Peter Grünberg: Difference between revisions

Peter Grünberg
Peter Grünberg
	Grünberg in 2009
Born	Peter Andreas Grünberg; 18 May 1939; Plzeň, Bohemia and Moravia
Died	7 April 2018 (aged 78); Jülich, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Alma mater	Technische Universität Darmstadt
Known for	Discovery of giant magnetoresistance
Awards	International Prize for New Materials (1994); German Future Prize (1998); Stern-Gerlach Medal (2006); European Inventor Award (2006); Wolf Prize in Physics (2006); Japan Prize (2007); Nobel Prize in Physics (2007); Friendship Award (China) (2016);
	Scientific career
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Carleton University; Forschungszentrum Jülich; University of Cologne; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST); Tohoku University; Argonne National Laboratories;
Doctoral advisor	Stefan Hüfner

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Peter Andreas Grünberg (German: [ˈpeːtɐ ˈɡʁyːnbɛʁk] ^ⓘ; 18 May 1939 – 7 April 2018^[1]^[2]^[3]) was a German physicist, and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his discovery with Albert Fert of giant magnetoresistance which brought about a breakthrough in gigabyte hard disk drives.^[4]

Life and career

Grünberg was born in Plzeň, Czechoslovakia, which at the time was known as Pilsen in the German-occupied Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (now the Czech Republic) to the Sudeten German^[5] family of Anna and Feodor A. Grünberg.^[6] They first lived in Dýšina^[7]^[8] to the east of Plzeň. Grünberg was a Catholic.^[9]

After the war, the family was interned; the parents were brought to a camp. His father, a Russia-born engineer who since 1928 had worked for Škoda, died on 27 November 1945 in Czech imprisonment and is buried in a mass grave in Plzeň which is also inscribed with Grünberg Theodor † 27. November 1945.^[10] His mother Anna (who died in 2002 aged 100)^[11] had to work in agriculture and stayed with her parents in the Petermann^[12] house in Untersekerschan^[13] (Dolní Sekyřany), where her children (Peter's sister was born in 1937) were brought later. The remaining Grünberg family, like almost all Germans, was expelled from Czechoslovakia in 1946. Seven-year-old Peter came to Lauterbach, Hesse where he attended gymnasium.^[14]

Grünberg received his intermediate diploma in 1962 from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt. He then attended the Technische Universität Darmstadt, where he received his BSc diploma in physics in 1966 and his Ph.D. in 1969. While there, he met and married his wife, Helma Prauser, who became a schoolteacher.^[15] From 1969 to 1972, he did postdoctoral work at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada.^[16] He later joined the Institute for Solid State Physics at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany, where he became a leading researcher in the field of thin film and multilayer magnetism until his retirement in 2004.^[14]

In 1984–1985 he served as visiting scientist at Argonne National Laboratories, Lemont, Illinois, USA. From 1984 to 1992 he had Habilitation process and was a lecturer (Junior Professor), and since 1992 till 2004 a Tenured Professor (ausserplanmässiger Professor) at the University of Cologne, Germany. He was also a visiting professor at the Tohoku University at Sendai-shi, Miyagi-ken, Japan from 1998 till 2004.

In 2007, Grünberg was awarded Honorary Doctorate from the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, in 2008 Honorary Doctorate from the Saarland University, and from Gebze Institute of Technology, and in 2009 from the University of Athens.^[16]

Important work

In 1986 he discovered the antiparallel exchange coupling between ferromagnetic layers separated by a thin non-ferromagnetic layer, and in 1988 he discovered the giant magnetoresistive effect (GMR).^[17] GMR was simultaneously and independently discovered by Albert Fert from the Université de Paris Sud. It has been used extensively in read heads of modern hard drives. Another application of the GMR effect is non-volatile, magnetic random access memory.

Apart from the Nobel Prize, work also has been rewarded with shared prizes in the APS International Prize for New Materials, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Magnetism Award, the Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize, the Wolf Prize in Physics and the 2007 Japan Prize. He won the German Future Prize for Technology and Innovation in 1998 and was named European Inventor of the Year^[18] in the category "Universities and research institutions" by the European Patent Office and European Commission in 2006.

Honors and awards

American Physical Society's International Prize for New Materials (1994)
International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) Magnetism Award (1994)
Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize (1997) with Albert Fert and Stuart Parkin
German Future Prize for Technology and Innovation (1998)
Max Planck Society Member (2003).
Germany Physical Society's Stern-Gerlach Medal (2006)
European Inventor of the Year (2006)
Wolf Prize in Physics (2006)
Japan Prize (2007)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2007)
Friendship Award (China) (2016)

Selected publications

DE 3820475 "Magnetfeldsensor mit ferromagnetischer, dünner Schicht" filed on 16.06.1988
US 4949039 "Magnetic field sensor with ferromagnetic thin layers having magnetically antiparallel polarized components"
Suzuki, Y.; Katayama, T.; Takanashi, K.; Schreiber, R.; Grünberg, P.; Tanaka, K. (1997). "The magneto-optical effect of Cr(001) wedged ultrathin films grown on Fe(001)". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 165 (1–3). Elsevier BV: 134–136. Bibcode:1997JMMM..165..134S. doi:10.1016/s0304-8853(96)00488-x. ISSN 0304-8853.
Grünberg, P.; Wolf, J.A.; Schäfer, R. (1996). "Long-range exchange interactions in epitaxial layered magnetic structures". Physica B: Condensed Matter. 221 (1–4). Elsevier BV: 357–365. Bibcode:1996PhyB..221..357G. doi:10.1016/0921-4526(95)00949-3. ISSN 0921-4526.
M. Schäfer, Q. Leng, R. Schreiber, K. Takanashi, P. Grünberg, W. Zinn. 1995. "Experiments on Interlayer Exchange Coupling" (invited at 5th NEC Symp., Karuizawa, Japan). J. of Mat. Sci. and Eng. . B31, 17.
Fert, A.; Grünberg, P.; Barthélémy, A.; Petroff, F.; Zinn, W. (1995). "Layered magnetic structures: interlayer exchange coupling and giant magnetoresistance". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 140–144. Elsevier BV: 1–8. Bibcode:1995JMMM..140....1F. doi:10.1016/0304-8853(94)00880-9. ISSN 0304-8853.
Grünberg, P. A.; Fuss, A.; Leng, Q.; Schreiber, R.; Wolf, J. A. (1993). "Interlayer Coupling and its Relation to Growth and Structure". Magnetism and Structure in Systems of Reduced Dimension. NATO ASI Series. Vol. 309. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 87–100. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1519-1_9. ISBN 978-1-4899-1521-4. ISSN 0258-1221.
Fuß, A.; Demokritov, S.; Grünberg, P.; Zinn, W. (1992). "Short- and long period oscillations in the exchange coupling of Fe across epitaxially grown Al- and Au-interlayers". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 103 (3). Elsevier BV: L221–L227. Bibcode:1992JMMM..103L.221F. doi:10.1016/0304-8853(92)90192-q. ISSN 0304-8853.
Binasch, G.; Grünberg, P.; Saurenbach, F.; Zinn, W. (1989). "Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange". Physical Review B. 39 (7): 4828–4830. Bibcode:1989PhRvB..39.4828B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.39.4828. PMID 9948867.
Grünberg, P.; Schreiber, R.; Pang, Y.; Brodsky, M. B.; Sowers, H. (10 November 1986). "Layered Magnetic Structures: Evidence for Antiferromagnetic Coupling of Fe Layers across Cr Interlayers". Physical Review Letters. 57 (19). American Physical Society (APS): 2442–2445. Bibcode:1986PhRvL..57.2442G. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.57.2442. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10033726.

References

^ "Forschungszentrum Jülich – GMR – Curriculum Vitae Peter A. Grünberg". www.fz-juelich.de. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
^ "Noted German physicist Peter Grünberg dies | DW". Deutsche Welle. 2018-04-09. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
^ Peter Grünberg RIP
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
^ 1939 wurde ich im damals von Hitler annektierten Pilsen, heute Tschechien, als Sudetendeutscher geboren. Gleich nach Kriegsende, mit dem Einmarsch der Alliierten-Truppen, wurden alle Deutschen, so auch meine Familie, interniert. Meine Eltern kamen in ein Lager: Mein Vater Feodor ist im Lager geblieben, meine Mutter Anna dann zur Feldarbeit in das Dorf meiner Großeltern gekommen. Wir Kinder sind anfangs zu meiner tschechischen Tante gebracht worden, später zu meiner Mutter. 1946 bin ich nach Lauterbach in Hessen ausgesiedelt und dort eingeschult worden. Meinen Vater habe ich nicht mehr gesehen, er ist im Internierungslager gestorben. — interview at "Glauben Sie an Gott?". Archived from the original on 2007-11-30. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
^ Curriculum Vitae Peter A. Grünberg — Peter Andreas Grünberg, born on 18 May 1939 in Pilsen (now Czech Republic), parents: Dipl.-Ing. Feodor A. Grünberg and Anna Grünberg. CVV at fz-juelich.de Archived 2007-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Heimatkreis Mies-Pilsen e. V". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^ Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft, „Kreisgruppe Hochtaunus“,20.11.2007 [1]
^ Glauben Sie, Professor Grünberg, als Naturwissenschaftler an Gott? — Peter Grünberg: Ja, natürlich. Ich bin streng katholisch aufgewachsen und denke, einiges dabei gewonnen zu haben. Aber ich halte es mit Lessings Ringparabel. Welcher der drei Ringe ist der echte? – Grünberg states he believes in God, was raised strictly Catholic, and adheres to Lessing's Ring Parable in an interview with Gerhard Ertl and Peter Grünberg at cicero.de Archived 2007-11-30 at the Wayback Machine
^ Grünberg Theodor † 27. November 1945, westboehmen.de
^ "Nobelpreisträger Grünberg aus Pilsen". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^ Photo 2, westboehmen.de
^ Photo 1, westboehmen.de
^ ^a ^b "Curriculum Vitae". Forschungszentrum Jülich. Archived from the original on 2007-12-15. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
^ Overbye, Dennis (13 April 2018). "Peter Grünberg, 78, Winner of an 'iPod Nobel,' Is Dead". The New York Times. p. A25. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Grünberg, Peter, 1939–". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
^ G. Binasch; P. Grünberg; F. Saurenbach; W. Zinn (1989). "Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange". Phys. Rev. B. 39 (7): 4828–4830. Bibcode:1989PhRvB..39.4828B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.39.4828. PMID 9948867.
^ "European Inventor of the Year 2006 in the category Universities and research institutions: Peter Grünberg (Jülich Research Centre, Germany)". 2006. Retrieved 10 April 2018.

External links

Peter Grünberg webpage at Forschungszentrum Jülich
List of selected papers
Peter Grünberg on Nobelprize.org

[1] "Forschungszentrum Jülich – GMR – Curriculum Vitae Peter A. Grünberg". www.fz-juelich.de. Retrieved 2019-10-23.

[2] "Noted German physicist Peter Grünberg dies | DW". Deutsche Welle. 2018-04-09. Retrieved 2018-04-09.

[3] Peter Grünberg RIP

[4] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-10-09.

[5] 1939 wurde ich im damals von Hitler annektierten Pilsen, heute Tschechien, als Sudetendeutscher geboren. Gleich nach Kriegsende, mit dem Einmarsch der Alliierten-Truppen, wurden alle Deutschen, so auch meine Familie, interniert. Meine Eltern kamen in ein Lager: Mein Vater Feodor ist im Lager geblieben, meine Mutter Anna dann zur Feldarbeit in das Dorf meiner Großeltern gekommen. Wir Kinder sind anfangs zu meiner tschechischen Tante gebracht worden, später zu meiner Mutter. 1946 bin ich nach Lauterbach in Hessen ausgesiedelt und dort eingeschult worden. Meinen Vater habe ich nicht mehr gesehen, er ist im Internierungslager gestorben. — interview at "Glauben Sie an Gott?". Archived from the original on 2007-11-30. Retrieved 2008-06-05.

[6] Curriculum Vitae Peter A. Grünberg — Peter Andreas Grünberg, born on 18 May 1939 in Pilsen (now Czech Republic), parents: Dipl.-Ing. Feodor A. Grünberg and Anna Grünberg. CVV at fz-juelich.de Archived 2007-12-15 at the Wayback Machine

[7] "Heimatkreis Mies-Pilsen e. V". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-01-08.

[8] Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft, „Kreisgruppe Hochtaunus“,20.11.2007 [1]

[9] Glauben Sie, Professor Grünberg, als Naturwissenschaftler an Gott? — Peter Grünberg: Ja, natürlich. Ich bin streng katholisch aufgewachsen und denke, einiges dabei gewonnen zu haben. Aber ich halte es mit Lessings Ringparabel. Welcher der drei Ringe ist der echte? – Grünberg states he believes in God, was raised strictly Catholic, and adheres to Lessing's Ring Parable in an interview with Gerhard Ertl and Peter Grünberg at cicero.de Archived 2007-11-30 at the Wayback Machine

[10] Grünberg Theodor † 27. November 1945, westboehmen.de

[11] "Nobelpreisträger Grünberg aus Pilsen". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-01-08.

[12] Photo 2, westboehmen.de

[13] Photo 1, westboehmen.de

[cv-14] "Curriculum Vitae". Forschungszentrum Jülich. Archived from the original on 2007-12-15. Retrieved 2007-10-09.

[15] Overbye, Dennis (13 April 2018). "Peter Grünberg, 78, Winner of an 'iPod Nobel,' Is Dead". The New York Times. p. A25. Retrieved 16 April 2018.

[:0-16] "Grünberg, Peter, 1939–". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2021-01-19.

[17] G. Binasch; P. Grünberg; F. Saurenbach; W. Zinn (1989). "Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange". Phys. Rev. B. 39 (7): 4828–4830. Bibcode:1989PhRvB..39.4828B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.39.4828. PMID 9948867.

[18] "European Inventor of the Year 2006 in the category Universities and research institutions: Peter Grünberg (Jülich Research Centre, Germany)". 2006. Retrieved 10 April 2018.

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+{{short description|German physicist (1939–2018)}}
 {{Infobox scientist
-| name              = Peter Grünberg
 | image             = Peter Gruenberg 01.jpg
-| image_size        = 200px
 | caption           = Grünberg in 2009
 | birth_name        = Peter Andreas Grünberg
-| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1939|05|18|df=y}}
+| birth_date        = {{birth date|df=y|1939|5|18}}
-| birth_place       = [[Plzeň|Pilsen]], [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]
+| birth_place       = [[Plzeň]], [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]]
-| death_date        = {{Death date and age|2018|04|07|1939|05|18|df=y}}
+| death_date        = {{death date and age|df=y|2018|4|7|1939|5|18}}
-| death_place       = [[Jülich]], [[Germany]]
+| death_place       = [[Jülich]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Germany
-| nationality       = [[Germany]]
+| known_for         = Discovery of [[giant magnetoresistance]]
+| awards            = {{ubl|[[International Prize for New Materials]] (1994)|[[German Future Prize]] (1998)|[[Stern-Gerlach Medal]] (2006)|[[European Inventor Award]] (2006)|[[Wolf Prize in Physics]] (2006)|[[Japan Prize]] (2007)|[[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (2007)|[[Friendship Award (China)]] (2016)}}
-| field             = [[Physics]]
+| fields            = [[Physics]]
-| work_institution  = [[Carleton University]]<br />[[Forschungszentrum Jülich]]<br />[[University of Cologne]]<br />[[Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology]] (GIST)<br />[[Tohoku University]]<br />[[Argonne National Laboratories]]
+| work_institution  = {{ubl|[[Carleton University]]|[[Forschungszentrum Jülich]]|[[University of Cologne]]|[[Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology]] (GIST)|[[Tohoku University]]|[[Argonne National Laboratories]]}}
 | alma_mater        = [[Technische Universität Darmstadt]]
-| doctoral_advisor  = [[Stefan Hüfner]]
+| doctoral_advisor  = [[Stefan Hüfner (Physicist)|Stefan Hüfner]]
-| doctoral_students =
-| known_for         = [[Giant magnetoresistive effect]]
-| prizes            = [[International Prize for New Materials]] (1994)<br />[[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]] Magnetism Award (1994)<br />[[German Future Prize]] (1998)<br />[[Stern-Gerlach Medal]] (2006)<br />[[European Inventor of the Year]] (2006)<br />[[Wolf Prize in Physics]] (2006)<br />[[Japan Prize]] (2007)<br />[[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (2007)  [[Friendship Award (China)]] 2016
-| footnotes         =
 }}
+'''Peter Andreas Grünberg''' ({{IPA|de|ˈpeːtɐ ˈɡʁyːnbɛʁk|lang|De-Peter Grünberg.ogg}}; 18 May 1939&nbsp;– 7 April 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/EN/Research/ITBrain/GMR/cv_guenberg.html|title=Forschungszentrum Jülich – GMR – Curriculum Vitae Peter A. Grünberg|website=www.fz-juelich.de|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.dw.com/en/noted-german-physicist-peter-gr%25C3%25BCnberg-dies/a-43314689 |title= Noted German physicist Peter Grünberg dies {{!}} DW |date= 2018-04-09 |website= Deutsche Welle |language= en |access-date= 2018-04-09}}</ref><ref>[http://www.patheos.com/blogs/danpeterson/2018/04/peter-grunberg-rip.html Peter Grünberg RIP]</ref>) was a German [[physicist]], and [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] [[Nobel Prize laureate|laureate]] for his discovery with [[Albert Fert]] of [[giant magnetoresistance]] which brought about a breakthrough in [[gigabyte]] [[hard disk drive]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2007/index.html| title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007 | access-date=2007-10-09 |publisher=The Nobel Foundation}}</ref>
-'''Peter Andreas Grünberg''' (18 May 1939&nbsp;– 7 April 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/EN/Research/ITBrain/GMR/cv_guenberg.html|title=Forschungszentrum Jülich - GMR - Curriculum Vitae Peter A. Grünberg|website=www.fz-juelich.de|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.dw.com/en/noted-german-physicist-peter-gr%25C3%25BCnberg-dies/a-43314689 |title= Noted German physicist Peter Grünberg dies {{!}} DW |date= 2018-04-09 |website= Deutsche Welle |language= en |access-date= 2018-04-09}}</ref><ref>[http://www.patheos.com/blogs/danpeterson/2018/04/peter-grunberg-rip.html Peter Grünberg RIP]</ref>) was a [[Germany|German]] [[physicist]], and [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] [[Nobel Prize laureate|laureate]] for his discovery with [[Albert Fert]] of [[giant magnetoresistance]] which brought about a breakthrough in [[gigabyte]] [[hard disk drive]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2007/index.html| title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007 | access-date=2007-10-09 |publisher=The Nobel Foundation}}</ref>
 ==Life and career==
-Grünberg was born in [[Plzeň|Pilsen]], [[Bohemia]]—which at the time was in the German-occupied [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] (now the [[Czech Republic]])—to the [[Sudeten German]]<ref>''1939 wurde ich im damals von Hitler annektierten Pilsen, heute Tschechien, als Sudetendeutscher geboren. Gleich nach Kriegsende, mit dem Einmarsch der Alliierten-Truppen, wurden alle Deutschen, so auch meine Familie, interniert. Meine Eltern kamen in ein Lager: Mein Vater Feodor ist im Lager geblieben, meine Mutter Anna dann zur Feldarbeit in das Dorf meiner Großeltern gekommen. Wir Kinder sind anfangs zu meiner tschechischen Tante gebracht worden, später zu meiner Mutter. 1946 bin ich nach Lauterbach in Hessen ausgesiedelt und dort eingeschult worden. Meinen Vater habe ich nicht mehr gesehen, er ist im Internierungslager gestorben.''&nbsp;— interview at {{cite web |url=http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-06-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130213538/http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 |archive-date=2007-11-30 }}</ref> family of Anna and Feodor A. Grünberg<ref>Curriculum Vitae Peter A. Grünberg&nbsp;— Peter Andreas Grünberg, born on 18 May 1939 in Pilsen (now Czech Republic), parents: Dipl.-Ing. Feodor A. Grünberg and Anna Grünberg. [http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/index.php?index=1191 CVV at fz-juelich.de] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215154942/http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/index.php?index=1191 |date=2007-12-15 }}</ref> which first lived in [[Dysina]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mies-pilsen.de/gruenberg.htm |title=Heimatkreis Mies-Pilsen e. V |access-date=2008-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230102/http://www.mies-pilsen.de/gruenberg.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[[Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft]], „Kreisgruppe Hochtaunus“,20.11.2007 [http://www.sl-hochtaunus.de/Nobelpreis/nobelpreis.html]</ref> (Dýšina) to the east of Pilsen. Grünberg was a [[Catholic]].<ref>''Glauben Sie, Professor Grünberg, als Naturwissenschaftler an Gott?''&nbsp;— Peter Grünberg: ''Ja, natürlich. Ich bin streng katholisch aufgewachsen und denke, einiges dabei gewonnen zu haben. Aber ich halte es mit Lessings Ringparabel. Welcher der drei Ringe ist der echte?'' &ndash;  Grünberg states he believes in God, was raised strictly Catholic, and adheres to Lessing's [[Ring Parable]] in an interview with [[Gerhard Ertl]] and Peter Grünberg at [http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 cicero.de] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130213538/http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 |date=2007-11-30 }}</ref>
+Grünberg was born in [[Plzeň]], [[Czechoslovakia]], which at the time was known as Pilsen in the German-occupied [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] (now the [[Czech Republic]]) to the [[Sudeten German]]<ref>''1939 wurde ich im damals von Hitler annektierten Pilsen, heute Tschechien, als Sudetendeutscher geboren. Gleich nach Kriegsende, mit dem Einmarsch der Alliierten-Truppen, wurden alle Deutschen, so auch meine Familie, interniert. Meine Eltern kamen in ein Lager: Mein Vater Feodor ist im Lager geblieben, meine Mutter Anna dann zur Feldarbeit in das Dorf meiner Großeltern gekommen. Wir Kinder sind anfangs zu meiner tschechischen Tante gebracht worden, später zu meiner Mutter. 1946 bin ich nach Lauterbach in Hessen ausgesiedelt und dort eingeschult worden. Meinen Vater habe ich nicht mehr gesehen, er ist im Internierungslager gestorben.''&nbsp;— interview at {{cite web |title=Glauben Sie an Gott? |url=http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130213538/http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 |archive-date=2007-11-30 |access-date=2008-06-05}}</ref> family of Anna and Feodor A. Grünberg.<ref>Curriculum Vitae Peter A. Grünberg&nbsp;— Peter Andreas Grünberg, born on 18 May 1939 in Pilsen (now Czech Republic), parents: Dipl.-Ing. Feodor A. Grünberg and Anna Grünberg. [http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/index.php?index=1191 CVV at fz-juelich.de] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215154942/http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/index.php?index=1191 |date=2007-12-15}}</ref> They first lived in [[Dýšina]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mies-pilsen.de/gruenberg.htm |title=Heimatkreis Mies-Pilsen e. V |access-date=2008-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230102/http://www.mies-pilsen.de/gruenberg.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[[Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft]], „Kreisgruppe Hochtaunus“,20.11.2007 [http://www.sl-hochtaunus.de/Nobelpreis/nobelpreis.html]</ref> to the east of Plzeň. Grünberg was a [[Catholic]].<ref>''Glauben Sie, Professor Grünberg, als Naturwissenschaftler an Gott?''&nbsp;— Peter Grünberg: ''Ja, natürlich. Ich bin streng katholisch aufgewachsen und denke, einiges dabei gewonnen zu haben. Aber ich halte es mit Lessings Ringparabel. Welcher der drei Ringe ist der echte?'' –  Grünberg states he believes in God, was raised strictly Catholic, and adheres to Lessing's [[Ring Parable]] in an interview with [[Gerhard Ertl]] and Peter Grünberg at [http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 cicero.de] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130213538/http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 |date=2007-11-30 }}</ref>
-After the war, the family was interned; the parents were brought to a camp. His father, a [[Russian Empire|Russia]]-born engineer who since 1928 had worked for Škoda, died on 27 November 1945 in Czech imprisonment and is buried in a mass grave in Pilsen which is also inscribed with ''Grünberg Theodor † 27.&nbsp;November 1945''.<ref>''Grünberg Theodor † 27.&nbsp;November 1945'', [http://www.westboehmen.de/tafel_pilsen.jpg westboehmen.de]</ref> His mother Anna (who died in 2002 aged 100)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mies-pilsen.de/gruenberg.htm |title=Nobelpreisträger Grünberg aus Pilsen |access-date=2008-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230102/http://www.mies-pilsen.de/gruenberg.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> had to work in agriculture and stayed with her parents in the Petermann<ref>Photo 2, [http://www.westboehmen.de/untersekerschan2.jpg westboehmen.de]</ref> house in Untersekerschan<ref>Photo 1, [http://www.westboehmen.de/untersekerschan.jpg westboehmen.de]</ref> (Dolní Sekyřany), where her children (Peter's sister was born in 1937) were brought later. The remaining Grünberg family, like almost all Germans, was [[Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia|expelled from Czechoslovakia]] in 1946. Seven-year-old Peter came to [[Lauterbach, Hesse]] where he attended [[Gymnasium (Germany)|gymnasium]].<ref name="cv">{{cite web|url=http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/index.php?index=1191|title=Curriculum Vitae|access-date=2007-10-09|publisher=Forschungszentrum Jülich|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215154942/http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/index.php?index=1191|archive-date=2007-12-15}}</ref>
+After the war, the family was interned; the parents were brought to a camp. His father, a [[Russian Empire|Russia]]-born engineer who since 1928 had worked for Škoda, died on 27 November 1945 in Czech imprisonment and is buried in a mass grave in Plzeň which is also inscribed with ''Grünberg Theodor † 27.&nbsp;November 1945''.<ref>''Grünberg Theodor † 27.&nbsp;November 1945'', [http://www.westboehmen.de/tafel_pilsen.jpg westboehmen.de]</ref> His mother Anna (who died in 2002 aged 100)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mies-pilsen.de/gruenberg.htm |title=Nobelpreisträger Grünberg aus Pilsen |access-date=2008-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230102/http://www.mies-pilsen.de/gruenberg.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> had to work in agriculture and stayed with her parents in the Petermann<ref>Photo 2, [http://www.westboehmen.de/untersekerschan2.jpg westboehmen.de]</ref> house in Untersekerschan<ref>Photo 1, [http://www.westboehmen.de/untersekerschan.jpg westboehmen.de]</ref> (Dolní Sekyřany), where her children (Peter's sister was born in 1937) were brought later. The remaining Grünberg family, like almost all Germans, was [[Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia|expelled from Czechoslovakia]] in 1946. Seven-year-old Peter came to [[Lauterbach, Hesse]] where he attended [[Gymnasium (Germany)|gymnasium]].<ref name="cv">{{cite web|url=http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/index.php?index=1191|title=Curriculum Vitae|access-date=2007-10-09|publisher=Forschungszentrum Jülich|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215154942/http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/index.php?index=1191|archive-date=2007-12-15}}</ref>
-Grünberg received his intermediate diploma in 1962 from the [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe University]] in [[Frankfurt]]. He then attended the [[Darmstadt University of Technology|Technische Universität Darmstadt]], where he received his BSc diploma in physics in 1966 and his Ph.D. in 1969. While there, he met and married his wife, Helma Prauser, who became a schoolteacher.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Overbye|first1=Dennis|author-link1=Dennis Overbye|title=Peter Grünberg, 78, Winner of an 'iPod Nobel,' Is Dead|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/12/obituaries/peter-grunberg-winner-of-an-ipod-nobel-dies-at-78.html|access-date=16 April 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 April 2018|page=A25}}</ref> From 1969 to 1972, he did postdoctoral work at [[Carleton University]] in [[Ottawa]], Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Grünberg, Peter, 1939-|url=https://history.aip.org/phn/11710007.html|access-date=2021-01-19|website=history.aip.org}}</ref> He later joined the Institute for Solid State Physics at [[Forschungszentrum Jülich]], [[Jülich]], Germany, where he became a leading researcher in the field of thin film and multilayer magnetism until his retirement in 2004.<ref name="cv" />
+Grünberg received his intermediate diploma in 1962 from the [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe University]] in [[Frankfurt]]. He then attended the [[Darmstadt University of Technology|Technische Universität Darmstadt]], where he received his BSc diploma in physics in 1966 and his Ph.D. in 1969. While there, he met and married his wife, Helma Prauser, who became a schoolteacher.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Overbye|first1=Dennis|author-link1=Dennis Overbye|title=Peter Grünberg, 78, Winner of an 'iPod Nobel,' Is Dead|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/12/obituaries/peter-grunberg-winner-of-an-ipod-nobel-dies-at-78.html|access-date=16 April 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 April 2018|page=A25}}</ref> From 1969 to 1972, he did postdoctoral work at [[Carleton University]] in [[Ottawa]], Canada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Grünberg, Peter, 1939–|url=https://history.aip.org/phn/11710007.html|access-date=2021-01-19|website=history.aip.org}}</ref> He later joined the Institute for Solid State Physics at [[Forschungszentrum Jülich]], [[Jülich]], Germany, where he became a leading researcher in the field of thin film and multilayer magnetism until his retirement in 2004.<ref name="cv" />
-In 1984-1985 he served as Visiting Scientist at [[Argonne National Laboratories]], [[Lemont, Illinois|Lemont]], [[Illinois]], USA. From 1984 to 1992 he had [[Habilitation]] process and was a lecturer (Junior Professor), and since 1992 till 2004 a Tenured Professor (ausserplanmässiger Professor) at the [[University of Cologne]], Germany. He was also a Visiting Professor at the [[Tohoku University]] at [[Sendai-shi]], [[Miyagi-ken]], Japanf from 1998 till 2004.
+In 1984–1985 he served as visiting scientist at [[Argonne National Laboratories]], [[Lemont, Illinois|Lemont]], [[Illinois]], USA. From 1984 to 1992 he had [[Habilitation]] process and was a lecturer (Junior Professor), and since 1992 till 2004 a Tenured Professor (ausserplanmässiger Professor) at the [[University of Cologne]], Germany. He was also a visiting professor at the [[Tohoku University]] at [[Sendai-shi]], [[Miyagi-ken]], Japan from 1998 till 2004.
 In 2007, Grünberg was awarded Honorary Doctorate from the [[RWTH Aachen University]], Aachen, Germany, in 2008 Honorary Doctorate from the [[Saarland University]], and from [[Gebze Institute of Technology]], and in 2009 from the [[University of Athens]].<ref name=":0" />
 ==Important work==
-In 1986 he discovered the antiparallel exchange coupling between [[ferromagnetic]] layers separated by a thin non-ferromagnetic layer, and in 1988 he discovered the [[Giant magnetoresistance|giant magnetoresistive effect]] (GMR).<ref>{{cite journal |author1=G. Binasch |author2=P. Grünberg |author3=F. Saurenbach |author4=W. Zinn | title=Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange | journal=Phys. Rev. B |year=1989 | volume=39 | issue=7 | pages=4828–4830 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.39.4828 |pmid=9948867 |bibcode = 1989PhRvB..39.4828B |doi-access=free }}</ref> GMR was simultaneously and independently discovered by [[Albert Fert]] from the [[University of Paris-Sud|Université de Paris Sud]]. It has been used extensively in read heads of modern [[hard drives]]. Another application of the GMR effect is non-volatile, [[MRAM|magnetic random access memory]].
+In 1986 he discovered the antiparallel exchange coupling between [[ferromagnetic]] layers separated by a thin non-ferromagnetic layer, and in 1988 he discovered the [[Giant magnetoresistance|giant magnetoresistive effect]] (GMR).<ref>{{cite journal |author1=G. Binasch |author2=P. Grünberg |author3=F. Saurenbach |author4=W. Zinn | title=Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange | journal=Phys. Rev. B |year=1989 | volume=39 | issue=7 | pages=4828–4830 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.39.4828 |pmid=9948867 |bibcode = 1989PhRvB..39.4828B |doi-access=free }}</ref> GMR was simultaneously and independently discovered by [[Albert Fert]] from the [[University of Paris-Sud|Université de Paris Sud]]. It has been used extensively in read heads of modern [[hard drives]]. Another application of the GMR effect is non-volatile, [[Magnetoresistive RAM|magnetic random access memory]].
-Apart from the Nobel Prize, Grünberg's work also has been rewarded with shared prizes in the APS [[International Prize for New Materials]], the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Magnetism Award, the Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize, the [[Wolf Prize in Physics]] and the 2007 [[Japan Prize]]. He won the [[German Future Prize]] for Technology and Innovation in 1998 and was named [[European Inventor of the Year]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/learning-events/european-inventor/finalists/2006/Gruenberg.html|title=European Inventor of the Year 2006 in the category Universities and research institutions: Peter Grünberg (Jülich Research Centre, Germany)|date=2006 |access-date= 10 April 2018 }}</ref> in the category "Universities and research institutions" by the [[European Patent Office]] and [[European Commission]] in 2006.
+Apart from the Nobel Prize,  work also has been rewarded with shared prizes in the APS [[International Prize for New Materials]], the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Magnetism Award, the Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize, the [[Wolf Prize in Physics]] and the 2007 [[Japan Prize]]. He won the [[German Future Prize]] for Technology and Innovation in 1998 and was named [[European Inventor of the Year]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/learning-events/european-inventor/finalists/2006/Gruenberg.html|title=European Inventor of the Year 2006 in the category Universities and research institutions: Peter Grünberg (Jülich Research Centre, Germany)|date=2006 |access-date= 10 April 2018 }}</ref> in the category "Universities and research institutions" by the [[European Patent Office]] and [[European Commission]] in 2006.
 == Honors and awards ==
 * [[American Physical Society]]'s [[International Prize for New Materials]] (1994)
 * [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics|International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP)]] Magnetism Award (1994)
-* [[Hewlett-Packard]] Europhysics Prize (1997) with Albert Fert and [[Stuart Parkin]]
+* [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[EPS Europhysics Prize|Europhysics Prize]] (1997) with [[Albert Fert]] and [[Stuart Parkin]]
 * [[German Future Prize]] for Technology and Innovation (1998)
 * [[Max Planck Society]] Member (2003).
 * [[German Physical Society|Germany Physical Society]]'s [[Stern-Gerlach Medal]] (2006)
 * [[European Inventor of the Year]] (2006)
-* [[Wolf Prize in Physics]] (2007)
+* [[Wolf Prize in Physics]] (2006)
 * [[Japan Prize]] (2007)
 * [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (2007)
@@ Line 53: / Line 47: @@
 ==Selected publications==
-[[File:Peter Grünberg playing guitar.jpg|thumb|130px|Peter Grünberg playing guitar during his speech.]]
+[[File:Peter Grünberg playing guitar.jpg|thumb|130px|Peter Grünberg playing guitar during his speech]]
 {{refbegin}}
 * {{Patent|DE|3820475|"Magnetfeldsensor mit ferromagnetischer, dünner Schicht" filed on 16.06.1988}}
 * {{Patent|US|4949039|"Magnetic field sensor with ferromagnetic thin layers having magnetically antiparallel polarized components"}}
-* Grünberg, Peter, Y. Suzuki, T. Katayama, K. Takanashi, R. Schreiber, K. Tanaka. 1997. "The magneto-optical effect of Cr(001) wedged ultrathin films grown on Fe(001)". ''JMMM ''. 165, 134.
+* {{cite journal | last1=Suzuki | first1=Y. | last2=Katayama | first2=T. | last3=Takanashi | first3=K. | last4=Schreiber | first4=R. | last5=Grünberg | first5=P. | last6=Tanaka | first6=K. | title=The magneto-optical effect of Cr(001) wedged ultrathin films grown on Fe(001) | journal=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=165 | issue=1–3 | year=1997 | issn=0304-8853 | doi=10.1016/s0304-8853(96)00488-x | pages=134–136| bibcode=1997JMMM..165..134S }}
+* {{cite journal | last1=Grünberg | first1=P. | last2=Wolf | first2=J.A. | last3=Schäfer | first3=R. | title=Long-range exchange interactions in epitaxial layered magnetic structures | journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=221 | issue=1–4 | year=1996 | issn=0921-4526 | doi=10.1016/0921-4526(95)00949-3 | pages=357–365| bibcode=1996PhyB..221..357G }}
-* P. Grünberg, J.A. Wolf, R.Schäfer. 1996. "Long Range Exchange Interactions in Epitaxial Layered Magnetic Structures". ''Physica B'' 221, 357.
 * M. Schäfer, Q. Leng, R. Schreiber, K. Takanashi, P. Grünberg, W. Zinn. 1995. "Experiments on Interlayer Exchange Coupling" (invited at 5th NEC Symp., Karuizawa, Japan). ''J. of Mat. Sci. and Eng. ''. B31, 17.
-* A. Fert, P. Grünberg, A. Barthelemy, F. Petroff, W. Zinn (invited at ICM in Warsaw, 1994). 1995. "Layered magnetic structures: interlayer exchange coupling and giant magnetoresistance". ''JMMM''. 140–144, 1.
+* {{cite journal | last1=Fert | first1=A. | last2=Grünberg | first2=P. | last3=Barthélémy | first3=A. | last4=Petroff | first4=F. | last5=Zinn | first5=W. | title=Layered magnetic structures: interlayer exchange coupling and giant magnetoresistance | journal=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=140–144 | year=1995 | issn=0304-8853 | doi=10.1016/0304-8853(94)00880-9 | pages=1–8| bibcode=1995JMMM..140....1F }}
-* P. Grünberg, A. Fuß, Q. Leng, R. Schreiber, J.A. Wolf. 1993. "Interlayer Coupling and its Relation to Growth and Structure". ''Proc. of NATO workshop on "Magnetism and Structure in Systems of Reduced Dimension", ed. by R.F.C. Farrow et al., NATO ASI Series B: Physics Vol. 309, p.&nbsp;87, Plenum Press, N.Y. 1993''.
+* {{cite book | last1=Grünberg | first1=P. A. | last2=Fuss | first2=A. | last3=Leng | first3=Q. | last4=Schreiber | first4=R. | last5=Wolf | first5=J. A. | series=NATO ASI Series | volume=309 | pages=87–100 | title=Magnetism and Structure in Systems of Reduced Dimension | chapter=Interlayer Coupling and its Relation to Growth and Structure | publisher=Springer US | publication-place=Boston, MA | year=1993 | isbn=978-1-4899-1521-4 | issn=0258-1221 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-1519-1_9}}
-* A. Fuß, S. Demokritov, P. Grünberg, W. Zinn. 1992. "Short- and long period oscillations in the exchange coupling of Fe across epitaxially grown Al- and Au-interlayers". ''JMMM''. 103, L211.
+* {{cite journal | last1=Fuß | first1=A. | last2=Demokritov | first2=S. | last3=Grünberg | first3=P. | last4=Zinn | first4=W. | title=Short- and long period oscillations in the exchange coupling of Fe across epitaxially grown Al- and Au-interlayers | journal=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=103 | issue=3 | year=1992 | issn=0304-8853 | doi=10.1016/0304-8853(92)90192-q | pages=L221–L227| bibcode=1992JMMM..103L.221F }}
-* {{Cite journal | last1 = Binasch | first1 = G. | last2 = Grünberg | first2 = P. | last3 = Saurenbach | first3 = F. | last4 = Zinn | first4 = W. | title = Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.39.4828 | journal = Physical Review B | volume = 39 | issue = 7 | pages = 4828 | year = 1989 | pmid =  9948867|bibcode = 1989PhRvB..39.4828B | doi-access = free }}
+* {{Cite journal | last1 = Binasch | first1 = G. | last2 = Grünberg | first2 = P. | last3 = Saurenbach | first3 = F. | last4 = Zinn | first4 = W. | title = Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.39.4828 | journal = Physical Review B | volume = 39 | issue = 7 | pages = 4828–4830 | year = 1989 | pmid =  9948867|bibcode = 1989PhRvB..39.4828B | doi-access = free }}
-* P. Grünberg, R. Schreiber, Y. Pang, M.B. Brodsky, H. Sowers. 1986. "Layered Magnetic Structures: Evidence for antiferromagnetic coupling of Fe-layers across Cr-interlayers". ''Physical Review Letters''. 57, 2442.
+* {{cite journal | last1=Grünberg | first1=P. | last2=Schreiber | first2=R. | last3=Pang | first3=Y. | last4=Brodsky | first4=M. B. | last5=Sowers | first5=H. | title=Layered Magnetic Structures: Evidence for Antiferromagnetic Coupling of Fe Layers across Cr Interlayers | journal=Physical Review Letters | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=57 | issue=19 | date=10 November 1986 | issn=0031-9007 | doi=10.1103/physrevlett.57.2442 | pages=2442–2445| pmid=10033726 | bibcode=1986PhRvL..57.2442G | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233851 }}
 {{refend}}
 ==References==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist}}
 == External links ==
-{{Commons cat|Peter Grünberg}}
+{{Commons category|Peter Grünberg}}
 * [http://www.fz-juelich.de/pgi/EN/UeberUns/AboutPeterGruenberg/artikel.html Peter Grünberg webpage] at [[Forschungszentrum Jülich]]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011054452/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Peter_Grunberg_Paper List of selected papers]
@@ Line 78: / Line 72: @@
 {{2007 Nobel Prize winners}}
 {{Nobel Prize in Physics}}
+{{Japan Prize}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 86: / Line 81: @@
 [[Category:German Roman Catholics]]
 [[Category:Sudeten German people]]
-[[Category:German physicists]]
+[[Category:20th-century German physicists]]
 [[Category:German Nobel laureates]]
 [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
@@ Line 96: / Line 91: @@
 [[Category:European Inventor Award winners]]
 [[Category:Technische Universität Darmstadt alumni]]
-[[Category:Technische Universität Darmstadt faculty]]
+[[Category:Academic staff of Technische Universität Darmstadt]]
+[[Category:21st-century German physicists]]
+[[Category:Jülich Research Centre]]

v t e Laureates of the Wolf Prize in Physics
1970s	Chien-Shiung Wu (1978) George Uhlenbeck / Giuseppe Occhialini (1979)
1980s	Michael Fisher / Leo Kadanoff / Kenneth G. Wilson (1980) Freeman Dyson / Gerardus 't Hooft / Victor Weisskopf (1981) Leon M. Lederman / Martin Lewis Perl (1982) Erwin Hahn / Peter Hirsch / Theodore Maiman (1983–84) Conyers Herring / Philippe Nozières (1984–85) Mitchell Feigenbaum / Albert J. Libchaber (1986) Herbert Friedman / Bruno Rossi / Riccardo Giacconi (1987) Roger Penrose / Stephen Hawking (1988)
1990s	Pierre-Gilles de Gennes / David J. Thouless (1990) Maurice Goldhaber / Valentine Telegdi (1991) Joseph H. Taylor Jr. (1992) Benoît Mandelbrot (1993) Vitaly Ginzburg / Yoichiro Nambu (1994–95) John Wheeler (1996–97) Yakir Aharonov / Michael Berry (1998) Dan Shechtman (1999)
2000s	Raymond Davis Jr. / Masatoshi Koshiba (2000) Bertrand Halperin / Anthony Leggett (2002–03) Robert Brout / François Englert / Peter Higgs (2004) Daniel Kleppner (2005) Albert Fert / Peter Grünberg (2006–07)
2010s	John F. Clauser / Alain Aspect / Anton Zeilinger (2010) Maximilian Haider / Harald Rose / Knut Urban (2011) Jacob Bekenstein (2012) Peter Zoller / Juan Ignacio Cirac (2013) James D. Bjorken / Robert P. Kirshner (2015) Yoseph Imry (2016) Michel Mayor / Didier Queloz (2017) Charles H. Bennett / Gilles Brassard (2018)
2020s	Rafi Bistritzer / Pablo Jarillo-Herrero / Allan H. MacDonald (2020) Giorgio Parisi (2021) Anne L'Huillier / Paul Corkum / Ferenc Krausz (2022) Martin Rees (2024)
Agriculture Arts Chemistry Mathematics Medicine Physics

v t e 2007 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry	Gerhard Ertl (Germany)
Literature (2007)	Doris Lessing (Zimbabwe/United Kingdom)
Peace (2007)	Al Gore (United States) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Physics	Albert Fert (France) Peter Grünberg (Germany)
Physiology or Medicine	Mario Capecchi (United States) Martin Evans (United Kingdom) Oliver Smithies (United States)
Economic Sciences	Leonid Hurwicz (Poland/United States) Eric Maskin (United States) Roger Myerson (United States)
Nobel Prize recipients 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics
1901–1925	1901: Röntgen 1902: Lorentz / Zeeman 1903: Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie 1904: Rayleigh 1905: Lenard 1906: J. J. Thomson 1907: Michelson 1908: Lippmann 1909: Marconi / Braun 1910: Van der Waals 1911: Wien 1912: Dalén 1913: Kamerlingh Onnes 1914: Laue 1915: W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg 1916 1917: Barkla 1918: Planck 1919: Stark 1920: Guillaume 1921: Einstein 1922: N. Bohr 1923: Millikan 1924: M. Siegbahn 1925: Franck / Hertz
1926–1950	1926: Perrin 1927: Compton / C. Wilson 1928: O. Richardson 1929: De Broglie 1930: Raman 1931 1932: Heisenberg 1933: Schrödinger / Dirac 1934 1935: Chadwick 1936: Hess / C. D. Anderson 1937: Davisson / G. P. Thomson 1938: Fermi 1939: Lawrence 1940 1941 1942 1943: Stern 1944: Rabi 1945: Pauli 1946: Bridgman 1947: Appleton 1948: Blackett 1949: Yukawa 1950: Powell
1951–1975	1951: Cockcroft / Walton 1952: Bloch / Purcell 1953: Zernike 1954: Born / Bothe 1955: Lamb / Kusch 1956: Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain 1957: C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee 1958: Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm 1959: Segrè / Chamberlain 1960: Glaser 1961: Hofstadter / Mössbauer 1962: Landau 1963: Wigner / Goeppert Mayer / Jensen 1964: Townes / Basov / Prokhorov 1965: Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman 1966: Kastler 1967: Bethe 1968: Alvarez 1969: Gell-Mann 1970: Alfvén / Néel 1971: Gabor 1972: Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer 1973: Esaki / Giaever / Josephson 1974: Ryle / Hewish 1975: A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater
1976–2000	1976: Richter / Ting 1977: P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck 1978: Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson 1979: Glashow / Salam / Weinberg 1980: Cronin / Fitch 1981: Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn 1982: K. Wilson 1983: Chandrasekhar / Fowler 1984: Rubbia / Van der Meer 1985: von Klitzing 1986: Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer 1987: Bednorz / Müller 1988: Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger 1989: Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul 1990: Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor 1991: de Gennes 1992: Charpak 1993: Hulse / J. Taylor 1994: Brockhouse / Shull 1995: Perl / Reines 1996: D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson 1997: Chu / Cohen-Tannoudji / Phillips 1998: Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui 1999: 't Hooft / Veltman 2000: Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby
2001– present	2001: Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman 2002: Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi 2003: Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett 2004: Gross / Politzer / Wilczek 2005: Glauber / Hall / Hänsch 2006: Mather / Smoot 2007: Fert / Grünberg 2008: Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa 2009: Kao / Boyle / Smith 2010: Geim / Novoselov 2011: Perlmutter / Schmidt / Riess 2012: Wineland / Haroche 2013: Englert / Higgs 2014: Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura 2015: Kajita / McDonald 2016: Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz 2017: Weiss / Barish / Thorne 2018: Ashkin / Mourou / Strickland 2019: Peebles / Mayor / Queloz 2020: Penrose / Genzel / Ghez 2021: Parisi / Hasselmann / Manabe 2022: Aspect / Clauser / Zeilinger 2023: Agostini / Krausz / L'Huillier 2024: Hopfield / Hinton

v t e Japan Prize recipients
1980s	John R. Pierce / Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir (1985) David Turnbull / Willem J. Kolff (1986) Henry Beachell / Gurdev Khush / Theodore Maiman (1987) Georges Vendryes / Donald Henderson / Isao Arita / Frank Fenner / Luc Montagnier / Robert Gallo (1988) Frank Sherwood Rowland / Elias James Corey (1989)
1990s	Marvin Minsky / W. Jason Morgan / Dan McKenzie / Xavier Le Pichon (1990) Jacques-Louis Lions / John J. Wild (1991) Gerhard Ertl / Ernest John Christopher Polge (1992) Frank Press / Kary B. Mullis (1993) William Hayward Pickering / Arvid Carlsson (1994) Nick Holonyak Jr. / Edward F. Knipling (1995) Charles K. Kao / Masao Ito (1996) Takashi Sugimura / Bruce Ames / Joseph Engelberger / Hiroyuki Yoshikawa (1997) Leo Esaki / Jozef Schell / Marc Van Montagu (1998) W. Wesley Peterson / Jack L. Strominger / Don Craig Wiley (1999)
2000s	Ian McHarg / Kimishige Ishizaka (2000) John B. Goodenough / Timothy R. Parsons (2001) Tim Berners-Lee / Anne McLaren / Andrzej Tarkowski (2002) Benoit Mandelbrot / James A. Yorke / Seiji Ogawa (2003) Kenichi Honda / Akira Fujishima / Keith J. Sainsbury / John H. Lawton (2004) Makoto Nagao / Masatoshi Takeichi / Erkki Ruoslahti (2005) John Houghton / Akira Endo (2006) Albert Fert / Peter Grünberg / Peter Shaw Ashton (2007) Vint Cerf / Robert E. Kahn / Victor A. McKusick (2008) Dennis Meadows / David E. Kuhl (2009)
2010s	Shun-ichi Iwasaki / Peter Vitousek (2010) Ken Thompson / Dennis Ritchie / Tadamitsu Kishimoto / Toshio Hirano (2011) Janet Rowley / Brian Druker / Nicholas Lydon / Masato Sagawa (2012) C. Grant Willson / Jean Fréchet / John Frederick Grassle (2013) Yasuharu Suematsu / C. David Allis (2014) Yutaka Takahasi / Theodore Friedmann / Alain Fischer (2015) Hideo Hosono / Steven D. Tanksley (2016) Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna / Adi Shamir (2017) Akira Yoshino / Max Dale Cooper / Jacques Miller (2018) Yoshio Okamoto / Rattan Lal (2019)
2020s	Robert G. Gallager / Svante Pääbo (2020) Martin A. Green / Bert Vogelstein / Robert A. Weinberg (2021) Katalin Karikó / Drew Weissman / Christopher Field (2022) Masataka Nakazawa / Kazuo Hagimoto / Gero Miesenböck / Karl Deisseroth (2023) Brian Hoskins / John Michael Wallace / Ronald M. Evans (2024)