National parks

The Altai Tavan Bogd National Park covers 6,362 km² and is located south of the highest mountain of Mongolia. It includes the lakes Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan. The protected area offers a home for many species of alpine animal, such as the Argali sheep, Ibex, Red deer, Beech marten, Moose, Snow cock, and Golden eagle.

The Khökh Serkhiin Nuruu Protected Area (659 km²) and the Siilkhemiin Nuruu National Park (1,428 km²) are of similar character.

The Develiin Aral Natural Reserve (103 km²) is established around Develiin Island at the confluence of the rivers Lsan Khooloi and Khovd. Since 2000 it has provided protection for various birds and animals including pheasants, boars, and beavers.

The Tsambagarav Uul National Park includes 1,115 km² of land around the glaciers near the Khovd aimag and protects the snow leopards living there, among others.

Administrative subdivisions

Sums of Bayan-Ölgii
The Sums of Bayan-Ölgii aimag
Sum Mongolian Sum
population
(1985)[citation needed] 		Sum
population
(1994)[20] 		Sum
population
(2005)[6] 		Sum
population
(2008)[10] 		Sum
population
(2009)[11] 		Sum
centre
population
(2009)[11] 		Area
(km²)[21] 		Density
(/km²) 		Distance
from

Ölgii
city(km)

Altai Алтай 3,400 3,237 3,914 3,659 3,811 973 3,163.56 1.20 112
Altantsögts Алтанцөгц 3,300 3,038 3,038 3,114 3,080 826 1,786.10 1.72 43
Bayannuur Баяннуур 4,800 4,507 5,320 5,012 5,033 1,784 2,339.50 2.15 126
Bugat Бугат 3,300 2,777 3,604 3,741 3,642 1,161 2,049.10 1.78 6
Bulgan Булган 5,000 5,115 5,901 5,827 5,528 944 4,977.33 1.11 294
Buyant Буянт 2,300 2,546 3,002 2,683 2,514 653 1,845.67 1.36 72
Delüün Дэлүүн 6,600 6,782 8,183 7,078 7,133 1,642 5,594.99 1.27 158
Nogoonnuur Ногооннуур 7,500 * 6,331 6,539 6,566 6,375 2,165 5,221.94 * 1.22 * 92
Ölgii Өлгий 24,000 21,569 28,248 28,496 28,448 28,448 100.92 281.89 0
Sagsai Сагсай 4,100 3,746 5,185 5,174 5,089 1,375 3,139.99 1.62 27
Tolbo Толбо 4,100 3,746 4,260 4,076 4,136 1,067 2,974.69 1.39 76
Tsagaannuur Цагааннуур - 1,878 1,528 1,452 1,473 1,473 - - 69
Tsengel Цэнгэл 6,700 6,539 8,364 8,305 8,348 2,028 6,463.17 1.29 79
Ulaankhus Улаанхус 7,300 6,807 8,672 8,748 8,407 1,480 6,047.93 1.39 46

* – Tsagaannuur including

Governors

Notes

  1. ^ Mongolian: Баян-Өлгий, IPA: [ˈpajɴ ɵɮˈɟiː]; Oirat: Байн-Өлгий, IPA: [ˈpajɴ ɵlʲˈɡʲiː]; Kazakh: Бай-Өлке, romanized: Bai-Ölke, arabized: باي- ٴولكە, IPA: [ˌb̥aj‿ɵʎˈcʰe]; lit. 'Wealthy Region'

References

  1. ^ https://bayan-olgii.gov.mn/governor/ [bare URL]
  2. ^ "GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, by region, aimags and the Capital". www.1212.mn. Mongolian Statistical Information Service. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  3. ^ "Танилцуулга | Баян-Өлгий аймаг". Archived from the original on 2015-12-16. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
  4. ^ "Баян-Өлгий". zasag.mn. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  5. ^ "Mongolia Provinces". www.statoids.com. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Statistics office of Bayan-Ölgii aimag". Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  7. ^ "МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН ҮНДЭСНИЙ СТАТИСТИКИЙН ХОРОО". www.nso.mn. Archived from the original on Jun 7, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  8. ^ National Economy of the Mongolian People's Republic (1921–1981), Ulaanbaatar 1981
  9. ^ "None". Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  10. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-01-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ a b c Bayan-Ölgii Aimag Statistical Office. Annual Report 2009 (prelim.) Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine (mong.)
  12. ^ Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Contemporary Falconry in Altai-Kazakh in Western Mongolia’The International Journal of Intangible Heritage (vol.7), pp. 103–111. [1]
  13. ^ Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘The Art of Horse-Riding Falconry by Altai-Kazakh Falconers’. In HERITAGE 2012 (vol.2): Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development, edited by R. Amoêda, S. Lira, & C. Pinheiro, pp. 1499–1506. Porto: Green Line Institute for Sustainable Development, ISBN 978-989-95671-8-4.
  14. ^ Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Horse-Riding Falconry in Altai-Kazakh Nomadic Society: Anthropological Researches in Summertime Activities of Falconers and Golden Eagle’. Japanese Journal of Human and Animal Relation 32: pp. 38–47.
  15. ^ Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Hunting Arts of Eagle Falconers in the Altai-Kazakhs: Contemporary Operations of Horse-Riding Falconry in Sagsai County, Western Mongolia’. Japanese Journal of Human and Animal Relation 35:　pp. 58–66.
  16. ^ Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Ethnographic Study of Altaic Kazakh Falconers’, Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 41, pp. 10–14. 2013. [2]
  17. ^ "Eagle Hunters". Dec 28, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  18. ^ "Home Page". www.touristinfocenter.mn. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  19. ^ Soma, Takuya & Battulga, Sukhee. 2014. 'Altai Kazakh Falconry as Heritage Tourism: “The Golden Eagle Festival” of Western Mongolia', "The International Journal of Intangible Heritage vol. 9", edited by Alissandra Cummins, pp. 135–148. Seoul: The National Folk Museum of Korea. [3]
  20. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.reliefweb.int. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2005. Retrieved 30 June 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ^ "Bayan-Ölgii Aimag Annual Statistical Report 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2023.

Further reading

  • Soma, Takuya & Battulga, Sukhee. 2014. 'Altai Kazakh Falconry as Heritage Tourism: “The Golden Eagle Festival” of Western Mongolia', "The International Journal of Intangible Heritage vol. 9", edited by Alissandra Cummins, pp. 135–148. Seoul: The National Folk Museum of Korea. [4]　
  • Soma, Takuya. 2014. 'Current Situation and Issues of Transhumant Animal Herding in Sagsai County, Bayan Ulgii Province, Western Mongolia', E-journal GEO 9(1): pp. 102–119. [5]
  • Soma, Takuya. 2015. Human and Raptor Interactions in the Context of a Nomadic Society: Anthropological and Ethno-Ornithological Studies of Altaic Kazakh Falconry and its Cultural Sustainability in Western Mongolia. University of Kassel Press, Kassel (Germany) ISBN 978-3-86219-565-7.
  • 相馬拓也 2014 「モンゴル西部バヤン・ウルギー県サグサイ村における移動牧畜の現状と課題」『E-Journal GEO vol. 9 (no. 1) 』: pp. 102–189. [6]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ölgii.
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