Mingrelia: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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| name |
| name = Mingrelia |
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| native_name |
| native_name = სამეგრელო |
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| native_name_lang = ka |
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| settlement_type |
| settlement_type = [[Regions of Georgia (country)|Historical region]] |
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| image_flag = Flag of The Principality of Mingrelia (Portolan 1560).svg |
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| image_skyline = |
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| flag_size = 120px |
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| image_shield = Coat of arms of Principality of Samegrelo.svg |
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| shield_size = 50px |
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| image_map |
| image_map = Historical Samegrelo in modern international borders of Georgia.svg |
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| map_caption = |
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| coordinates = {{coord|42|34|30|N|41|40|40|E|scale:100000_source:frwiki|display=inline,title}} |
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| map_alt = |
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| map_caption = Map highlighting the historical region of Samegrelo in Georgia |
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|Georgia}} |
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| image_map1 = |
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| seat_type = Largest city |
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| seat = [[Zugdidi]] |
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| area_footnotes = {{Ref|box2|2}} |
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| latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = |
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| longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = |
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| population_footnotes = |
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| coordinates_type = |
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| coordinates_display = title |
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| coordinates_footnotes = |
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| footnotes = Mingrelia is not an official subdivision of the [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]; it constitutes a [[historical region]] only. |
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| image_map1 = |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Mkhare]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti]]<br />[[Abkhazia]] |
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| seat = [[Zugdidi]] |
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| seat_type = Capital |
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| leader_party = |
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| leader_title = |
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| leader_name = |
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| parts_type = [[Districts]] |
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| parts_style = para |
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| parts = |
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| p1 = |
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| iso_code = |
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It is inhabited by the [[Mingrelians]], an ethnic subgroup of the [[Georgians]]. |
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==Geography and climate== |
==Geography and climate== |
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Mingrelia is bordered by the secessionist region of [[Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] to the north-west, [[Svaneti]] to the north, [[Imereti]] to the east, [[Guria]] to the south and the [[Black Sea]] to the west. |
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Administratively, the historic province of |
Administratively, the historic province of Mingrelia is incorporated joined with the northern part of the neighboring mountainous province of [[Svaneti]] to form the [[Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti]] region, the capital of which is Mingrelia's main city, [[Zugdidi]].<ref name=Burford>Tim Burford {{google books|TRXGB7SJjVQC|Georgia (2011)|page=9}}</ref> |
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As it is the case with most Black Sea coastal areas of Georgia, |
As it is the case with most Black Sea coastal areas of Georgia, Mingrelia's climate is [[subtropics|subtropical]] with frequent rains. The coastal areas have many [[marshlands]] despite the Soviet Georgian authorities' efforts to dry them up. These marshlands contain many rare birds and animals not found in other parts of the country. For this reason, substantial part of the territories is protected by the Georgian law as part of the Colchetian Nature Reserve. |
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{{Expand section|date=June 2008}} |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File: |
[[File:Franz Xaver Winterhalter - Portrait of Samegrelo Queen – Ekaterine Chavchavadze-Dadiani.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ekaterine Chavchavadze|Princess Ekaterine]], the last female ruler of Mingrelia, referred to by locals as the "Queen of Mingrelia".]] |
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In ancient times |
In ancient times Mingrelia was a major part of the kingdom of [[Colchis]] (9th-6th centuries [[Before Christ|BC]]) and its successor [[Egrisi]] (4th century BC-6th century [[Anno Domini|AD]]). In the 11th-15th centuries, Mingrelia was a part of the united [[Kingdom of Georgia]]. From the 16th century to 1857, the independent Kingdom of Mingrelia was under the rule of the [[House of Dadiani]]. Between 1568 and 1803, it was vassal of Ottoman Empire. |
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In December 1803, the |
In December 1803, the kingdom came under the patronage of the [[Russian Empire]] by an agreement between the [[Tsar]] and the Megrelian Prince [[Grigol Dadiani]]. The last adult Prince, David Dadiani, died in 1853, leaving his wife [[Ekaterine Dadiani, Princess of Mingrelia|Ekaterine]] as regent for his young son, [[Niko I Dadiani|Niko]]. However, in 1867, the principality was abolished and absorbed into the Tsarist Russian Empire. [[Niko I Dadiani|Prince Niko Dadiani]] officially renounced his rights to the throne in 1868. |
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Plant specimens of ''[[Astrantia colchica]]'' were found on Mt. Kwira in Mingrelia in 1894 by the Russian botanist [[Nikolai Albov]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Type of Astrantia colchica Albov [family UMBELLIFERAE] |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/history/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.g00359813 |publisher=jstor.org |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The first President of the [[post-Soviet]] Georgia, [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]], was a Megrelian. After the violent [[coup d'etat]] of December |
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⚫ | The first President of the [[Post-Soviet states|post-Soviet]] Georgia, [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]], was a Megrelian. After the violent [[Coup d'état|coup d'etat]] of 21 December 1991 – 6 January 1992, Mingrelia became the centre of a civil war, which ended with the defeat of Gamsakhurdia's Megrelian supporters. Even so, this region was unmanageable by the central government throughout the presidency of [[Eduard Shevardnadze]] (1992–2003). The fact that the Georgian refugees from the Abkhazian war zone (who are considered by Georgians as victims of ethnic cleansing) are mostly Mingrelians has contributed to the region's instability. In 2004, following the [[Rose Revolution]] of November 2003, newly elected Georgian President, [[Mikheil Saakashvili]], who vowed to resolve the conflict with the breakaway region of Abkhazia, disarmed groups of Megrelians who tried to fight a guerrilla war against the Abkhazians by incursions from Mingrelia.{{cn|date=December 2023}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[ |
* [[Mingrelian affair|Mingrelian Affair]] |
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* [[List of Georgian princes (mtavars)]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Mingrelia}} |
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* [http://georgiavoyage.ge/tegionnniii/mingrelia/?lang=en MINGRELIA] |
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* [https://georgiastartshere.com/samegrelo/ Samegrelo] |
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{{Georgian historical regions}} |
{{Georgian historical regions}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{coord|42|34|30|N|41|40|40|E|region:GE_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} |
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[[Category:Former provinces of Georgia (country)]] |
[[Category:Former provinces of Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:Historical regions of Georgia (country)]] |
[[Category:Historical regions of Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:Caucasus]] |
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[[Category:Historical regions]] |
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[[ar:مينغريليا]] |
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[[ca:Mingrèlia]] |
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[[cv:Мегрели]] |
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[[cs:Samegrelo]] |
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[[de:Mingrelien]] |
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[[et:Samegrelo]] |
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[[eo:Samegrelo]] |
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[[fa:سامگرلو]] |
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[[fr:Mingrélie]] |
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[[hy:Մեգրելիա]] |
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[[os:Мегрели]] |
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[[he:סמגרלו]] |
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[[ka:სამეგრელო]] |
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[[lt:Megrelija]] |
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[[hu:Mingrélia]] |
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[[xmf:სამარგალო]] |
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[[pl:Megrelia]] |
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[[ru:Мегрелия]] |
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[[fi:Samegrelo]] |
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[[sv:Megrelien]] |
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[[tr:Megrelya]] |
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[[uk:Мінгрелія]] |
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[[diq:Megrelya]] |
Latest revision as of 15:40, 8 November 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2021) |
Mingrelia
სამეგრელო | |
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Coordinates: 42°34′30″N 41°40′40″E / 42.57500°N 41.67778°E | |
Country | Georgia |
Largest city | Zugdidi |
Area | |
• Total | 9,983 km2 (3,854 sq mi) |
Population (2011) | |
• Total | 522,019 |
• Density | 52/km2 (140/sq mi) |
Mingrelia is not an official subdivision of the Georgia; it constitutes a historical region only. |
Mingrelia or Samegrelo (Georgian: სამეგრელო, romanized: samegrelo; Mingrelian: სამარგალო, romanized: samargalo) is a historic province in the western part of Georgia, formerly known as Odishi. It is primarily inhabited by the Mingrelians, a subgroup of Georgians.
Geography and climate
[edit]Mingrelia is bordered by the secessionist region of Abkhazia to the north-west, Svaneti to the north, Imereti to the east, Guria to the south and the Black Sea to the west.
Administratively, the historic province of Mingrelia is incorporated joined with the northern part of the neighboring mountainous province of Svaneti to form the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region, the capital of which is Mingrelia's main city, Zugdidi.[1]
As it is the case with most Black Sea coastal areas of Georgia, Mingrelia's climate is subtropical with frequent rains. The coastal areas have many marshlands despite the Soviet Georgian authorities' efforts to dry them up. These marshlands contain many rare birds and animals not found in other parts of the country. For this reason, substantial part of the territories is protected by the Georgian law as part of the Colchetian Nature Reserve.
History
[edit]In ancient times Mingrelia was a major part of the kingdom of Colchis (9th-6th centuries BC) and its successor Egrisi (4th century BC-6th century AD). In the 11th-15th centuries, Mingrelia was a part of the united Kingdom of Georgia. From the 16th century to 1857, the independent Kingdom of Mingrelia was under the rule of the House of Dadiani. Between 1568 and 1803, it was vassal of Ottoman Empire.
In December 1803, the kingdom came under the patronage of the Russian Empire by an agreement between the Tsar and the Megrelian Prince Grigol Dadiani. The last adult Prince, David Dadiani, died in 1853, leaving his wife Ekaterine as regent for his young son, Niko. However, in 1867, the principality was abolished and absorbed into the Tsarist Russian Empire. Prince Niko Dadiani officially renounced his rights to the throne in 1868.
Plant specimens of Astrantia colchica were found on Mt. Kwira in Mingrelia in 1894 by the Russian botanist Nikolai Albov.[2]
From 1918 to 1921, Mingrelia was part of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG). In 1921, Georgia was Sovietized and later became part of the Soviet Union, as the Georgian SSR. On 9 April 1991, independence was restored to Georgia, of which Mingrelia is now part.
The first President of the post-Soviet Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, was a Megrelian. After the violent coup d'etat of 21 December 1991 – 6 January 1992, Mingrelia became the centre of a civil war, which ended with the defeat of Gamsakhurdia's Megrelian supporters. Even so, this region was unmanageable by the central government throughout the presidency of Eduard Shevardnadze (1992–2003). The fact that the Georgian refugees from the Abkhazian war zone (who are considered by Georgians as victims of ethnic cleansing) are mostly Mingrelians has contributed to the region's instability. In 2004, following the Rose Revolution of November 2003, newly elected Georgian President, Mikheil Saakashvili, who vowed to resolve the conflict with the breakaway region of Abkhazia, disarmed groups of Megrelians who tried to fight a guerrilla war against the Abkhazians by incursions from Mingrelia.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Tim Burford Georgia (2011), p. 9, at Google Books
- ^ "Type of Astrantia colchica Albov [family UMBELLIFERAE]". jstor.org. Retrieved 22 May 2021.