Portuguese in France: Difference between revisions

Portuguese in France
Total population
	Total population of Portuguese born and ancestry ; 1,720,000–3,000,000 (2019); Residents of France born in Portugal ; 644,206 Portuguese-born (2013 Census)
Regions with significant populations
	Ajaccio, Aquitaine, Brittany, Bordeaux, Cebazat (Clermont-Ferrand), Centre-Val de Loire, Corsica, Dax, Île-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Lille, Limousin, Lower Normandy, Lyon, Marseille, Midi-Pyrénées, Montpellier, Nice, Northeastern France, Orléans, Paris, Pau, Pays de la Loire, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Roubaix, Rouen, Strasbourg, Toulouse, Tours.
Languages
	French, Portuguese
Religion
	Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
	Italian, Spaniards

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 13:54, 8 November 2024

Portuguese in France, also referred to as Luso-French, refers to people from Portugal who immigrated to or reside in France or French citizens of Portuguese descent. A common nickname among Portuguese people for their diaspora in France is aveques, from the French: avec, lit. 'with', though the term may be used in the reverse, that is, for Francophones living in Portugal, or for French people in general.

Portuguese immigration in France took place mainly during the 1960s and 1970s, to escape dictatorship and conscription, and to enable immigrants to find better living conditions. Portuguese migrants were sometimes referred as gens des baraques ("people from the barracks"). Most began working in construction.^[11]^[2]

History

15th–17th century

Portuguese Jews in France: the great immigration (1497–1600s ca.)

Even though contacts between the two countries were established in the Antiquity and the first king of Portugal was of French descent, for many centuries migration routes remained rather unexplored.^[12]

in fact, it is only in the XVI century that one of the first relevant influxes of Portuguese people coming to France was recorded. This immigration was partly a result of the expulsion decree issued in 1496 by the Portuguese monarchy, which targeted Jews and Moors living in Portugal. This decree forced many Jews to either convert to Christianity (leading to the emergence of Cristão-novos and of Crypto-Judaism practices) or leave the country, leading to a diaspora of Portuguese Jews throughout Europe, including France.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Starting from 1550 they were recognized rights previously reserved to French citizens only, thus encouraging further immigration.^[16] It is believed that up to 10,000 Portuguese-Jews might have migrated to France from 1497; this phenomenon remained noticeable up until the 1600s, when the Netherlands became a favourite choice.^[17]

As of consequence many Portuguese-Jews settled in the western provinces of France, most notably in Nouvelle-Aquitaine establishing communities in cities such as Biarritz, Bayonne, Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Nantes.^[18]^[19]^[20] In the latter alone, in 1590 100 people of Portuguese-Jewish descent naturalized.^[17]

Due to their origin, upon arrival in France they were often referred to as nouveaux chrétiens (new Christians) forming the Nation Portugaise (Portuguese nation). On the surface, they strictly adhered to all the practices of the Catholic religion, but at home many remained true to Judaism.^[21]

At the beginning of the 17th century, some relaxed their observation of the Christian religion, and in the middle of the century, they stopped completely, returning openly to Judaism. They are then referred to as Juifs portugais (Portuguese Jews).^[22]^[23]

When the Jews, who had settled as new Christians in Bayonne or Bordeaux, fleeing the Spanish or Portuguese Inquisition, openly returned to Judaism, they began to celebrate services according to their original rite, which will be called mistakenly as a Rite portugais or Portuguese rite, when it has its source in Spain and many texts or prayers are said in Spanish. Unlike the Jews of Spanish origin who took refuge in Turkey, Greece and the Sephardic part of Bulgaria, who adopted Ladino (a sacred language, a mixture of Hebrew and Spanish) for their prayers, the Jews of Bayonne and Bordeaux never used it. Haïm Vidal Séphiha, professor emeritus and first holder of the chair of Judeo-Spanish at the Sorbonne, explains this difference by the proximity of Spain and the many commercial relations that the community maintained with this country.

The Portuguese-Jewish community was very active in international trade, mainly with countries where other Jewish communities of Spanish or Portuguese origin were established.^[24]^[25]

Among others, trade is flourishing with the Caribbean, the Netherlands Antilles, Amsterdam and London. In particular, the Bayonne Jews introduced chocolate to France and made Bayonne the capitale du chocolat (chocolate capital) which it has remained.^[26]^[27] Among notable Portuguese-Jews or people of Portuguese-Jewish descent having lived or moved to France, it is noteworthy to remember personalities such as Abraham Espinoza, grandfather of the world-famous philosopher, Abraham Furtado, Henri Castro, Elias Legarde, Solomon de Medina and Marc Bédarride. In addition, the first Jew recorded to having set foot in Canada, Esther Brandeau as well as Jacob Rodrigues Pereira, one of the inventors of deaf-mutes sign language, both had Portuguese-Jewish roots.

Among other contributions Portuguese-Jews have made to France, one ought to mention the Pereire brothers (Émile Pereire and Isaac Pereire) were among the most influential entrepreneurs in the XIX century, Benjamin Olinde Rodrigues (famous for Rodrigues' rotation formula), Eugène Péreire (founder of Banque Transatlantique), Noémie de Rothschild (founder of Société Française des Hôtels de Montagne), Catulle Mèndes, Eugénie Foa, Jacob Émile Édouard Péreira Brandon, Pierre Mendès France, Daniel Iffla and Jules Carvallo (among the founders of the Alliance Israélite Universelle).

Notable Portuguese Jewish families in France include the Rodrigues-Henriques Family [fr], the Pereire Family [fr] and the Gradis Family [fr]. In particular, the Gradis family founded in the 17th century the Maison Gradis, which became the Société française pour le commerce avec l'Outre-mer (SFCO), through which it played an important role in trade with the French possessions in America.^[28]^[29] At the end of the 18th century, they had such control over the connections between France and the Caribbean that Louis XVI offered to ennoble them, an offer they rejected because it would have required them to take an oath on the New Testament.^[30] In 1936, the Gradis were among the 200 wealthiest families in France.

19th century

In the 19th century people from Portugal started emigrating again towards France. At the beginning the community was small and in the 1876 Census, the first mentioning the Portuguese, there were 1,237 members of the community. The growth of the community was slow, in a way that after the 1896 Census, numbering just 1,280 people, their numbers were discontinued from official French statistics.^[17]^[31]

20th century

Portuguese expeditionary forces in France during the WWI

In 1918, an avenue was named avenue des Portugais (Portuguese Avenue) in Paris' 16th arrondissement It was previously known as Avenue de Sofia (Sofia Avenue).^[32]^[33]

The name pays tribute to the expeditionary forces sent by Lisbon (which represented 80,000 men); the kingdom of Bulgaria then ally of Germany was thus "sanctioned": Sofia its capital thus seeing itself deprived of a Parisian route in its name. By order of 29 October 1971, a street in Sofia's honour (rue de Sofia or Sofia street)was restored to the 18th arrondissement.

With the expeditionary forces, some 22,000 Portuguese citizens came to France, among 600,000 foreign workers contracted for providing assistance to the nation's military efforts.^[31]

A community growing against all odds (1916–1957)

Numbering about 22,000 after the WWI, the Portuguese became a relevant immigrant community in France. As the country was struggling with reconstruction efforts after the conflict, the French authorities aimed to maintain the presence of Portuguese individuals in France. Despite France's requests in 1918 and 1919 to reach an agreement with the Portuguese government, no resolution was achieved.^[31]

However, as France successfully established agreements with other nations such as Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Italy and Poland the inability to reach an agreement with Portugal had limited effects. Additionally, the absence of an agreement did not hinder Portuguese workers from immigrating to France through illegal means. Consequently, the Portuguese community reemerged in the 1931 census with a population of 49,000, predominantly male, and primarily employed in the industrial sector.^[31]

The 1930s economic crisis had severe consequences for Portuguese migrants, with French governments implementing laws and measures to prevent the arrival of new immigrants and to exclude foreign workers deemed undesirable. Many Portuguese were deported once they became jobless.^[34] Philippe Rygiel's research on Cher reveals that Portuguese were the most heavily impacted by expulsions and non-renewal of worker's identity cards.^[31]

Eça de Queiroz statue in Neuilly-sur-Seine

As newcomers with limited French language proficiency, insufficient social capital, and with their state of origin refusing to sign any agreement with France, the Portuguese were the primary targets of a strict administration, claiming to defend national workers. Throughout the 1930s, the Portuguese population decreased considerably due to naturalizations, voluntary returns, expulsions, and deaths. By 1936, only 28,290 Portuguese remained in France.

In 1945, after WWII France hosted only a small number of Portuguese residents. Despite the French government's request to enforce the 1940 labor agreement, the Lisbon authorities declined, citing the need to retain their labor force. Agricultural landowners with substantial influence opposed the emigration of their people. Additionally, the Portuguese dictatorship was concerned about the return of its workers with liberal or even communist ideas, according to the French ambassador to Portugal. Hence, the Portuguese authorities refused to cooperate with the National Immigration Office and even banned emigration to France in 1955.

During the late 1940s and early 1950s illegal departures to France were scarce, with only a few hundred per year. Typically, those who left for France had relatives who had already migrated before the war or who had voluntarily or involuntarily left France and returned. For instance, António P. was detained in 1953 at the Franco-Spanish border while entering France illegally. Born near Longwy in 1928, his parents had returned to Portugal in 1939–1940, and one of his brothers had served in Indochina.^[31]

Great Portuguese emigration (1957–1974)

From the 1960s, the economic stagnation of Brazil, a traditional destination, and the measures taken by France to attract Portuguese workers gave an exceptional scale to Portuguese immigration to France.

In the mid-1950s, Portuguese moved to France in significant numbers to escape António de Oliveira Salazar's dictatorship.^[35] Between 1957 and 1974 some 900,000 Portuguese citizens sought refuge in France, mostly workers from the peasantry and young people refusing to be enrolled in the army for the colonial wars.^[36]^[11]^[2]^[37] Deserters were also very well received in Algeria and in the Scandinavian countries.^[38]

Leaders of the opposition to the dictatorship of António de Oliveira Salazar, notable communists, also found refuge in France to escape arrest. Most of the leaders of the Portuguese Communist Party were, however, banned from entering and staying in France, forcing them into hiding.^[39]

During this period the Portuguese rapidly became the largest foreign community in France. The numbers skyrocketed and the community already numbered 700,000 members in 1970. Fleeing misery most of the Portuguese emigrants found unfavourable conditions upon arriving in France. For instance, it were mostly the Portuguese, who developed and inhabited what is supposed to be the largest bidonville (or slum) ever emerged in France: up to 20,000 people lived in miserable conditions in Champigny-sur-Marne, on the outskirts of Paris.^[40] Many of the immigrants in fact settled in slums in the Paris region, in unhealthy conditions of extreme poverty. Most of these people were illiterate, peasants and villagers who employed themselves as unskilled laborers, cleaners or garbage collectors.

The majority of the emigrants settled in the Parisian banlieue, but, as time went by, many also resettled to other regions such as Corsica or Normandy.^[41]

The phenomenon reached its peak in 1970, when in a single year 135,667 Portuguese left their homes for France. The French media tended to portray these immigrants as individuals with limited cultural knowledge and no political affiliation, typically associated with low-skilled jobs. Women are frequently depicted as gatekeepers, and men are often depicted as construction workers, perpetuating a stereotypical image that does not accurately reflect the diversity of their professions and skills.^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]

From 1973, with the economic crisis ending the Trente Glorieuses (or thirty glorious years), the end of the dictatorship, the instauration of democracy and the end of the Colonial war, emigration to France fell sharply in the following decades.

Stable emigration (1975–2000)

Following the improvement of economic conditions in Portugal, there was a decrease in the number of Portuguese emigrants leaving their home country in search of better opportunities in France. This could be attributed to a decrease in economic hardship and an increase in job opportunities in Portugal, reducing the push factors driving emigration. Additionally, improved economic conditions may have resulted in more favorable living conditions, further reducing the incentive for Portuguese citizens to leave their homeland. It is in this period that Portuguese people started growing roots in France, acquiring French citizenship, and integrating into society,^[47]^[48]^[49] reaching positions before unimaginable and starting to speak French.^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53]

Between 1980 and 1999, 73,384 Portuguese emigrated to France, a country that nevertheless remained the favourite destination for emigration, even though Switzerland, Germany and the UK started attracting many Portuguese immigrants during this period as well.^[35]^[54]

A new "boom" (2000–2012)

With the introduction of the euro and the easing of movement throughout the EU, Portuguese national's interest towards France was renewed. From 2003 to 2012 approximately 120,000 Portuguese settled in France. The numbers soared after the 2008 recession that has greatly influenced Portugal (where the unemployment rate skyrocketed to 17.1%^[55]) in a way that some started referring to a "new boom" in emigration. As UK started gaining more attention in Portugal (where English had become the first foreign language, overtaking a position previously held by French) and as the economic conditions in Portugal become more favourable, the numbers soon dropped.^[56]^[57]^[58]

The community is now highly integrated: between 2000 and 2012 over 102,000 Portuguese acquired French citizenship, thus accounting for approximately 5.7% of the citizenship granted during this period.^[58]

An integrated community (2013–present)

As the majority of the Portuguese in France are now French citizens and the community has achieved greater stability, their image in the country is more positive. The Luso-French, nevertheless, didn't forget their country of origin^[59]^[60] and between 2018 and 2022 the community sent approximately 5.4 billion€ to Portugal in remittances, thus confirming the prime role France has always had in sending remittances to Portugal, helping the country's growth and sustaining the family members living there.^[61]

The migratory movement from Portugal to France remains quite strong, as between 2013 and 2020 a little over 87,500 Portuguese emigrated to France and, with approximately 22,000 acquisitions of French citizenship, the Portuguese remain among the communities with the highest integration rate.^[62]

Today there are around 1,000,000 people with dual French–Portuguese citizenship, so not counting as Portuguese citizens in French statistics, that number about 535,000 people in 2022. Despite the high naturalisation rate, the Portuguese remain one of the major foreign communities in France.^[58]^[63]

Relations between the two countries also remain strong and are based on mutual trust: both countries are EU and NATO members and share the same currency.^[12]

Demographics

Year	Portugal-born population	Portuguese citizens (Excluding naturalised French)^[64]	Consulary records (Total Portuguese)^[65]	Other data
1959	20,000^[66]
1970	700,000^[66]
1990	798,837^[67]
1995	600,000^[68]
1999	454,488^[69]			555,000^[70]
2005	567,000^[71]
2006	490,000^[72]
2007	576,084^[71]			491,000^[70]
2008	580,240^[73]		1,079,524	490,502
2009	585,000^[71]		1,111,438
2010	588,276^[71]		1,145,531
2011	500,891^[74]	592,281^[75]	1,161,900
2012	599,333^[76]		1,190,798
2013	644,206^[77]		1,243,419
2014	643,224^[78]	532,191	1,122,564
2015	648,112^[78]	541,867	1,346,472
2016	648,146^[78]	546,429	1,284,196
2017	644,181^[78]	548,906	1,258,953
2018	624,162^[78]	548,906	1,205,308
2019	614,174^[78]	537,163	1,405,053	1,720,000–3,000,000^[11]
2020	614,174^[78]	537,163	1,456,721
2021	627,929^[78]	546,309	1,551,756
2022		535,136		2,000,000^[79]

Regional distribution of descendants^[80]
Regions	Île-de-France	Rhône-Alpes, Auvergne	Paca, Languedoc-Roussillon	other regions
% of total	36%	16%	3%	45%

In 2015, Michèle Tribalat, in an estimate of populations of foreign origin in 2011,^[81] estimated at least 1.5 million the number of people of Portuguese origin over three generations according to the following distribution:^[82]

Country of Origin (thousands)	immigrants (all ages)	1st ^generation born in France (all ages)	2nd ^generation born in France (under 60 only)	Total
Portugal	592	613	317	1 522

Note: for the ^2nd generation born in France, only people aged under 60 are taken into account.

Therefore, according to this same study by Michèle Tribalat, people of Portuguese origin over three generations represented 2.7% of the French population under 60 in 2011.^[81]

Destinations

Île-de-France

In the 1960s, many Portuguese immigrants formed the shantytown of Champigny-sur-Marne which had more than 10,000 inhabitants.^[83]

Several other Portuguese slums have been formed, such as that of Massy for example or that of Francs-Moisins in Saint-Denis. The shantytowns disappeared between the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s and were replaced by HLM (Habitation à Loyer Modéré or Social Housing).

Since 1988, the church of Marie-Médiatrice-de-Toutes-les-Grâces has been entrusted to the Portuguese community of Paris under the name of "Notre-Dame-de-Fatima-Marie-Médiatrice".^[84]

In 2016 approximately 235,000 people living in the region were born in Portugal^[85] accounting for 2% of the population, concentrated especially in Val-de-Marne.^[86]

Corsica

In 2004, the Portuguese community in Corsica was one of the largest communities with more than 13,000 Portuguese.^[87]

Nouvelle Aquitanie

As in the past, when many Portuguese-Jews settled in western France, in the XX century the Portuguese community moving to the region became visible.

Cerizay, for instance, where more than 20% of the population is of Portuguese descent, is considered one of the "most Portuguese" communes in France.^[88] Similarly, in Labouheyre around 15% of the population is of Portuguese origin^[89] and in Lissac-sur-Couze a cemetery was dedicated to the Portuguese.^[90]

Alpes-Maritimes

The Portuguese community in the Alpes-Maritimes département is well established. Already in 1989, the 5,000 people-strong Portuguese community was praised for being well integrated.^[91]

Brittany

The Portuguese came to Brittany since Antiquity, due to the commercial links between Phoenician Lisbon and the North Sea. In the 1950s, due to emigration, many settled in the region. For instance, 10% of the population of Groix Island (île de Groix) is of Portuguese descent.^[92]

Media

Radio Alfa, Portuguese-speaking radio broadcasting in Île-de-France. Since June 1989, Radio Alfa has organized a popular event about Lusophone music, which is the Festa dos Santos Populares (French: fête Des Saints Populaires ), being the largest gathering of the Portuguese community in Europe.^[93] It has more than 480,000 weekly listeners^[94]
Radio Antenne Portugaise, Portuguese-speaking radio.^[95]
RFI – português; Portuguese-language version of Radio France internationale.^[96]
Frantugal.TV; small Franco-Portuguese channel, available for a monthly fee. They offer many documentaries on the reality of the Portuguese in France.^[97]

Literature

Portugais et population d'origine portugaise en France by Jorge Rodrigues Ruivo^[98]
La Valise en carton by Linda de Suza
100 ans d'histoire des Portugais en France by Marie-Christine Volovitch-Tavares.^[99]
Les Portugais à Paris, au fil des siècles et des arrondissements by Agnès Pellerin, Xavier de Castro, Anne Lima^[100]
Portugais et Luso-Français by Teresa Carreira and Maria Alice Tome^[101]
La présence portugaise en France du XIIIème siècle à nos jours, by Manuel Do Nascimento^[102]

Cinema^[103]

Vacances portugaises (Portuguese Vacation 1963), by Pierre Kast
Deux (Two, 2002), by Werner Schroeter
Love Actually (2003), by Richard Curtis
A Religiosa Portuguesa (The Portuguese Nun, 2009) by Eugène Green
A Gaiola Dourada (The Gilded Cage, 2013) by Ruben Alves
Opération Portugal (Portugal Operation, 2021), by Frank Cimière

Notable people

Linda de Souza	Lisandro Cuxi	Barbara Cabrita	Robert Pires	Catherine Ribeiro	Mourad Meghni	Karine Ferri	Camille Pissaro	Geneviève Halévy	Manuel da Costa
Noémie de Rothschild	Adrien Silva	Cécile Furtado-Heine	Lucenzo	Sonia Bompastor	René Cassin	Julia Pereira de Sousa Mabileau	Pierre Mendès France	Elisa De Almeida	Malo Gusto
Christina of Lorraine	Louis de Funès	Mélanie de Jesus dos Santos	Thomas Ramos	Sonia Backès	Nando de Colo	Eugénie Foa	Edmond de Rothschild	Maria Tavares	Olinde Rodrigues

References

^ "Relations bilatérales avec le Portugal et France". France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Observatório da Emigração". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
^ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p "Présentation du Portugal".
^ "Consulado Geral de Portugal em Bordéus".
^ "Portugais en Corse". Lusitanie.net. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Portal das Comunidades Portuguesas".
^ https://consulportugalmars.jimdofree.com/ ^{[bare URL]}
^ "Ambassade du Portugal en France".
^ http://www.consuladoportugalparis.org/ ^{[bare URL]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Présentation du Portugal". France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.
^ ^a ^b "Temps forts : une saison France-Portugal sous le signe du "sentiment océanique"". www.culture.gouv.fr (in French). 19 January 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ "How Spain and Portugal Expelled Their Jews". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ "Cristãos-novos". Mundo Educação (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ "Crypto Jews: What is the history of secret Jews? – explainer". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 23 August 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ Ayoun, Richard (2002). "L'établissement des crypto-juifs portugais à Nantes au XVIe siècle". Actes des congrès nationaux des sociétés historiques et scientifiques. 124 (11): 303–320.
^ ^a ^b ^c "HISTÓRIA DA POPULAÇÃO PORTUGUESA : Das longas permanências à conquista da modernidade".
^ "Nantes – patrimoine juif, histoire juive, synagogues, musées, quartiers et sites juifs". JGuide Europe (in French). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ Editora-eSefarad.com (10 May 2018). "Histoire des Juifs de France: La Communauté juive portugaise". eSefarad (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ "La diaspora juive portugaise (XVe-XXIe siècle) – Saison France-Portugal 2022" (in French). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ Cirot, Georges (1906). "Recherches sur les Juifs espagnols et portugais à Bordeaux". Bulletin Hispanique. 8 (3): 279–296. doi:10.3406/hispa.1906.1498.
^ "Bayonne et à Bordeaux : Un refuge pour les "Portugais"" (PDF).
^ Léon, Henry (2016). Histoire des Juifs de Bayonne (Nouvelle édition ed.). Pau: Éditions Cairn. ISBN 978-2-35068-230-3.
^ NAHON, G.; Pereire, J. R. (1976). "LES RAPPORTS DES COMMUNAUTES JUDEO-PORTUGAISES DE FRANCE AVEC CELLE D'AMSTERDAM AU XVIIe ET AU XVIIIe SIECLES". Studia Rosenthaliana. 10 (2): 151–188. ISSN 0039-3347. JSTOR 41481222.
^ "Lettres de quelques juifs Portugais, Allemands et Polonois, à M. de Voltaire., Paris, France, 18e siècle, 4e quart | Musée d'art et d'histoire du Judaïsme". Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme (in French). 29 May 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ "Bayonne, capitale historique du chocolat français". TF1 INFO (in French). 30 December 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ "Bayonne, première ville chocolatière de France". ici, par France Bleu et France 3 (in French). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ Notice de collectivité, catalogue général BNF, online
^ Archives nationales du monde du travail, « MAISON GRADIS Nouvellement Société française pour le commerce avec l'Outre-mer », 1997
^ Caroline Weber, p. 36.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "L'immigration portugaise en France au 20ème siècle | Musée de l'histoire de l'immigration". www.histoire-immigration.fr (in French). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ "AVENUE DES PORTUGAIS". LUSITANIE (in French). 16 November 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ "Avenue des Portugais, Paris 16e Arrondissement (75116) – Base Adresse Nationale". adresse.data.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ "História da Emigração em França destaca envio de trabalhadores e xenofobia". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ ^a ^b "RELATÓRIO DA EMIGRAÇÃO" (PDF).
^ "france 2 actualités & société". info.france2.fr. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ Infopédia. "Emigração massiva dos anos 60 – Infopédia". infopedia.pt – Porto Editora (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ "Exils : Témoignages d'exilés et de déserteurs portugais".
^ Pereira, Victor (2013). "Les pratiques clandestines en exil. Le Parti communiste portugais (1958–1974)". Bulletin de l'Institut Pierre Renouvin (in French) (38): 93–107. doi:10.3917/bipr.038.0093.
^ s.r.o, RECO. "Histórias de lá da frança: emigração portuguesa em frança". gqportugal.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ "A emigração portuguesa para França: alguns aspectos quantitativos" (PDF).
^ "Memórias da emigração portuguesa em França". www.filorbis.pt. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ ""C ça ksé bon"". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ Renascença (13 October 2015). "Os portugueses em França ainda sofrem com os seus estereótipos – Renascença". Rádio Renascença (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ RFM. ""Opération Portugal": filme francês cheio de estereótipos sobre os portugueses é alvo de críticas". RFM (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ Santo, Inês Espírito (2015). "O patronato francês na construção da imagem dos emigrantes portugueses em França". Ciência-IUL (in Portuguese).
^ "Le stress d'acculturation chez des jeunes d'origine portugaise en France [Acculturation stress among Portuguese adolescents in France]".
^ ""Portugais en France, Français au Portugal"". 23 August 2012.
^ K.T (3 November 2020). "Évolutions des identités des jeunes Portugais et d'origine portugaise, 1982–2002". Centre d’histoire sociale des mondes contemporains (CHS) (in French). Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ Safi, Mirna (2006). "Le processus d'intégration des immigrés en France : inégalités et segmentation". Revue Française de Sociologie. 47 (1): 3–48. doi:10.3917/rfs.471.0003.
^ Barre, Jorge de La (1 January 2005). "L'intégration des jeunes Portugais et d'origine portugaise en France : enjeux et perspectives". OECD – the Integration of Young Migrants in the Labor Market.
^ Poinard, Michel (1993). "Bilans et leçons de l'immigration portugaise en France". Espace Populations Sociétés. 11 (2): 389–398. doi:10.3406/espos.1993.1599.
^ "Les Immigrants portugais et la culture portugaise en France".
^ ""Os velhotes", les vieux Portugais de France".
^ "Taxa de desemprego: total e por sexo (%)". www.pordata.pt. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ Peixoto, Ana Suspiro, Margarida. "O que pode custar o Brexit a Portugal?". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Lusa, Agência. "Emigração portuguesa para o Reino Unido voltou a disparar entre 2014 e 2015". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Observatório da Emigração".
^ "Née en France, élevée dans la culture portugaise". La ZEP (in French). 15 July 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ "Pourquoi les Portugais de France sont-ils tant attachés à la Selecção ?". SOFOOT.com (in French). 6 July 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ "Remessas de emigrantes/imigrantes-Saldo-Anual-M€ | BPstat". bpstat.bportugal.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ "Acquisition of citizenship by age group, sex and former citizenship".
^ Figueira, Ricardo (4 May 2017). "La communauté portugaise sur la même longeur d'ondes que le reste des électeurs français". euronews (in French). Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ "Foreigners by country of citizenship in France: Eurostat".
^ "Consulary Records: Portuguese in France".
^ ^a ^b "Les Portugais prennent la relève à partir du début des années 1960". Histoire-immigration.fr. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ Koven, Michèle (28 August 2017). Selves in Two Languages: Bilinguals' Verbal Enactments of Identity in French and Portuguese. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-9027241450. Retrieved 28 August 2017 – via Google Books.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Infos migrations n° 20 – février 2011" (PDF). Immigration.interieur.gouv.fr. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Observatório da Emigração". Observatorigracao.secomunidades.pt. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ "Perspectives des migrations internationales, Books : Perspectives des migrations internationales". Oecd-ilibrary.org. 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ "Observatório da Emigração". Observatorigracao.secomunidades.pt. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ "Résultats de la recherche – Insee". Insee.fr. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ "Résultats de la recherche – Insee". Insee.fr. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ "Arquivo.pt" (PDF). arquivo.pt.
^ Emigração, Observatório da. "Observatório da Emigração". Observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth".
^ "Déclaration de Mme Élisabeth Borne, Première ministre, sur les relations franco-portugaises, Lisbonne le 29 octobre 2022".
^ "Être né en France d'un parent immigré – Insee Première – 1287". Insee.fr. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ ^a ^b Michèle Tribalat, "Une estimation des populations d’origine étrangère en France en 2011", Espace populations sociétés, 2015/1-2, en ligne
^ Tableau 2 pour les immigrés et la première génération née en France et tableau 5 pour la deuxième génération née en France.
^ Laure Parny (10 June 2016). "50 ans après leur arrivée, les Portugais remercient Champigny". leparisien.fr. Retrieved 18 March 2020..
^ "église Notre-Dame-de-Fatima".
^ à 07h00, Par Sylvie De Macedo Le 9 juillet 2016 (9 July 2016). "Finale de l'Euro 2016 : les Français d'origine portugaise ont choisi la Selecçao". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved 18 March 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Histoire des Portugais dans le Val-de-Marne". Val de Marne Tourisme & Loisirs (in French). Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ Portugais en Corse
^ "Vote portugais dans le bocage vendéen A Cerizay, un habitant sur cinq est d'origine portugaise. Le droit de vote accordé aux Européens pourrait bouleverser la vie politique locale". Le Monde.fr (in French). 8 September 1992. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ "Labouheyre : le "petit Portugal" des Landes va vibrer pour la Seleção". ici, par France Bleu et France 3 (in French). 6 July 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ Des immigrés portugais dans un village corrézien dans les années 1960 – Lumni | Enseignement (in French), retrieved 18 March 2023
^ Une communauté bien intégrée dans les Alpes-Maritimes : les Portugais – Sudorama, mémoires du Sud de 1940 à nos jours (in French), retrieved 18 March 2023
^ ""C'est le paradis…" L'étonnante communauté portugaise de l'île de Groix". www.20minutes.fr (in French). 26 February 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ Lourenço, Eunice (12 June 2016). "Falar? Cantar? "Falar cantando". O encontro de Marcelo e Costa com Carlos do Carmo". Rádio Renascença.
^ "Radio Alfa, les oreilles des Portugais d'Ile-de-France". Les Echos (in French). 28 July 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ "Radio Antenne Portugaise TOURS 90.9 FM :: Le site de la radio". www.radio-portugal.net. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ "RFI – Actualidade, informação, notícias em directo – Radio France Internationale". RFI (in Portuguese). Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ "Des documentaires et des récits exclusifs dans les coulisses de l'univers criminel". Frantugal (in French). Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ Site de présentation du livre (bilingue français/portugais)
^ "100 ans d'histoire des Portugais en France 1916–2016 – broché – Marie-Christine Volovitch-Tavares – Achat Livre – Achat & prix | fnac". livre.fnac.com (in French). Retrieved 22 March 2017.
^ "Les portugais à Paris, au fil des siècles et des arrondissements". Editions Chandeigne (in French). Retrieved 18 March 2023.
^ "PORTUGAIS ET LUSO-FRANÇAIS".
^ "LA PRÉSENCE PORTUGAISE EN FRANCE DU XIII ÈME SIÈCLE À NOS JOURS".
^ "L'immigration portugaise en France : Filmographie" (PDF).

[1] "Relations bilatérales avec le Portugal et France". France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.

[Archived_copy-2] "Observatório da Emigração". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2014.

[OECD-3] "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 30 July 2009.

[Présentation_du_Portugal-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p "Présentation du Portugal".

[5] "Consulado Geral de Portugal em Bordéus".

[6] "Portugais en Corse". Lusitanie.net. Retrieved 28 August 2017.

[Portal_das_Comunidades_Portuguesas-7] "Portal das Comunidades Portuguesas".

[8] ttps://consulportugalmars.jimdofree.com/ ^{[bare URL]}

[9] "Ambassade du Portugal en France".

[10] ttp://www.consuladoportugalparis.org/ ^{[bare URL]}

[auto-11] étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Présentation du Portugal". France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.

[culture.gouv.fr-12] "Temps forts : une saison France-Portugal sous le signe du "sentiment océanique"". www.culture.gouv.fr (in French). 19 January 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[13] "How Spain and Portugal Expelled Their Jews". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[14] "Cristãos-novos". Mundo Educação (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[15] "Crypto Jews: What is the history of secret Jews? – explainer". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 23 August 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[16] Ayoun, Richard (2002). "L'établissement des crypto-juifs portugais à Nantes au XVIe siècle". Actes des congrès nationaux des sociétés historiques et scientifiques. 124 (11): 303–320.

[:0-17] "HISTÓRIA DA POPULAÇÃO PORTUGUESA : Das longas permanências à conquista da modernidade".

[18] "Nantes – patrimoine juif, histoire juive, synagogues, musées, quartiers et sites juifs". JGuide Europe (in French). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[19] Editora-eSefarad.com (10 May 2018). "Histoire des Juifs de France: La Communauté juive portugaise". eSefarad (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[20] "La diaspora juive portugaise (XVe-XXIe siècle) – Saison France-Portugal 2022" (in French). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[21] Cirot, Georges (1906). "Recherches sur les Juifs espagnols et portugais à Bordeaux". Bulletin Hispanique. 8 (3): 279–296. doi:10.3406/hispa.1906.1498.

[22] "Bayonne et à Bordeaux : Un refuge pour les "Portugais"" (PDF).

[23] Léon, Henry (2016). Histoire des Juifs de Bayonne (Nouvelle édition ed.). Pau: Éditions Cairn. ISBN 978-2-35068-230-3.

[24] NAHON, G.; Pereire, J. R. (1976). "LES RAPPORTS DES COMMUNAUTES JUDEO-PORTUGAISES DE FRANCE AVEC CELLE D'AMSTERDAM AU XVIIe ET AU XVIIIe SIECLES". Studia Rosenthaliana. 10 (2): 151–188. ISSN 0039-3347. JSTOR 41481222.

[25] "Lettres de quelques juifs Portugais, Allemands et Polonois, à M. de Voltaire., Paris, France, 18e siècle, 4e quart | Musée d'art et d'histoire du Judaïsme". Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme (in French). 29 May 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[26] "Bayonne, capitale historique du chocolat français". TF1 INFO (in French). 30 December 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[27] "Bayonne, première ville chocolatière de France". ici, par France Bleu et France 3 (in French). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[:22-28] Notice de collectivité, catalogue général BNF, online

[29] Archives nationales du monde du travail, « MAISON GRADIS Nouvellement Société française pour le commerce avec l'Outre-mer », 1997

[FOOTNOTECaroline_Weber36-30] Caroline Weber, p. 36.

[:1-31] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "L'immigration portugaise en France au 20ème siècle | Musée de l'histoire de l'immigration". www.histoire-immigration.fr (in French). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[32] "AVENUE DES PORTUGAIS". LUSITANIE (in French). 16 November 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[33] "Avenue des Portugais, Paris 16e Arrondissement (75116) – Base Adresse Nationale". adresse.data.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[34] "História da Emigração em França destaca envio de trabalhadores e xenofobia". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[:2-35] "RELATÓRIO DA EMIGRAÇÃO" (PDF).

[36] "france 2 actualités & société". info.france2.fr. Retrieved 28 August 2017.

[37] Infopédia. "Emigração massiva dos anos 60 – Infopédia". infopedia.pt – Porto Editora (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[38] "Exils : Témoignages d'exilés et de déserteurs portugais".

[39] Pereira, Victor (2013). "Les pratiques clandestines en exil. Le Parti communiste portugais (1958–1974)". Bulletin de l'Institut Pierre Renouvin (in French) (38): 93–107. doi:10.3917/bipr.038.0093.

[40] s.r.o, RECO. "Histórias de lá da frança: emigração portuguesa em frança". gqportugal.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[41] "A emigração portuguesa para França: alguns aspectos quantitativos" (PDF).

[42] "Memórias da emigração portuguesa em França". www.filorbis.pt. Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[43] ""C ça ksé bon"". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[44] Renascença (13 October 2015). "Os portugueses em França ainda sofrem com os seus estereótipos – Renascença". Rádio Renascença (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[45] RFM. ""Opération Portugal": filme francês cheio de estereótipos sobre os portugueses é alvo de críticas". RFM (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[46] Santo, Inês Espírito (2015). "O patronato francês na construção da imagem dos emigrantes portugueses em França". Ciência-IUL (in Portuguese).

[47] "Le stress d'acculturation chez des jeunes d'origine portugaise en France [Acculturation stress among Portuguese adolescents in France]".

[48] ""Portugais en France, Français au Portugal"". 23 August 2012.

[49] K.T (3 November 2020). "Évolutions des identités des jeunes Portugais et d'origine portugaise, 1982–2002". Centre d’histoire sociale des mondes contemporains (CHS) (in French). Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[50] Safi, Mirna (2006). "Le processus d'intégration des immigrés en France : inégalités et segmentation". Revue Française de Sociologie. 47 (1): 3–48. doi:10.3917/rfs.471.0003.

[51] Barre, Jorge de La (1 January 2005). "L'intégration des jeunes Portugais et d'origine portugaise en France : enjeux et perspectives". OECD – the Integration of Young Migrants in the Labor Market.

[52] Poinard, Michel (1993). "Bilans et leçons de l'immigration portugaise en France". Espace Populations Sociétés. 11 (2): 389–398. doi:10.3406/espos.1993.1599.

[53] "Les Immigrants portugais et la culture portugaise en France".

[54] ""Os velhotes", les vieux Portugais de France".

[55] "Taxa de desemprego: total e por sexo (%)". www.pordata.pt. Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[56] Peixoto, Ana Suspiro, Margarida. "O que pode custar o Brexit a Portugal?". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[57] Lusa, Agência. "Emigração portuguesa para o Reino Unido voltou a disparar entre 2014 e 2015". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[:3-58] "Observatório da Emigração".

[59] "Née en France, élevée dans la culture portugaise". La ZEP (in French). 15 July 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[60] "Pourquoi les Portugais de France sont-ils tant attachés à la Selecção ?". SOFOOT.com (in French). 6 July 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[61] "Remessas de emigrantes/imigrantes-Saldo-Anual-M€ | BPstat". bpstat.bportugal.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[62] "Acquisition of citizenship by age group, sex and former citizenship".

[63] Figueira, Ricardo (4 May 2017). "La communauté portugaise sur la même longeur d'ondes que le reste des électeurs français". euronews (in French). Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[64] "Foreigners by country of citizenship in France: Eurostat".

[65] "Consulary Records: Portuguese in France".

[histoire-immigration.fr-66] "Les Portugais prennent la relève à partir du début des années 1960". Histoire-immigration.fr. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2017.

[67] Koven, Michèle (28 August 2017). Selves in Two Languages: Bilinguals' Verbal Enactments of Identity in French and Portuguese. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-9027241450. Retrieved 28 August 2017 – via Google Books.

[68] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[OECD1999-69] "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 7 August 2014.

[Infos_migrations-70] "Infos migrations n° 20 – février 2011" (PDF). Immigration.interieur.gouv.fr. Retrieved 28 August 2017.

[Observatório_da_Emigração-71] "Observatório da Emigração". Observatorigracao.secomunidades.pt. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2017.

[72] "Perspectives des migrations internationales, Books : Perspectives des migrations internationales". Oecd-ilibrary.org. 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2017.

[73] "Observatório da Emigração". Observatorigracao.secomunidades.pt. Retrieved 28 August 2017.

[74] "Résultats de la recherche – Insee". Insee.fr. Retrieved 28 August 2017.

[75] "Résultats de la recherche – Insee". Insee.fr. Retrieved 28 August 2017.

[76] "Arquivo.pt" (PDF). arquivo.pt.

[77] Emigração, Observatório da. "Observatório da Emigração". Observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html. Retrieved 28 August 2017.

[:4-78] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth".

[79] "Déclaration de Mme Élisabeth Borne, Première ministre, sur les relations franco-portugaises, Lisbonne le 29 octobre 2022".

[80] "Être né en France d'un parent immigré – Insee Première – 1287". Insee.fr. Retrieved 28 August 2017.

[UM6SBV-81] Michèle Tribalat, "Une estimation des populations d’origine étrangère en France en 2011", Espace populations sociétés, 2015/1-2, en ligne

[82] Tableau 2 pour les immigrés et la première génération née en France et tableau 5 pour la deuxième génération née en France.

[83] Laure Parny (10 June 2016). "50 ans après leur arrivée, les Portugais remercient Champigny". leparisien.fr. Retrieved 18 March 2020..

[84] "église Notre-Dame-de-Fatima".

[85] à 07h00, Par Sylvie De Macedo Le 9 juillet 2016 (9 July 2016). "Finale de l'Euro 2016 : les Français d'origine portugaise ont choisi la Selecçao". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved 18 March 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[86] "Histoire des Portugais dans le Val-de-Marne". Val de Marne Tourisme & Loisirs (in French). Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[87] Portugais en Corse

[88] "Vote portugais dans le bocage vendéen A Cerizay, un habitant sur cinq est d'origine portugaise. Le droit de vote accordé aux Européens pourrait bouleverser la vie politique locale". Le Monde.fr (in French). 8 September 1992. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[89] "Labouheyre : le "petit Portugal" des Landes va vibrer pour la Seleção". ici, par France Bleu et France 3 (in French). 6 July 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[90] Des immigrés portugais dans un village corrézien dans les années 1960 – Lumni | Enseignement (in French), retrieved 18 March 2023

[91] Une communauté bien intégrée dans les Alpes-Maritimes : les Portugais – Sudorama, mémoires du Sud de 1940 à nos jours (in French), retrieved 18 March 2023

[92] ""C'est le paradis…" L'étonnante communauté portugaise de l'île de Groix". www.20minutes.fr (in French). 26 February 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[93] Lourenço, Eunice (12 June 2016). "Falar? Cantar? "Falar cantando". O encontro de Marcelo e Costa com Carlos do Carmo". Rádio Renascença.

[94] "Radio Alfa, les oreilles des Portugais d'Ile-de-France". Les Echos (in French). 28 July 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[95] "Radio Antenne Portugaise TOURS 90.9 FM :: Le site de la radio". www.radio-portugal.net. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[96] "RFI – Actualidade, informação, notícias em directo – Radio France Internationale". RFI (in Portuguese). Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[97] "Des documentaires et des récits exclusifs dans les coulisses de l'univers criminel". Frantugal (in French). Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[98] Site de présentation du livre (bilingue français/portugais)

[99] "100 ans d'histoire des Portugais en France 1916–2016 – broché – Marie-Christine Volovitch-Tavares – Achat Livre – Achat & prix | fnac". livre.fnac.com (in French). Retrieved 22 March 2017.

[100] "Les portugais à Paris, au fil des siècles et des arrondissements". Editions Chandeigne (in French). Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[101] "PORTUGAIS ET LUSO-FRANÇAIS".

[102] "LA PRÉSENCE PORTUGAISE EN FRANCE DU XIII ÈME SIÈCLE À NOS JOURS".

[103] "L'immigration portugaise en France : Filmographie" (PDF).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

v t e European diasporas in France
Central Europe	Czech German Polish Swiss
Eastern Europe	Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Georgian Russian Ukrainian Chechen
Northern Europe	Swede
Southeast Europe	Albanian Bulgarian Greek Macedonian Romanian Serbian Turk
Southern Europe	Italian Portuguese Spanish
Western Europe	British Irish
Demographics of France Immigration to France

v t e Portuguese diaspora
Africa (Luso-Africans)	Angola Guinea-Bissau Mozambique South Africa
Americas	Argentina Brazil Pardos Canada Guyana Mexico Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Hawaii New Jersey Uruguay Venezuela
Asia (Luso-Asians)	India Jews Indonesia Indo Mardijker Macau Malaysia Pakistan Sri Lanka Burghers Mestiços
Middle East	Israel Turkey
Europe	Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Iceland Liechtenstein Luxembourg Netherlands Jews Norway Slovenia Sweden United Kingdom Jews
Oceania	Australia Hawaii New Zealand