Pattali Makkal Katchi: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Political party in India}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} |
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{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}} |
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}} |
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|foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1989|07|16}} |
|foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1989|07|16}} |
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|chairman = [[G. K. Mani]] |eci = [[List of political parties in India#State|Unrecognised Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Withdrawal of recognition of status of state party in Puducherry of the Pattali Makkal Katchi |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14884-withdrawal-of-recognition-of-status-of-state-party-in-puducherry-of-the-pattali-makkal-katchi/ |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref> |
|chairman = [[G. K. Mani]] |eci = [[List of political parties in India#State|Unrecognised Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Withdrawal of recognition of status of state party in Puducherry of the Pattali Makkal Katchi |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14884-withdrawal-of-recognition-of-status-of-state-party-in-puducherry-of-the-pattali-makkal-katchi/ |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref> |
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|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] (1998-2004, 2014-2016, 2019-present)<br> [[AIADMK]]-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ([[AIADMK-led Alliance|SDPA]]) (2001)<br>[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]-[[Congress]] ([[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]) (2004-2009, 2011-2014)<br>[[AIADMK]] ([[United National Progressive Alliance|UNPA]]) (2009-2011) |
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] (1998-2004, 2014-2016, 2019-present)<br> [[AIADMK]]-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ([[AIADMK-led Alliance|SDPA]]) (2001)<br>[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]-[[Indian National Congress]] ([[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]) (2004-2009, 2011-2014)<br>[[AIADMK]] ([[United National Progressive Alliance|UNPA]]) (2009-2011) |
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|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex=#F3ED13}} |
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex=#F3ED13}} |
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|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|245|hex=#F3ED13}} |
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|245|hex=#F3ED13}} |
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|ideology = [[ |
|ideology = [[Caste system in India| Casteism]]<br>[[Right-wing populism]] |
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|position = [[Right-wing]] |
|position = [[Right-wing]] |
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|headquarters = [[Tindivanam]], [[Villupuram District]], [[Chennai]] - 604001, [[Tamil Nadu]] |
|headquarters = [[Tindivanam]], [[Villupuram District]], [[Chennai]] - 604001, [[Tamil Nadu]] |
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|state_seats={{Composition bar|5|234|hex=#F3ED13}} |
|state_seats={{Composition bar|5|234|hex=#F3ED13}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Pattali Makkal Katchi''' ({{translation| |
'''Pattali Makkal Katchi''' ({{translation|Proletariat's Party}}; {{small|abbreviated as}} '''PMK''') is a Vanniyar caste party in [[Tamil Nadu]], India, founded by [[S. Ramadoss]] in 1989 for the [[Vanniyar]] caste in northern Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Radhakrishnan|first=P.|date=2002|title=Vanniyar Separatism: Nebulous Issues|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4412456|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=37|issue=32|pages=3315–3316|jstor=4412456|issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thirunavukkarasu|first=R.|date=2001|title=Election 2001: Changing Equations|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=36|issue=27|pages=2486–2489|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4410818}}</ref> It is a part of the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Senthalir|first=S.|title=In Tamil Nadu, discontent within PMK does not augur well for prospects of BJP-AIADMK alliance|url=https://scroll.in/article/914995/in-tamil-nadu-discontent-within-pmk-does-not-augur-well-for-prospects-of-bjp-aiadmk-alliance|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Scroll.in|date=2 March 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> It contests the elections with the "Ripe Mango" symbol.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/pmk-allotted-mango-symbol-for-2016-polls/article8395020.ece|title=PMK allotted 'mango' symbol for 2016 polls|date=2016-03-25|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-03-30}}</ref> |
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The PMK is noted for its involvement in riots and vandalism. A former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, [[Jayalalitha]], likened the party to a [[terrorism|terrorist organisation]] and threatened to ban it for its frequent involvement in violence and vandalism of public property.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/jayalalithaa-threatens-to-ban-ramadoss-pmk-over-marakkanam-violence-162927-2013-05-13 | title=Jayalalithaa threatens to ban Ramadoss' PMK over Marakkanam violence | date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> |
The PMK is noted for its involvement in riots and vandalism. A former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, [[Jayalalitha]], likened the party to a [[terrorism|terrorist organisation]] and threatened to ban it for its frequent involvement in violence and vandalism of public property.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/jayalalithaa-threatens-to-ban-ramadoss-pmk-over-marakkanam-violence-162927-2013-05-13 | title=Jayalalithaa threatens to ban Ramadoss' PMK over Marakkanam violence | date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> |
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Ramadoss founded the PMK on 16 July 1989,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Will PMK's investment in caste-politics yield results?|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/feb/26/will-pmks-investment-in-caste-politics-yield-results-1943843.html|access-date=2021-08-17|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 February 2019 }}</ref> emerging from the [[1987 Vanniyar reservation agitation|Vanniyar reservation protests of 1987]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Manikandan|first1=C.|last2=Wyatt|first2=Andrew|date=2019-01-02|title=Political parties and federally structured incentives in Indian politics: the case of the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK)|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2019.1572070|journal=Contemporary South Asia|volume=27|issue=1|pages=3|doi=10.1080/09584935.2019.1572070|s2cid=151268924|issn=0958-4935}}</ref> |
Ramadoss founded the PMK on 16 July 1989,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Will PMK's investment in caste-politics yield results?|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/feb/26/will-pmks-investment-in-caste-politics-yield-results-1943843.html|access-date=2021-08-17|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 February 2019 }}</ref> emerging from the [[1987 Vanniyar reservation agitation|Vanniyar reservation protests of 1987]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Manikandan|first1=C.|last2=Wyatt|first2=Andrew|date=2019-01-02|title=Political parties and federally structured incentives in Indian politics: the case of the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK)|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2019.1572070|journal=Contemporary South Asia|volume=27|issue=1|pages=3|doi=10.1080/09584935.2019.1572070|s2cid=151268924|issn=0958-4935}}</ref> |
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Ahead of the 2004 elections, PMK joined the [[Democratic Progressive Alliance]], a broad Tamil political coalition which also included the DMK, [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), [[Communist Party of India]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[Indian Union Muslim League]]. The party was able to obtain a significant share of power both in the regional government in Tamil Nadu and the Central Government due to the number of seats it obtained which helped the [[United Progressive Alliance]] ([[First ministry of Manmohan Singh|UPA-I]] |
Ahead of the 2004 elections, PMK joined the [[Democratic Progressive Alliance]], a broad Tamil political coalition which also included the DMK, [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), [[Communist Party of India]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[Indian Union Muslim League]]. The party was able to obtain a significant share of power both in the regional government in Tamil Nadu and the Central Government due to the number of seats it obtained which helped the [[United Progressive Alliance]] ([[First ministry of Manmohan Singh|UPA-I]]) to form the Government.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} |
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Following the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 Lok Sabha elections]], the PMK joined the United Progressive Alliance led by the INC. In June 2008, during the final months of the bitter relationship between the DMK and the PMK, the ruling DMK in Tamil Nadu severed its ties with the PMK, who were outside supporters of the [[Karunanidhi]] Government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1279585.ece|title=DMK snaps ties with PMK|date=2008-06-18|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-04-07}}</ref> However, the DMK did not press for the party's removal from the UPA Government at the centre. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that, it would join the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK)]] led front and left the [[United Progressive Alliance|United Progressive Alliance (UPA)]]. |
Following the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 Lok Sabha elections]], the PMK joined the United Progressive Alliance led by the INC. In June 2008, during the final months of the bitter relationship between the DMK and the PMK, the ruling DMK in Tamil Nadu severed its ties with the PMK, who were outside supporters of the [[Karunanidhi]] Government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1279585.ece|title=DMK snaps ties with PMK|date=2008-06-18|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-04-07}}</ref> However, the DMK did not press for the party's removal from the UPA Government at the centre. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that, it would join the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK)]] led front and left the [[United Progressive Alliance|United Progressive Alliance (UPA)]]. |
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The [[Madras Institute of Development Studies|Madras Institute of Developmental Studies]] (MIDS) and an reported that the PMK and the Hindu Munnani was involved in the [[2019 Ponparappi violence]] where Dalit women were sexually abused and Dalit houses were attacked and damaged.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-10|title=Fact-finding team blames PMK for Ponparappi violence|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2019/05/10025102/1117620/Factfinding-team-blames-PMK-for-Ponparappi-violence.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122111458/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2019/05/10025102/1117620/Factfinding-team-blames-PMK-for-Ponparappi-violence.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2021|access-date=2021-09-22|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}</ref> An NGO Evidence also blamed PMK in the violence because the Dalit colony voted overwhelmingly for VCK.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajasekaran|first=Ilangovan|title=Dalits in Tamil Nadu village attacked for voting in election|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/incoming/article26899140.ece|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Frontline|date=20 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> |
The [[Madras Institute of Development Studies|Madras Institute of Developmental Studies]] (MIDS) and an reported that the PMK and the Hindu Munnani was involved in the [[2019 Ponparappi violence]] where Dalit women were sexually abused and Dalit houses were attacked and damaged.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-10|title=Fact-finding team blames PMK for Ponparappi violence|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2019/05/10025102/1117620/Factfinding-team-blames-PMK-for-Ponparappi-violence.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122111458/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2019/05/10025102/1117620/Factfinding-team-blames-PMK-for-Ponparappi-violence.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2021|access-date=2021-09-22|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}</ref> An NGO Evidence also blamed PMK in the violence because the Dalit colony voted overwhelmingly for VCK.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajasekaran|first=Ilangovan|title=Dalits in Tamil Nadu village attacked for voting in election|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/incoming/article26899140.ece|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Frontline|date=20 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> |
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In November 2020, Ramadoss called for a protest demanding 20% internal reservation for Vanniyars in the MBC category in education and jobs from |
In November 2020, Ramadoss called for a protest demanding 20% internal reservation for Vanniyars in the MBC category in education and jobs from 1 December. During the pro-reservation protests, more than 500 PMK cadres [[Stone pelting in India|pelted stones]] on a moving train and blocked traffic when they were blocked from entering Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-01|title=Pro-reservation protest: PMK supporters create ruckus in Chennai after being stopped by police|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/pro-reservation-protest-pmk-supporters-create-ruckus-in-chennai-after-being-stopped-by-police/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-01|title=Video: PMK members pelt stones on train during protest for sub-quota for Vanniyars|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/video-pmk-members-pelt-stones-train-during-protest-sub-quota-vanniyars-138755|access-date=2021-09-22|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> A bill to create the 10.5% internal reservation to Vanniyars was passed on February 26, 2021, by the AIADMK government.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yamunan|first=Sruthisagar|title=Ground report: Will giving Vanniyar community 10.5% reservations help AIADMK win north Tamil Nadu?|url=https://scroll.in/article/989476/ground-report-will-giving-vanniyar-community-10-5-reservations-help-aiadmk-win-north-tamil-nadu|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Scroll.in|date=17 March 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> The move was taken ahead of the April 6 assembly elections to appease the PMK, which had threatened to quit the coalition if their demand was not satisfied.<ref name=":1" /> In July 2021, the DMK government issued an order to implement 10.5% quota Bill for Vanniyars.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-27|title=TN issues order to implement 10.5% quota Bill for Vanniyars|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tn-issues-order-to-implement-10-5-quota-bill-for-vanniyars-101627328500546.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> |
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PMK contested in 23 seats in the AIADMK alliance in the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] and won five seats by securing 4.04%.<ref name=":0" /> In the assembly, PMK voted in favour of anti-CAA and anti-farm-law resolutions, but AIADMK and BJP walked out over the matter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-15|title=Cracks in AIADMK alliance; PMK to contest alone in rural local body polls|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/cracks-in-aiadmk-alliance-pmk-to-contest-alone-in-rural-local-body-polls-1030501.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> PMK left the AIADMK-led alliance for the 2021 local body polls.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-15|title=PMK exits AIADMK-led alliance for local body polls, to contest alone|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pmk-exits-aiadmk-led-alliance-local-body-polls-contest-alone-155299|access-date=2021-09-22|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> |
PMK contested in 23 seats in the AIADMK alliance in the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] and won five seats by securing 4.04%.<ref name=":0" /> In the assembly, PMK voted in favour of anti-CAA and anti-farm-law resolutions, but AIADMK and BJP walked out over the matter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-15|title=Cracks in AIADMK alliance; PMK to contest alone in rural local body polls|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/cracks-in-aiadmk-alliance-pmk-to-contest-alone-in-rural-local-body-polls-1030501.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> PMK left the AIADMK-led alliance for the 2021 local body polls.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-15|title=PMK exits AIADMK-led alliance for local body polls, to contest alone|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pmk-exits-aiadmk-led-alliance-local-body-polls-contest-alone-155299|access-date=2021-09-22|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> |
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== List of Union Ministers == |
== List of Union Ministers == |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! rowspan="2"| {{abbr|No.|Number}} |
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:yellow"| {{abbr|No.|Number}} |
||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:yellow"|Portrait |
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! rowspan="2" style="width:17em" |
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:yellow; width:17em"|Minister<br>{{small|(Birth-Death)<br>Constituency}} |
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! colspan="3" |Term of office |
! colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow"|Term of office |
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! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:yellow; width:8em"|Portfolio |
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! rowspan="2"| Ministry |
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:yellow"| Ministry |
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! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:yellow; width:9em"|Prime Minister |
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|- |
|- |
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!style="width:7em"| From |
!style="background-color:yellow; width:7em"| From |
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!style="width:7em"| To |
!style="background-color:yellow; width:7em"| To |
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!style="width:6em"| Period |
!style="background-color:yellow; width:6em"| Period |
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|- |
|- |
||
!1 |
!1 |
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|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"| |
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"| |
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|[[File:No image available.svg|70px]] |
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| |
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|'''[[Dalit Ezhilmalai]]'''<br>{{small|(1945{{ndash}}2020)<br>MP for [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]]}}<br> |
|'''[[Dalit Ezhilmalai]]'''<br>{{small|(1945{{ndash}}2020)<br>MP for [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]]}}<br>[{{abbr|MoS(I/C)|Minister of State - Independent Charge}}] |
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|20 March<br>1998 |
|20 March<br>1998 |
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|14 August<br>1999 |
|14 August<br>1999 |
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|'''{{ayd|1998|3|20|1999|8|14}}''' |
|'''{{ayd|1998|3|20|1999|8|14}}''' |
||
|rowspan="2"|[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] |
|rowspan="2"|[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]] |
||
| style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]''' |
| style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]''' |
||
|rowspan="6"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] |
|rowspan="6"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
!rowspan="3"|2 |
|||
!2 |
|||
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"| |
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"| |
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|rowspan="3"|[[File:No image available.svg|70px]] |
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| |
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|rowspan="3"|'''[[N. T. Shanmugam]]'''<br>{{small|MP for [[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]}}<br> |
|rowspan="3"|'''[[N. T. Shanmugam]]'''<br>{{small|MP for [[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]}}<br>[{{abbr|MoS(I/C)|Minister of State - Independent Charge}}] |
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|13 October<br>1999 |
|13 October<br>1999 |
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|27 May<br>2000 |
|27 May<br>2000 |
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|'''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2000|5|27}}''' |
|'''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2000|5|27}}''' |
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| style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]''' |
| rowspan="5", style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!3 |
|||
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"| |
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"| |
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| ⚫ | |||
| |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
|7 February<br>2001 |
|7 February<br>2001 |
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|'''{{ayd|2000|5|27|2001|2|7}}''' |
|'''{{ayd|2000|5|27|2001|2|7}}''' |
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|[[Ministry of Coal]] |
|[[Ministry of Coal]] |
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| style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]''' |
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|- |
|- |
||
!4 |
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|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"| |
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"| |
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| |
|||
|1 July<br>2002 |
|1 July<br>2002 |
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|15 January<br>2004 |
|15 January<br>2004 |
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|'''{{ayd|2002|7|1|2004|1|15}}''' |
|'''{{ayd|2002|7|1|2004|1|15}}''' |
||
|[[Ministry of Food Processing Industries]] |
|[[Ministry of Food Processing Industries]] |
||
| style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]''' |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
!3 |
||
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"| |
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"| |
||
|[[File:A. K. Moorthy (cropped).jpg|70px]] |
|[[File:A. K. Moorthy (cropped).jpg|70px]] |
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|'''[[A. K. Moorthy]]'''<br />{{small|(born 1964)<br />MP for [[Chengalpattu Lok Sabha constituency|Chengalpattu]]}} |
|'''[[A. K. Moorthy]]'''<br />{{small|(born 1964)<br />MP for [[Chengalpattu Lok Sabha constituency|Chengalpattu]]}} |
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|1 July<br />2002 |
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|15 January<br />2004 |
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|'''{{ayd|2002|7|1|2004|1|15}}''' |
|||
||[[Ministry of Railways (India)|MoS in Ministry of Railways]] |
||[[Ministry of Railways (India)|'''{{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}}''' in Ministry of Railways]] |
||
|style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]''' |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
! 4 |
||
| bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"| |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"| |
||
| [[File:E. Ponnuswamy (cropped).jpg|70px]] |
| [[File:E. Ponnuswamy (cropped).jpg|70px]] |
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| Line 160: | Line 152: | ||
| 7 February<br/>2001 |
| 7 February<br/>2001 |
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| '''{{ayd|13 Oct 1999|7 Feb 2001}}''' |
| '''{{ayd|13 Oct 1999|7 Feb 2001}}''' |
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| [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|MoS in Ministry of Petroleum |
| [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|'''{{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}}''' in Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas]] |
||
|style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]''' |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
!5 |
||
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"| |
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"| |
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|[[File:Anbumani Ramadoss in 2007 (cropped).jpg|70px]] |
|[[File:Anbumani Ramadoss in 2007 (cropped).jpg|70px]] |
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| Line 170: | Line 161: | ||
|rowspan="2"|29 March<br>2009 |
|rowspan="2"|29 March<br>2009 |
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|rowspan="2"|'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|3|29}}''' |
|rowspan="2"|'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|3|29}}''' |
||
|[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] |
|[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Ministry of Health & Family Welfare]] |
||
| bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan I''']] |
| rowspan="2", bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan I''']] |
||
|rowspan="2"| [[Manmohan Singh]] |
|rowspan="2"| [[Manmohan Singh]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
!6 |
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|[[File:R. Velu addressing addressing at the Closing Ceremony of the 56th Senior National Kabaddi Championship (cropped).jpg|70px]] |
|[[File:R. Velu addressing addressing at the Closing Ceremony of the 56th Senior National Kabaddi Championship (cropped).jpg|70px]] |
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|'''[[R. Velu]]'''<br />{{small|(born 1940)<br />MP for [[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]}} |
|'''[[R. Velu]]'''<br />{{small|(born 1940)<br />MP for [[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]}} |
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||[[Ministry of Railways (India)|MoS in Ministry of Railways]] |
||[[Ministry of Railways (India)|'''{{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}}''' in Ministry of Railways]] |
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| bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan I''']] |
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|rowspan="4"| 1998 |
|rowspan="4"| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]] |
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|rowspan="4"| 12th Lok Sabha |
|rowspan="4"| [[12th Lok Sabha]] |
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| [[Dalit Ezhilmalai]] |
| [[Dalit Ezhilmalai]] |
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| Chidambaram |
| [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram (SC)]] |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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| K. Parymohan |
| K. Parymohan |
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| Dharmapuri |
| [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]] |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[M. Durai]] |
| [[M. Durai]] |
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| Vandavasi |
| [[Vandavasi Lok Sabha constituency|Vandavasi]] |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[N.T. Shanmugam]] |
| [[N.T. Shanmugam]] |
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| Vellore |
| [[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]] |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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|rowspan="5"| 1999 |
|rowspan="5"| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]] |
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|rowspan="5"| 13th Lok Sabha |
|rowspan="5"| [[13th Lok Sabha]] |
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| [[A.K. Moorthy]] |
| [[A.K. Moorthy]] |
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| Chengalpattu |
| [[Chengalpattu Lok Sabha constituency|Chengalpattu]] |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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| Mathivanan |
| Mathivanan |
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| Chidambaram |
| [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram (SC)]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| P D Elangovan |
| P D Elangovan |
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| Dharmapuri |
| [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[M. Durai]] |
| [[M. Durai]] |
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| Vandavasi |
| [[Vandavasi Lok Sabha constituency|Vandavasi]] |
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| Re-elected for 2nd term |
| Re-elected for 2nd term |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[N.T. Shanmugam]] |
| [[N.T. Shanmugam]] |
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| Vellore |
| [[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]] |
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| Re-elected for 2nd term |
| Re-elected for 2nd term |
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|- |
|- |
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| rowspan="6"|2004 |
| rowspan="6"|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]] |
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| rowspan="6"| |
| rowspan="6"|[[14th Lok Sabha]] |
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| Rangasamy Velu |
| Rangasamy Velu |
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| Arakkonam |
| [[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]] |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[A.K. Moorthy]] |
| [[A.K. Moorthy]] |
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| Chengalpattu |
| [[Chengalpattu Lok Sabha constituency|Chengalpattu]] |
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| Re-elected for 2nd term |
| Re-elected for 2nd term |
||
|- |
|- |
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| E Ponnuswamy |
| E Ponnuswamy |
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| Chidambaram |
| [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram (SC)]] |
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| Re-elected for 2nd term |
| Re-elected for 2nd term |
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|- |
|- |
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| Senthil Raman |
| Senthil Raman |
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| Dharmapuri |
| [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]] |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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| K Dhanaraju |
| K Dhanaraju |
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| Tindivanam |
| [[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]] |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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|M. Ramadass |
|M. Ramadass |
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|Puducherry |
|[[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Puducherry]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]] |
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| 2014 |
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| 16th Lok Sabha |
| [[16th Lok Sabha]] |
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| [[Anbumani Ramadoss]] |
| [[Anbumani Ramadoss]] |
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| Dharmapuri |
| [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]] |
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| rowspan=3|[[File:Anbumani Ramadoss briefing the media after his meeting with the Health Ministers of Polio affected states Delhi, UP, Bihar, Uttaranchal, Jharkhand, MP, Haryana and Maharashtra, in New Delhi on September 21, 2006.jpg|100px]] |
| rowspan=3|[[File:Anbumani Ramadoss briefing the media after his meeting with the Health Ministers of Polio affected states Delhi, UP, Bihar, Uttaranchal, Jharkhand, MP, Haryana and Maharashtra, in New Delhi on September 21, 2006.jpg|100px]] |
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| rowspan=3|'''[[Anbumani Ramadoss]]'''<br/><small>(1968–)</small> |
| rowspan=3|'''[[Anbumani Ramadoss]]'''<br/><small>(1968–)</small> |
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|[[Member of Rajya Sabha]] |
|rowspan="2"|[[Member of Rajya Sabha]] |
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|2004 |
|2004 |
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|2010 |
|2010 |
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| rowspan=3|[[Tamil Nadu]]<br /><small>([[Rajya Sabha]])</small> |
| rowspan=3|[[Tamil Nadu]]<br /><small>([[Rajya Sabha]])</small> |
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|[[Member of Rajya Sabha]] |
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|2019 |
|2019 |
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|''Incumbent'' |
|''Incumbent'' |
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[[Category:Political parties established in 1989]] |
[[Category:Political parties established in 1989]] |
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[[Category:1989 establishments in Tamil Nadu]] |
[[Category:1989 establishments in Tamil Nadu]] |
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[[Category:Political parties in India]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:15, 8 November 2024
Pattali Makkal Katchi | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leader | S. Ramadoss |
| President | Anbumani Ramadoss |
| Chairman | G. K. Mani |
| Founder | S. Ramadoss |
| Founded | 16 July 1989 |
| Headquarters | Tindivanam, Villupuram District, Chennai - 604001, Tamil Nadu |
| Ideology | Casteism Right-wing populism |
| Political position | Right-wing |
| ECI Status | Unrecognised Party[1] |
| Alliance | NDA (1998-2004, 2014-2016, 2019-present) AIADMK-Congress (SDPA) (2001) DMK-Indian National Congress (UPA) (2004-2009, 2011-2014) AIADMK (UNPA) (2009-2011) |
| Seats in Lok Sabha | 0 / 543
|
| Seats in Rajya Sabha | 1 / 245
|
| Seats in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly | 5 / 234
|
| Election symbol | |
 (Ripe Mango) | |
| Website | |
| pmkofficial | |
Pattali Makkal Katchi (transl. Proletariat's Party; abbreviated as PMK) is a Vanniyar caste party in Tamil Nadu, India, founded by S. Ramadoss in 1989 for the Vanniyar caste in northern Tamil Nadu.[2][3] It is a part of the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA).[4] It contests the elections with the "Ripe Mango" symbol.[5]
The PMK is noted for its involvement in riots and vandalism. A former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Jayalalitha, likened the party to a terrorist organisation and threatened to ban it for its frequent involvement in violence and vandalism of public property.[6]
History
[edit]Vanniyar Sangam
[edit]S. Ramadoss founded the Vanniyar Sangam in 1980, bringing together a coalition of Vanniyar caste organisations. The Vanniyar Sangam is PMK's parent organisation.[7][8] The Vanniyar Sangham organised the 1987 Vanniyar reservation agitation demanding Most Backward Caste (MBC) status for Vanniyars. At the peak of the protests, the state was paralysed for a week when thousands of trees were felled, highways blocked and damaged and more than 1,400 houses of the Dalit community were burned down.[9] The police shot 21 protestors.[7] Later, in 1989, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) government led by M. Karunanidhi granted MBC status to the Vanniyars, with the associated reservation entitlements in education and employment.[10]
PMK (1989–present)
[edit]Ramadoss founded the PMK on 16 July 1989,[11] emerging from the Vanniyar reservation protests of 1987.[12]
Ahead of the 2004 elections, PMK joined the Democratic Progressive Alliance, a broad Tamil political coalition which also included the DMK, Indian National Congress (INC), Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Indian Union Muslim League. The party was able to obtain a significant share of power both in the regional government in Tamil Nadu and the Central Government due to the number of seats it obtained which helped the United Progressive Alliance (UPA-I) to form the Government.[citation needed]
Following the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, the PMK joined the United Progressive Alliance led by the INC. In June 2008, during the final months of the bitter relationship between the DMK and the PMK, the ruling DMK in Tamil Nadu severed its ties with the PMK, who were outside supporters of the Karunanidhi Government.[13] However, the DMK did not press for the party's removal from the UPA Government at the centre. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that, it would join the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) led front and left the United Progressive Alliance (UPA).
Ramadoss and his son, Anbumani Ramdoss, were arrested by the Jayalalitha government for their inflammatory speeches, the PMK cadres indulged in violence in April 2013 causing property damages estimated worth ₹600 crores.[14] Jayalalitha likened the party to a “terrorist” organization and claimed they hurled petrol bombs on moving vehicles and caused damages to 850 vehicles including public buses and threatened to ban the party.[15] Ramadoss and his son were released after 12 days in prison.[16]
PMK contested in the 2014 Lok Sabha election in an alliance with BJP-led NDA and its candidate Anbumani Ramadoss won the Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency, he was one of two non-AIADMK MPs from Tamil Nadu the other being from its ally BJP.[17]
PMK continued its alliance with AIADMK and BJP in the 2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu and contested 7 seats but the party failed to win any seats.[18]
The Madras Institute of Developmental Studies (MIDS) and an reported that the PMK and the Hindu Munnani was involved in the 2019 Ponparappi violence where Dalit women were sexually abused and Dalit houses were attacked and damaged.[19] An NGO Evidence also blamed PMK in the violence because the Dalit colony voted overwhelmingly for VCK.[20]
In November 2020, Ramadoss called for a protest demanding 20% internal reservation for Vanniyars in the MBC category in education and jobs from 1 December. During the pro-reservation protests, more than 500 PMK cadres pelted stones on a moving train and blocked traffic when they were blocked from entering Chennai.[21][22] A bill to create the 10.5% internal reservation to Vanniyars was passed on February 26, 2021, by the AIADMK government.[23] The move was taken ahead of the April 6 assembly elections to appease the PMK, which had threatened to quit the coalition if their demand was not satisfied.[24] In July 2021, the DMK government issued an order to implement 10.5% quota Bill for Vanniyars.[24]
PMK contested in 23 seats in the AIADMK alliance in the 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election and won five seats by securing 4.04%.[18] In the assembly, PMK voted in favour of anti-CAA and anti-farm-law resolutions, but AIADMK and BJP walked out over the matter.[25] PMK left the AIADMK-led alliance for the 2021 local body polls.[26]
Ideology and political positions
[edit]The PMK defied Tamil Nadu's Dravidian political culture by explicitly appealing to its caste identification when asking for support. The party has been linked to direct action and protests that have resulted in violence. Between 2012 and 2013, the party ran a campaign against intercaste marriages.[12]
Leaders
[edit]The leaders of Pattali Makkal Katchi, who are also the national executives of the party, are listed below:[27]
| S.No | Member | Party Position |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | S. Ramadoss | Founder-Leader of PMK |
| 2. | G.K. Mani | Honorary President of PMK[28] |
| 3. | Anbumani Ramadoss | President of PMK |
| 4. | Vadivel Ravanan | General Secretary of PMK |
| 5. | Thilagabama | Treasurer of PMK |
| 6. | Pu.Tha.Arulmozhi | President of Vanniyar Sangam |
| 7. | Advocate K. Balu | Spokesperson of PMK |
List of Union Ministers
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Minister (Birth-Death) Constituency |
Term of office | Portfolio | Ministry | Prime Minister | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| From | To | Period | |||||||
| 1 | 
|
Dalit Ezhilmalai (1945–2020) MP for Chidambaram [MoS(I/C)] |
20 March 1998 |
14 August 1999 |
1 year, 147 days | Minister of Health and Family Welfare | Vajpayee II | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | |
| 2 |
|
N. T. Shanmugam MP for Vellore [MoS(I/C)] |
13 October 1999 |
27 May 2000 |
227 days | Vajpayee III | |||
| 27 May 2000 |
7 February 2001 |
256 days | Ministry of Coal | ||||||
| 1 July 2002 |
15 January 2004 |
1 year, 198 days | Ministry of Food Processing Industries | ||||||
| 3 | .jpg)
|
A. K. Moorthy (born 1964) MP for Chengalpattu |
1 July 2002 |
15 January 2004 |
1 year, 198 days | MoS in Ministry of Railways | |||
| 4 | .jpg)
|
E. Ponnuswamy (born 1936) MP for Chidambaram |
13 October 1999 |
7 February 2001 |
1 year, 117 days | MoS in Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas | |||
| 5 | .jpg)
|
Anbumani Ramadoss (born 1968) Rajya Sabha MP for Tamil Nadu |
23 May 2004 |
29 March 2009 |
4 years, 310 days | Ministry of Health & Family Welfare | Manmohan I | Manmohan Singh | |
| 6 | .jpg)
|
R. Velu (born 1940) MP for Arakkonam |
MoS in Ministry of Railways | ||||||
Election history
[edit]Tamil Nadu
[edit]| Election Year | Election | Votes polled | Won | Change of Seats | Alliance | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | 10th Assembly | 1,452,982 | 1 / 194
|
 1
|
None | Lost |
| 1996 | 11th Assembly | 1,042,333 | 4 / 116
|
3
|
PMK+ | Lost |
| 2001 | 12th Assembly | 1,557,500 | 20 / 27
|
16
|
AIADMK+ | Won |
| 2006 | 13th Assembly | 1,863,749 | 18 / 31
|
 2
|
DMK + | Won |
| 2011 | 14th Assembly | 1,927,783 | 3 / 30
|
15
|
DMK + | Lost |
| 2016 | 15th Assembly | 2,300,775 | 0 / 234
|
3
|
None | Lost |
| 2021 | 16th Assembly | 1,756,796 | 5 / 23
|
5
|
AIADMK+ | Lost |
| Election Year | Election | Votes polled | Won | Change of Seats | Alliance | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 11th Lok Sabha | 552,118 | 0 / 15
|
No Change | PMK+ | Lost |
| 1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | 15,48,976 | 4 / 5
|
4
|
NDA | Government |
| 1999 | 13th Lok Sabha | 2,236,821 | 5 / 7
|
1
|
NDA | Government |
| 2004 | 14th Lok Sabha | 1,927,367 | 5 / 5
|
No Change | DPA | Government |
| 2009 | 15th Lok Sabha | 1,944,619 | 0 / 6
|
5
|
TF | Lost |
| 2014 | 16th Lok Sabha | 1,804,812 | 1 / 8
|
1
|
NDA | Government |
| 2019 | 17th Lok Sabha | 2,297,431[29] | 0 / 7
|
1
|
NDA | Government |
| 2024 | 18th Lok Sabha | 18,79,689 | 0 / 10
|
No Change | NDA | Government |
DPA - Democratic Progressive Alliance NDA - National Democratic Alliance TF - Third Front PT - PMK-Tiwari Congress Front
Puducherry
[edit]| Election Year | Election | Votes polled | Won | Change of Seats | Alliance | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election | N.A. | 2 / 30
|
2
|
DPA | Government |
| Election Year | Election | Votes polled | Won | Change of Seats | Alliance | Result | Candidate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | 13th Lok Sabha | 140,920 | 0 / 1
|
No Change | NDA | Lost | M. Ramadass |
| 2004 | 14th Lok Sabha | 241,653 | 1 / 1
|
1
|
DPA | Government | M. Ramadass |
| 2009 | 15th Lok Sabha | 208,619 | 0 / 1
|
1
|
TF | Lost | M. Ramadass |
DPA - Democratic Progressive Alliance NDA - National Democratic Alliance TF - Third Front PT - PMK-Tiwari Congress Front
List of Lok Sabha Members
[edit]| Year | Election | Member | Constituency | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | Dalit Ezhilmalai | Chidambaram (SC) | |
| K. Parymohan | Dharmapuri | |||
| M. Durai | Vandavasi | |||
| N.T. Shanmugam | Vellore | |||
| 1999 | 13th Lok Sabha | A.K. Moorthy | Chengalpattu | |
| Mathivanan | Chidambaram (SC) | |||
| P D Elangovan | Dharmapuri | |||
| M. Durai | Vandavasi | Re-elected for 2nd term | ||
| N.T. Shanmugam | Vellore | Re-elected for 2nd term | ||
| 2004 | 14th Lok Sabha | Rangasamy Velu | Arakkonam | |
| A.K. Moorthy | Chengalpattu | Re-elected for 2nd term | ||
| E Ponnuswamy | Chidambaram (SC) | Re-elected for 2nd term | ||
| Senthil Raman | Dharmapuri | |||
| K Dhanaraju | Tindivanam | |||
| M. Ramadass | Puducherry | |||
| 2014 | 16th Lok Sabha | Anbumani Ramadoss | Dharmapuri |
List of Rajya Sabha Members
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Position | Term in office | Constituency (House) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
| 1 | 
|
Anbumani Ramadoss (1968–) |
Member of Rajya Sabha | 2004 | 2010 | 6 years | Tamil Nadu (Rajya Sabha) |
| 2019 | Incumbent | 5 years, 332 days | |||||
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Withdrawal of recognition of status of state party in Puducherry of the Pattali Makkal Katchi". Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ Radhakrishnan, P. (2002). "Vanniyar Separatism: Nebulous Issues". Economic and Political Weekly. 37 (32): 3315–3316. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4412456.
- ^ Thirunavukkarasu, R. (2001). "Election 2001: Changing Equations". Economic and Political Weekly. 36 (27): 2486–2489. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4410818.
- ^ Senthalir, S. (2 March 2019). "In Tamil Nadu, discontent within PMK does not augur well for prospects of BJP-AIADMK alliance". Scroll.in. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
- ^ "PMK allotted 'mango' symbol for 2016 polls". The Hindu. 25 March 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
- ^ "Jayalalithaa threatens to ban Ramadoss' PMK over Marakkanam violence". 14 May 2013.
- ^ a b "40-yr-old reservation demand conceded in TN: Is it working for PMK?". Hindustan Times. 5 April 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ^ "Senior Ramadoss arrested". The Telegraph. 1 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ Collins, Michael A (1 January 2017). "Recalling Democracy: Electoral Politics, Minority Representation, and Dalit Assertion in Modern India". Dissertations Available from ProQuest: 137, 138.
- ^ Kolappan, B. (7 May 2012). "Vanniyar Sangam revives demand for exclusive quota". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
- ^ "Will PMK's investment in caste-politics yield results?". The New Indian Express. 28 February 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
- ^ a b Manikandan, C.; Wyatt, Andrew (2 January 2019). "Political parties and federally structured incentives in Indian politics: the case of the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK)". Contemporary South Asia. 27 (1): 3. doi:10.1080/09584935.2019.1572070. ISSN 0958-4935. S2CID 151268924.
- ^ "DMK snaps ties with PMK". The Hindu. 18 June 2008. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
- ^ "Jaya threatens to ban PMK for inciting violence". Hindustan Times. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ "Jayalalithaa threatens to ban Ramadoss' PMK over Marakkanam violence". The Indian Express. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ "PMK founder S Ramadoss released from prison, slams Jayalalithaa govt". The Indian Express. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ "DMDK to sign poll deal with BJP - Times of India". The Times of India. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
- ^ a b "Low vote share spoils PMK's celebratory mood over win in 5 seats". dtNext.in. 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ "Fact-finding team blames PMK for Ponparappi violence". dtNext.in. 10 May 2019. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ Rajasekaran, Ilangovan (20 April 2019). "Dalits in Tamil Nadu village attacked for voting in election". Frontline. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ "Pro-reservation protest: PMK supporters create ruckus in Chennai after being stopped by police". The Indian Express. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ "Video: PMK members pelt stones on train during protest for sub-quota for Vanniyars". The News Minute. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ Yamunan, Sruthisagar (17 March 2021). "Ground report: Will giving Vanniyar community 10.5% reservations help AIADMK win north Tamil Nadu?". Scroll.in. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ a b "TN issues order to implement 10.5% quota Bill for Vanniyars". Hindustan Times. 27 July 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ "Cracks in AIADMK alliance; PMK to contest alone in rural local body polls". Deccan Herald. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ "PMK exits AIADMK-led alliance for local body polls, to contest alone". The News Minute. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ "Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) – Party History, Symbol, Founders, Election Results and News". www.elections.in. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
- ^ "Election observer must manage Arasu Cable till polls: PMK". The Hindu. 20 March 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
- ^ "General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India". Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.