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Coordinates: 39°21′31″N 41°42′1″E / 39.35861°N 41.70028°E / 39.35861; 41.70028
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| name = Hınıs
| name = Hınıs
| image_logo =
| image_logo =
| image_skyline = Hınıs Kanyonu-9.jpg
| image_skyline =
| image_shield =
| image_shield =
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
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| province = Erzurum
| province = Erzurum
| leader_party = AKP
| leader_party = AKP
| leader_name = Erdoğan Eren
| leader_name = Serdal Şan
| leader_name1 =
| leader_name1 =
| area_total_km2 = 1367
| area_total_km2 = 1367
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}}
}}
[[File:ATD of the regions of Turkey occupied by Russian troops during WW1.png|thumb|Khnus region in the administrative-territorial division of the regions of Turkey occupied by Russian troops during World War I 1916-1917]]
[[File:ATD of the regions of Turkey occupied by Russian troops during WW1.png|thumb|Khnus region in the administrative-territorial division of the regions of Turkey occupied by Russian troops during World War I 1916-1917]]
'''Hınıs''' ({{lang-ku|Xinûs}};<ref>{{cite book |author1=adem Avcıkıran |title=Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî |date=2009 |page=56 |url=http://tirsik.net/danegeh/pirtuk/ismail%20bulbul/anamneza%20bi%20kurmanc%C3%AE.pdf |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=tr, ku}}</ref> {{lang-hy|Խնուս|Khnus}}) is a municipality and [[Districts of Turkey|district]] of [[Erzurum Province]], [[Turkey]].<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref> Its area is 1,367&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx|title=İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri|publisher=General Directorate of Mapping|access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> and its population is 24,680 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=12 July 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> Historical monuments in the town include the castle and the Ulu Cami Mosque, said to be built in 1734 by Alaeddin, the bey of [[Muş]].<ref name="Eastern Turkey">{{cite book|last1=Sinclair|first1=T.A.|title=Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I|date=1989|publisher=Pindar Press|isbn=9780907132325|pages=289}}</ref> The town is populated by [[Kurds]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bajalan|first=Djene Rhys|title=Between Accommodationism and Separatism: Kurds, Ottomans and the Politics of Nationality (1839-1914)|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:19df6c44-b55c-4807-8d8b-bf202184bcda/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Djene%2520Bajalan%2520Thesis%25202015.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis|publisher=[[University of Oxford]]|pages=186}}</ref>


'''Hınıs''' ({{langx|ku-Latn|Xinûs}};<ref>{{cite book |author1=adem Avcıkıran |title=Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî |date=2009 |page=56 |url=http://tirsik.net/danegeh/pirtuk/ismail%20bulbul/anamneza%20bi%20kurmanc%C3%AE.pdf |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=tr, ku |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127110405/http://tirsik.net/danegeh/pirtuk/ismail%20bulbul/anamneza%20bi%20kurmanc%C3%AE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{langx|hy|Խնուս|Khnus}}) is a municipality and [[Districts of Turkey|district]] of [[Erzurum Province]], [[Turkey]].<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref> Its area is 1,367&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx|title=İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri|publisher=General Directorate of Mapping|access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> and its population is 24,680 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=12 July 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> Historical monuments in the town include the castle and the Ulu Cami Mosque, said to be built in 1734 by Alaeddin, the bey of [[Muş]].<ref name="Eastern Turkey">{{cite book|last1=Sinclair|first1=T.A.|title=Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I|date=1989|publisher=Pindar Press|isbn=9780907132325|pages=289}}</ref> The town is populated by [[Kurds]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bajalan|first=Djene Rhys|title=Between Accommodationism and Separatism: Kurds, Ottomans and the Politics of Nationality (1839-1914)|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:19df6c44-b55c-4807-8d8b-bf202184bcda/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Djene%2520Bajalan%2520Thesis%25202015.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis|publisher=[[University of Oxford]]|pages=186}}</ref>
The district, which is 150 km away from the city of [[Muş]], is very close to [[Lake Akdoğan|Hamurpert Lake]], which has an important place in history. Hınıs district is surrounded by the Ak Dağ mountains from the north, [[Bingöl Mountains]] from the west and south, and [[Akdoğan Mountains|Akdoğan mountains]] from the south to the east.<ref name="Hınıs Kaymakamlığı">{{Cite web |date=2023|title=Hınıs’ın coğrafi yapısı ve iklim özellikleri|url=http://www.hinis.gov.tr/hinis-cografi-yapisi-ve-iklim-ozellikleri|archive-url= |archive-date= |publisher=Hınıs Kaymakamlığı|page=|language=Turkish}}</ref> <ref name="Halil Hadimli, Doç.Dr Kenan Arınç">{{Cite web |date=2001|title=Hınıs Kasabası’nın coğrafyası|url=https://www.atauni.edu.tr/yuklemeler/68db543bc55b9f379f8161de2ceee52e.pdf|archive-url= |archive-date= |publisher=[[Ataturk University]]|page=18|language=Turkish}}</ref> Hınıs district is neighbors with [[Tekman]] and [[Karayazı]] districts to the north, [[Karaçoban]] district to the east, and [[Varto District|Varto]], [[Bulanık District|Bulanık]] and [[Malazgirt District|Malazgirt]] districts of [[Muş Province|Muş]] to the south. In addition, the Varto city is only 40 km from Hınıs. Hınıs is a plain district and [[Hınıs Plain]] is one of the most fertile plains of the region. Therefore, agriculture and animal husbandry are the main sources of income in the district. It has the same characteristics as Erzurum in terms of climate and nature. Winters are cold and snowy, and summers are generally cool. In general, it can be said that it is 5-6 degrees warmer than [[Erzurum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hınıs Haber |date=18 May 2022 |url=https://hinisim.com/hinis-nerede-hinis-nasil-bir-yer/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |language=tr}}</ref>

The district, which is 150 km away from the city of [[Muş]], is very close to [[Lake Akdoğan|Hamurpert Lake]], which has an important place in history. Hınıs district is surrounded by the Ak Dağ mountains from the north, [[Bingöl Mountains]] from the west and south, and [[Akdoğan Mountains|Akdoğan mountains]] from the south to the east.<ref name="Hınıs Kaymakamlığı">{{Cite web |date=2023|title=Hınıs’ın coğrafi yapısı ve iklim özellikleri|url=http://www.hinis.gov.tr/hinis-cografi-yapisi-ve-iklim-ozellikleri|archive-url= |archive-date= |publisher=Hınıs Kaymakamlığı|page=|language=Turkish}}</ref> <ref name="Halil Hadimli, Doç.Dr Kenan Arınç">{{Cite web |date=2001|title=Hınıs Kasabası’nın coğrafyası|url=https://www.atauni.edu.tr/yuklemeler/68db543bc55b9f379f8161de2ceee52e.pdf|archive-url= |archive-date= |publisher=[[Ataturk University]]|page=18|language=Turkish}}</ref> Hınıs district is neighbors with [[Tekman]] and [[Karayazı]] districts to the north, [[Karaçoban]] district to the east, and [[Varto District|Varto]], [[Bulanık District|Bulanık]] and [[Malazgirt District|Malazgirt]] districts of [[Muş Province|Muş]] to the south. In addition, the Varto city is only 40 km from Hınıs. Hınıs is a plain district and [[Hınıs Plain]] is one of the most fertile plains of the region. Therefore, agriculture and animal husbandry are the main sources of income in the district. It has the same characteristics as Erzurum in terms of climate and nature. Winters are cold and snowy, and summers are generally cool. In general, it can be said that it is 5-6 degrees warmer than [[Erzurum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hınıs Haber |date=18 May 2022 |url=https://hinisim.com/hinis-nerede-hinis-nasil-bir-yer/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |language=tr |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228081851/https://hinisim.com/hinis-nerede-hinis-nasil-bir-yer/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
Line 33: Line 34:


The town of Hınıs itself lies near the upper end of the valley, on a volcanic table raised above the surrounding plain.<ref name="Sinclair 1987"/> At this end, more than 20 smaller streams join together into the [[Hınıs Plain|plain]]'s [[Kocasu Creek (Hınıs)|main river]].<ref name="Sinclair 1987"/>
The town of Hınıs itself lies near the upper end of the valley, on a volcanic table raised above the surrounding plain.<ref name="Sinclair 1987"/> At this end, more than 20 smaller streams join together into the [[Hınıs Plain|plain]]'s [[Kocasu Creek (Hınıs)|main river]].<ref name="Sinclair 1987"/>

===Climate===
Hınıs has a dry-summer [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dsb'').<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria. |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02549-6/tables/1 |journal=Nature: Scientific Data |language=en}}</ref> Winters are very cold and snowy, with temperatures consistently below freezing. Summers are dry, with hot days and cool nights.

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| collapsed = yes
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Hınıs (1991–2020)
| Jan high C = -2.9
| Feb high C = -1.3
| Mar high C = 4.2
| Apr high C = 12.6
| May high C = 18.6
| Jun high C = 24.2
| Jul high C = 29.2
| Aug high C = 29.5
| Sep high C = 24.6
| Oct high C = 17.6
| Nov high C = 8.3
| Dec high C = 0.3
| year high C = 13.8
| Jan mean C = -8.2
| Feb mean C = -7.1
| Mar mean C = -1.1
| Apr mean C = 6.4
| May mean C = 11.6
| Jun mean C = 16.6
| Jul mean C = 21.1
| Aug mean C = 21.1
| Sep mean C = 16.0
| Oct mean C = 9.8
| Nov mean C = 2.1
| Dec mean C = -4.7
| year mean C = 7.0
| Jan low C = -13.1
| Feb low C = -12.3
| Mar low C = -5.8
| Apr low C = 1.1
| May low C = 5.1
| Jun low C = 9.2
| Jul low C = 13.5
| Aug low C = 13.3
| Sep low C = 8.1
| Oct low C = 3.3
| Nov low C = -3.0
| Dec low C = -9.1
| year low C = 0.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 46.7
| Feb precipitation mm = 59.5
| Mar precipitation mm = 71.39
| Apr precipitation mm = 75.16
| May precipitation mm = 67.15
| Jun precipitation mm = 24.13
| Jul precipitation mm = 14.28
| Aug precipitation mm = 10.77
| Sep precipitation mm = 14.95
| Oct precipitation mm = 47.98
| Nov precipitation mm = 47.76
| Dec precipitation mm = 56.13
| year precipitation mm = 535.9

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 7.5
| Feb precipitation days = 7.4
| Mar precipitation days = 9.2
| Apr precipitation days = 9.7
| May precipitation days = 10.8
| Jun precipitation days = 5.1
| Jul precipitation days = 2.7
| Aug precipitation days = 2.6
| Sep precipitation days = 2.6
| Oct precipitation days = 7.0
| Nov precipitation days = 6.4
| Dec precipitation days = 7.6
| year precipitation days = 78.6

| Jan humidity = 78.6
| Feb humidity = 77.7
| Mar humidity = 73.8
| Apr humidity = 65.1
| May humidity = 61.3
| Jun humidity = 52.0
| Jul humidity = 44.8
| Aug humidity = 43.6
| Sep humidity = 48.9
| Oct humidity = 61.6
| Nov humidity = 69.0
| Dec humidity = 77.8
| year humidity = 62.9
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Hinis_17740.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Hınıs
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 15, 2024}}</ref>
}}


==History==
==History==
Line 44: Line 143:


===Mosque===
===Mosque===
The [[Ulu Cami]] is beneath the castle rock and outside the town.<ref name="Sinclair 1987"/> It dates to 1734 and is traditionally attributed to Ala ed-Din, the bey of [[Muş]] who also fortified Mercimekkale on the Muş plain.<ref name="Sinclair 1987"/> The mosque is roughly cube-shaped, with one relatively small pyramidal cap crowning the roof, surrounded by 8 smaller domes.<ref name="Sinclair 1987"/> The mosque has one, black-and-white striped [[minaret]], on the northwest corner.<ref name="Sinclair 1987"/>
The [[Ulu Cami]] is beneath the castle rock and outside the town.<ref name="Sinclair 1987"/> It dates to 1734 and is traditionally attributed to Ala ed-Din, the bey of [[Muş]] who also fortified [[Mercimekkale, Muş|Mercimekkale]] on the [[Muş Plain]].<ref name="Sinclair 1987"/> The mosque is roughly cube-shaped, with one relatively small pyramidal cap crowning the roof, surrounded by 8 smaller domes.<ref name="Sinclair 1987"/> The mosque has one, black-and-white striped [[minaret]], on the northwest corner.<ref name="Sinclair 1987"/>


==Composition==
==Composition==
Line 155: Line 254:
{{Hınıs District}}
{{Hınıs District}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Portal bar|Kurdistan}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinis}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinis}}

Latest revision as of 13:18, 8 November 2024

Hınıs
District and municipality
Map showing Hınıs District in Erzurum Province
Map showing Hınıs District in Erzurum Province
Hınıs is located in Turkey
Hınıs
Hınıs
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 39°21′31″N 41°42′1″E / 39.35861°N 41.70028°E / 39.35861; 41.70028
CountryTurkey
ProvinceErzurum
Government
 • MayorSerdal Şan (AKP)
Area
1,367 km2 (528 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
24,680
 • Density18/km2 (47/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code
25600
Area code0442
Khnus region in the administrative-territorial division of the regions of Turkey occupied by Russian troops during World War I 1916-1917

Hınıs (Kurdish: Xinûs;[2] Armenian: Խնուս, romanized: Khnus) is a municipality and district of Erzurum Province, Turkey.[3] Its area is 1,367 km2,[4] and its population is 24,680 (2022).[1] Historical monuments in the town include the castle and the Ulu Cami Mosque, said to be built in 1734 by Alaeddin, the bey of Muş.[5] The town is populated by Kurds.[6]

The district, which is 150 km away from the city of Muş, is very close to Hamurpert Lake, which has an important place in history. Hınıs district is surrounded by the Ak Dağ mountains from the north, Bingöl Mountains from the west and south, and Akdoğan mountains from the south to the east.[7] [8] Hınıs district is neighbors with Tekman and Karayazı districts to the north, Karaçoban district to the east, and Varto, Bulanık and Malazgirt districts of Muş to the south. In addition, the Varto city is only 40 km from Hınıs. Hınıs is a plain district and Hınıs Plain is one of the most fertile plains of the region. Therefore, agriculture and animal husbandry are the main sources of income in the district. It has the same characteristics as Erzurum in terms of climate and nature. Winters are cold and snowy, and summers are generally cool. In general, it can be said that it is 5-6 degrees warmer than Erzurum.[9]

Geography

[edit]
Geomap of Hınıs

The Hınıs Plain is an upland plain centered on a tributary of the Murat River.[10] A range of hills on the south separates the Hınıs plain from the Murat River.[10] Kocasu Creek is the biggest water source of Hınıs. It passes through the district center and pours into the Murat river in Bulanık district. On the southwest, the Hınıs plain is separated from the Varto plain by a series of hills and steep valleys.[10] To the north is a range of pyramid-shaped hills called the Ak Dağ, or White Mountains, which are in turn connected to the Bingöl Mountains further west by a plateau called the Menge Dağ.[10] The Menge Dağ forms the northwestern border of the Hınıs plain; from its foothills, Süphan mountain is visible over the hills to the southeast.[10] The Hınıs plain consists of two distinct, gently undulating bands that are occasionally broken up by low-lying hills.[10] The valley has fertile soil and has historically formed a breeding ground for sheep and horses.[10]

The town of Hınıs itself lies near the upper end of the valley, on a volcanic table raised above the surrounding plain.[10] At this end, more than 20 smaller streams join together into the plain's main river.[10]

Climate

[edit]

Hınıs has a dry-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dsb).[11] Winters are very cold and snowy, with temperatures consistently below freezing. Summers are dry, with hot days and cool nights.

Climate data for Hınıs (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		4.2
(39.6) 		12.6
(54.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		24.2
(75.6) 		29.2
(84.6) 		29.5
(85.1) 		24.6
(76.3) 		17.6
(63.7) 		8.3
(46.9) 		0.3
(32.5) 		13.8
(56.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −8.2
(17.2) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		6.4
(43.5) 		11.6
(52.9) 		16.6
(61.9) 		21.1
(70.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		16.0
(60.8) 		9.8
(49.6) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		7.0
(44.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −13.1
(8.4) 		−12.3
(9.9) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.1
(41.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.5
(56.3) 		13.3
(55.9) 		8.1
(46.6) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−9.1
(15.6) 		0.9
(33.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 46.7
(1.84) 		59.5
(2.34) 		71.39
(2.81) 		75.16
(2.96) 		67.15
(2.64) 		24.13
(0.95) 		14.28
(0.56) 		10.77
(0.42) 		14.95
(0.59) 		47.98
(1.89) 		47.76
(1.88) 		56.13
(2.21) 		535.9
(21.10)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.5 7.4 9.2 9.7 10.8 5.1 2.7 2.6 2.6 7.0 6.4 7.6 78.6
Average relative humidity (%) 78.6 77.7 73.8 65.1 61.3 52.0 44.8 43.6 48.9 61.6 69.0 77.8 62.9
Source: NOAA[12]

History

[edit]

The Hınıs plain formed the main part of the early medieval Armenian canton of Varazhnunik.[10] During this period (roughly the 4th through 7th centuries), Hınıs was probably a fortified market town.[10] Later, after the Arab conquest of Armenia, the region became divided into several small principalities.[10] Hınıs was "almost certainly" the capital of one of these principalities, which was called Sermatz in Greek sources.[10] Sermatz seems to have covered the old district of Varazhnunik as well as the Varto plain to the southwest.[10] Its rulers were probably vassals of the Kaysite emirs of Malazgirt.[10]

During the Kara Koyunlu period, Hınıs was the capital of a small Kurdish emirate which was a vassal of the emirate of Bitlis, which was in turn a vassal of the Kara Koyunlu themselves.[10] The emirate of Hınıs was mainly based on the Hınıs plain but also extended south of the Murat river to include Lake Nazik and the area around Bulanık.[10] Later, under the Ottoman Empire, Hınıs formed a sanjak of Erzurum Eyalet.[10]

Monuments

[edit]

Castle

[edit]

Hınıs's old castle crowns a small rocky promontory jutting out above a depression in the middle of the plateau.[10] The castle rock is only accessible on one side, by an elevated "neck" connecting it to the rest of the plateau.[10] This "neck" was the starting point for the walls that historically surrounded the town.[10] Only a couple of towers of the castle remain intact today.[10]

Mosque

[edit]

The Ulu Cami is beneath the castle rock and outside the town.[10] It dates to 1734 and is traditionally attributed to Ala ed-Din, the bey of Muş who also fortified Mercimekkale on the Muş Plain.[10] The mosque is roughly cube-shaped, with one relatively small pyramidal cap crowning the roof, surrounded by 8 smaller domes.[10] The mosque has one, black-and-white striped minaret, on the northwest corner.[10]

Composition

[edit]

There are 98 neighbourhoods in Hınıs District:[13]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  2. ^ adem Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (PDF) (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  3. ^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  4. ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  5. ^ Sinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I. Pindar Press. p. 289. ISBN 9780907132325.
  6. ^ Bajalan, Djene Rhys. "Between Accommodationism and Separatism: Kurds, Ottomans and the Politics of Nationality (1839-1914)". University of Oxford. p. 186.
  7. ^ "Hınıs'ın coğrafi yapısı ve iklim özellikleri" (in Turkish). Hınıs Kaymakamlığı. 2023.
  8. ^ "Hınıs Kasabası'nın coğrafyası" (PDF) (in Turkish). Ataturk University. 2001. p. 18.
  9. ^ "Hınıs Haber" (in Turkish). 18 May 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Sinclair, T.A. (1987). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I. London: Pindar Press. pp. 288–9, 320, 325, 330–1, 335. ISBN 0-907132-32-4. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  11. ^ "Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria". Nature: Scientific Data.
  12. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Hınıs". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  13. ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.


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