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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = Middle Quaternary to recent <ref>{{cite web |title=Sula leucogaster Boddaert 1783 (brown booby) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=335262 |website=PBDB}}</ref>
| fossil_range = Middle Quaternary to recent<ref>{{cite web |title=Sula leucogaster Boddaert 1783 (brown booby) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=335262 |website=PBDB}}</ref>
| image = Brown boobytern.JPG
| image = Brown boobytern.JPG
| image_caption = Male
| image_caption = Male
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| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Sula leucogaster'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22696698A132590197 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696698A132590197.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Sula leucogaster'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22696698A132590197 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696698A132590197.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Sula
| genus = Sula
| species = leucogaster
| species = leucogaster
| authority = ([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1783)
| authority = ([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1783)
| range_map = Sula leucogaster, verspreidingskaart met subspp, a.png
| range_map = Sula leucogaster, verspreidingskaart met subspp, a.png
| range_map_caption = World range,<ref name="ph"/> with subspecies:{{leftlegend|#ED1C24|''S. l. brewsteri''|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#FF7F27|''S. l. etesiaca''|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#FFAEC9|nominate|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#C8BFE7|''S. l. plotus''|outline=gray}}
| range_map_caption = World range,<ref name="ph"/> with Brown booby subspecies in pink and purple:{{leftlegend|#ED1C24|[[Cocos booby|''S. b. brewsteri'']]|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#FF7F27|[[Cocos booby|''S. b. etesiaca'']]|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#FFAEC9|''S. l. leucogaster''|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#C8BFE7|''S. l. plotus''|outline=gray}}
}}
}}


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== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
The brown booby was described by the French polymath [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] in his ''Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux'' in 1781.<ref>{{cite book |last=Buffon |first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de |author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon |year=1781 |title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux |volume=16 |place=Paris |publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale |page=142 |chapter=Le Petit Fou |language=fr |chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42296387}}</ref> The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by [[François-Nicolas Martinet]] in the ''Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle'' which was produced under the supervision of [[Edme-Louis Daubenton]] to accompany Buffon's text.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buffon |first1=Georges-Louis Leclerc de |author1-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon |last2=Martinet |first2=François-Nicolas |author2-link=François-Nicolas Martinet |last3=Daubenton |first3=Edme-Louis |author3-link=Edme-Louis Daubenton |last4=Daubenton |first4=Louis-Jean-Marie |author4-link=Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton |year=1765–1783 |chapter=Fou de Cayenne |title=Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle |volume=10 |place=Paris |publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale |at=Plate 973 |chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35223691}}</ref> Buffon did not include a scientific name with his description but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist [[Pieter Boddaert]] coined the [[binomial name]] ''Pelecanus leucogaster'' in his catalogue of the ''Planches Enluminées''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boddaert |first=Pieter |author-link=Pieter Boddaert |year=1783 |title=Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton: avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés |place=Utrecht |page=57, Number 973 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27822677 |language=fr}}</ref> The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] is [[Cayenne]] in [[French Guiana]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Mayr |editor1-first=Ernst |editor1-link=Ernst Mayr |editor2-last=Cottrell |editor2-first=G. William |year=1979 |title=Check-list of Birds of the World |volume=1 |edition=2nd |publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=186 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108826}}</ref> The current [[genus]] ''[[Sula (bird)|Sula]]'' was introduced by the French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] in 1760.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brisson |first=Mathurin Jacques |author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson |year=1760 |title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés |language=fr, la |place=Paris |publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | at=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010460 Vol. 1, p. 60],[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36211468 Vol. 6 p. 494]}}</ref> The word ''Sula'' is Norwegian for a [[gannet]]; the specific ''leucogaster'' is from [[Ancient Greek]] ''leuko'' for "white" and ''gastēr'' for "belly".<ref>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A. |year=2010 |title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n223 223], 373}}</ref>
The brown booby was described by the French polymath [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] in his ''Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux'' in 1781.<ref>{{cite book |last=Buffon |first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de |author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon |year=1781 |title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux |volume=16 |place=Paris |publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale |page=142 |chapter=Le Petit Fou |language=fr |chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42296387}}</ref> The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by [[François-Nicolas Martinet]] in the ''Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle'' which was produced under the supervision of [[Edme-Louis Daubenton]] to accompany Buffon's text.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buffon |first1=Georges-Louis Leclerc de |author1-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon |last2=Martinet |first2=François-Nicolas |author2-link=François-Nicolas Martinet |last3=Daubenton |first3=Edme-Louis |author3-link=Edme-Louis Daubenton |last4=Daubenton |first4=Louis-Jean-Marie |author4-link=Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton |year=1765–1783 |chapter=Fou de Cayenne |title=Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle |volume=10 |place=Paris |publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale |at=Plate 973 |chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35223691}}</ref> Buffon did not include a scientific name with his description but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist [[Pieter Boddaert]] coined the [[binomial name]] ''Pelecanus leucogaster'' in his catalogue of the ''Planches Enluminées''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boddaert |first=Pieter |author-link=Pieter Boddaert |year=1783 |title=Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton: avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés |place=Utrecht |page=57, Number 973 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27822677 |language=fr}}</ref> The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] is [[Cayenne]] in [[French Guiana]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Mayr |editor1-first=Ernst |editor1-link=Ernst Mayr |editor2-last=Cottrell |editor2-first=G. William |year=1979 |title=Check-list of Birds of the World |volume=1 |edition=2nd |publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=186 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108826}}</ref> The current [[genus]] ''[[Sula (bird)|Sula]]'' was introduced by the French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] in 1760.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brisson |first=Mathurin Jacques |author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson |year=1760 |title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés |language=fr, la |place=Paris |publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | at=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010460 Vol. 1, p. 60],[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36211468 Vol. 6 p. 494]}}</ref> The word ''Sula'' is Norwegian for a [[gannet]]; the specific ''leucogaster'' is from [[Ancient Greek]] ''leuko'' for "white" and ''gastēr'' for "belly".<ref>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A. |year=2010 |title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n223 223], 373}}</ref> In 2024, the subspecies ''brewsteri'' and ''etesiaca'' were declared a distinct species by the name [[Cocos booby]] by the [[American Ornithological Society]], [[Clements Checklist]], and the [[IOC World Bird List]].


There are four recognised [[subspecies]]:<ref name="ioc">{{cite web |editor1-last=Gill |editor1-first=Frank |editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |year=2017 |title=Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans, boobies & cormorants |work=World Bird List Version 7.3 |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pelicans/ |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union |access-date=2017-11-05}}</ref>
There are two recognised [[subspecies]]:<ref name="ioc">{{cite web |editor1-last=Gill |editor1-first=Frank |editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |year=2017 |title=Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans, boobies & cormorants |work=World Bird List Version 7.3 |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pelicans/ |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union |access-date=2017-11-05}}</ref>
* ''S. l. leucogaster'' <small>(Boddaert, 1783)</small> – Caribbean and Atlantic Islands
* ''S. l. leucogaster'' <small>(Boddaert, 1783)</small> – Caribbean and Atlantic Islands
* ''S. l. brewsteri'' <small>Nathaniel Stickney Goss, 1888</small> – Pacific coasts of USA and Mexico
* ''S. l. etesiaca'' <small>[[John Thayer (ornithologist)|Thayer]] & [[Outram Bangs|Bangs]], 1905</small> – Pacific coasts of Central America and Colombia
* ''S. l. plotus'' <small>([[Johann Reinhold Forster|Forster, JR]], 1844)</small> – Red Sea through the Indian Ocean to the west and central Pacific<ref name="Redman Stevenson Fanshawe 2016">{{cite book |last1=Redman |first1=Nigel |last2=Stevenson |first2=Terry |last3=Fanshawe |first3=John |title=Birds of the Horn of Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, and Socotra – Revised and Expanded Edition |series=Princeton Field Guides |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] | location=Princeton, New Jersey |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-691-17289-7 |oclc=944380248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOs9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |page=44 |access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref>
* ''S. l. plotus'' <small>([[Johann Reinhold Forster|Forster, JR]], 1844)</small> – Red Sea through the Indian Ocean to the west and central Pacific<ref name="Redman Stevenson Fanshawe 2016">{{cite book |last1=Redman |first1=Nigel |last2=Stevenson |first2=Terry |last3=Fanshawe |first3=John |title=Birds of the Horn of Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, and Socotra – Revised and Expanded Edition |series=Princeton Field Guides |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] | location=Princeton, New Jersey |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-691-17289-7 |oclc=944380248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOs9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |page=44 |access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref>
<gallery mode = packed heights = 150px>
<gallery mode = packed heights = 150px>
6A5A3225.jpg|male ''S. l. plotus'', Queensland
6A5A3225.jpg|male ''S. l. plotus'', Queensland
Brown booby (Sula leucogaster plotus) female in flight Michaelmas Cay.jpg|female ''S. l. plotus'', Queensland
Brown booby (Sula leucogaster plotus) female in flight Michaelmas Cay.jpg|female ''S. l. plotus'', Queensland
Brown-Booby-flight.jpg|Juvenile ''S. l. etesiaca'' Costa Rica
</gallery>
</gallery>


== Description ==
== Description ==
The booby's head and upper body (back) is covered in dark brown to blackish plumage, with the remainder (belly) being a contrasting white. The bare-part colours vary geographically, but not seasonally.<ref name="ph" /> The species also displays [[sexual dimorphism]] of the bare part colours, the males having a blue [[Eye-ring|orbital ring]], as opposed to the yellow orbital ring of the female. In addition the male of subspecies ''S. l. brewsteri'' is distinctly plumaged in having the forehead, forecrown and chin white, merging to a greyish brown neck and breast.<ref name="ph" />
The booby's head and upper body (back) is covered in dark brown to blackish plumage, with the remainder (belly) being a contrasting white. The bare-part colours vary geographically, but not seasonally.<ref name="ph" /> The species also displays [[sexual dimorphism]] of the bare part colours, the males having a blue [[Eye-ring|orbital ring]], as opposed to the yellow orbital ring of the female.


The female booby reaches about {{convert|80|cm}} in length, her wingspan measures up to {{convert|150|cm|ft|abbr=on}}, and she can weigh up to {{convert|1300|g|lb|abbr=on}}. The male booby reaches about {{convert|75|cm}} in length, his wingspan measures up to {{convert|140|cm|ft|abbr=on}}, and he can weigh up to {{convert|1000|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ospina-alvarez">{{ cite journal | last=Ospina-Alvarez | first=A. | year=2008 | title=Coloniality of brown booby (''Sula leucogaster'') in Gorgona National Natural Park, Eastern Tropical Pacific | journal=Onitología Neotropical | volume=19 | pages=517–529 | url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/ON%20%2819%29%20517-530.pdf }}</ref>
The female booby reaches about {{convert|80|cm}} in length, their wingspan measures up to {{convert|150|cm|ft|abbr=on}}, and they can weigh up to {{convert|1300|g|lb|abbr=on}}. The male booby reaches about {{convert|75|cm}} in length, their wingspan measures up to {{convert|140|cm|ft|abbr=on}}, and they can weigh up to {{convert|1000|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ospina-alvarez">{{ cite journal | last=Ospina-Alvarez | first=A. | year=2008 | title=Coloniality of brown booby (''Sula leucogaster'') in Gorgona National Natural Park, Eastern Tropical Pacific | journal=Onitología Neotropical | volume=19 | pages=517–529 | url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/ON%20%2819%29%20517-530.pdf }}</ref>


Unlike other species of sulid, the juvenile plumage already resembles that of the adult.<ref name="ph" /> They are gray-brown with darkening on the head, upper surfaces of the wings and tail, while the lower breast and underpart plumages are heavily flecked brown on white. Juveniles of subspecies ''S. l. brewsteri'' are once again distinct in having the underpart plumage more evenly mouse brown.<ref name="ph" />
Unlike other species of sulid, the juvenile plumage already resembles that of the adult.<ref name="ph" /> They are grey-brown with darkening on the head, upper surfaces of the wings and tail, while the lower breast and underpart plumages are heavily flecked brown on white. Juveniles of subspecies ''S. l. brewsteri'' are once again distinct in having the underpart plumage more evenly mouse brown.<ref name="ph" />


Their beaks are quite sharp and contain many jagged edges. They have fairly short wings resulting in a fast flap rate, but long, tapered tails. While these birds are typically silent, bird watchers have reported occasional sounds similar to grunting or quacking.
Their beaks are quite sharp and contain many jagged edges. They have fairly short wings resulting in a fast flap rate, but long, tapered tails. While these birds are typically silent, bird watchers have reported occasional sounds similar to grunting or quacking.
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Atobá com filho no ninho no Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo.jpg|Male with chick in [[São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago]], [[Pernambuco]], Brazil
Atobá com filho no ninho no Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo.jpg|Male with chick in [[São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago]], [[Pernambuco]], Brazil
Brown booby (Sula leucogaster plotus) female and juvenile male on nest Michaelmas Cay.jpg|feeding ''S. l. plotus'' chick
Brown booby (Sula leucogaster plotus) female and juvenile male on nest Michaelmas Cay.jpg|feeding ''S. l. plotus'' chick
Brown-Booby-cr.jpg|Juvenile ''S. l. etesiaca'', Pacific coast of Costa Rica
Brown booby (Sula leucogaster leucogaster) juvenile Principe.jpg|Juvenile ''S. l. leucogaster'', [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
Brown booby (Sula leucogaster leucogaster) juvenile Principe.jpg|Juvenile ''S. l. leucogaster'', [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
</gallery>
</gallery>


== Ecology ==
== Ecology ==
This species breeds on islands and coasts in the pantropical areas of the [[Atlantic]] and [[Pacific]] oceans. They frequent the breeding grounds of the islands in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. With the rise in pollution in the world, brown boobies have been using [[marine debris]] to make their nests, with 90.1 percent of these nest were consisted of plastic, while nests near shipwreck have a high percentage of the wreckage debris.<ref>{{cite journal| last1= Grant | first1=L.M. | last2=Lavers | first2= J.L. | last3=Stuckenbrock | first3=S. | last4=Sharp | first4=B.P. | last5=Bond | first5=A.L.| year=2018 | title=The use of anthropogenic marine debris as a nesting material by brown boobies (''Sula leucogaster'') | journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin | volume= 137 | pages=96–103 | doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.016 | pmid=30503494 | bibcode=2018MarPB.137...96G | hdl=10141/622420 | s2cid=54507773 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> This bird nests in large colonies, laying two chalky blue eggs on the ground in a mound of broken shells and vegetation, but usually raises just one chick, the second one to hatch being unable to compete for food with its older sibling, or even ejected from the nest by it.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dorward | first=D.F. | year=1962 |title=Comparative biology of the white booby and the brown booby ''Sula'' spp. at Ascension | journal=Ibis | volume=103B |issue=2 |pages=174–220 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1962.tb07244.x}}</ref> It [[bird migration|winters]] at sea over a wider area.
This species breeds on islands and coasts in the [[pantropical]] areas of the [[Atlantic]] and [[Pacific]] oceans. They frequent the breeding grounds of the islands in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. With the rise in pollution in the world, brown boobies have been using [[marine debris]] to make their nests, with 90.1% of these nest were consisted of plastic, while nests near shipwreck have a high percentage of the wreckage debris.<ref>{{cite journal| last1= Grant | first1=L.M. | last2=Lavers | first2= J.L. | last3=Stuckenbrock | first3=S. | last4=Sharp | first4=B.P. | last5=Bond | first5=A.L.| year=2018 | title=The use of anthropogenic marine debris as a nesting material by brown boobies (''Sula leucogaster'') | journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin | volume= 137 | pages=96–103 | doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.016 | pmid=30503494 | bibcode=2018MarPB.137...96G | hdl=10141/622420 | s2cid=54507773 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> This bird nests in large colonies, laying two chalky blue eggs on the ground in a mound of broken shells and vegetation, but usually raises just one chick, the second one to hatch being unable to compete for food with its older sibling, or even ejected from the nest by it.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dorward | first=D.F. | year=1962 |title=Comparative biology of the white booby and the brown booby ''Sula'' spp. at Ascension | journal=Ibis | volume=103B |issue=2 |pages=174–220 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1962.tb07244.x}}</ref> It [[bird migration|winters]] at sea over a wider area.


Brown booby pairs may remain together over several seasons. They perform elaborate greeting rituals, and are also spectacular divers, plunging into the ocean at high speed. They eat mainly small [[fish]] (such as [[flying fish]], [[Mullet (fish)|mullet]], [[halfbeak]]s, [[anchovies]],<ref name="sta.uwi.edu">{{Cite web |last=Hailey |first=A. |title=Sula leucogaster (Brown Booby) |url=https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Sula_leucogaster%20-%20Brown%20Booby.pdf |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=[[UWI St. Augustine]]}}</ref> [[goatfish]], [[Sargocentron diadema|crowned squirrelfish]] and [[Indian mackerel]]
Brown booby pairs may remain together over several seasons. They perform elaborate greeting rituals, and are also spectacular divers, plunging into the ocean at high speed. They eat mainly small [[fish]] (such as [[flying fish]], [[Mullet (fish)|mullets]], [[halfbeak]]s, [[anchovies]],<ref name="sta.uwi.edu">{{Cite web |last=Hailey |first=A. |title=Sula leucogaster (Brown Booby) |url=https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Sula_leucogaster%20-%20Brown%20Booby.pdf |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=[[UWI St. Augustine]]}}</ref> [[goatfish]], [[Sargocentron diadema|crowned squirrelfish]], and [[Indian mackerel|Indian mackerels]]<ref name="animaldiversity.org">{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sula_leucogaster/ | title=Sula leucogaster (Brown booby) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref>), [[squid|squids]] (including the family [[Ommastrephidae]]),<ref name="animaldiversity.org"/> or [[shrimp|shrimps]]<ref name="sta.uwi.edu"/> which gather in groups near the surface and may catch leaping fish while skimming the surface. Along with plunge-diving, some fledglings and adults practice [[kleptoparasitism]], where they steal prey from other seabirds. For example: brown boobies have been observed stealing prey from [[great frigatebird]]s as they transfer food to their young.<ref name="animaldiversity.org"/> Although they are powerful and agile fliers, they are particularly clumsy in takeoffs and landings; they use strong winds and high perches to assist their takeoffs.
<ref name="animaldiversity.org">{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sula_leucogaster/ | title=Sula leucogaster (Brown booby) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref>), [[squid]] (including the family [[Ommastrephidae]])<ref name="animaldiversity.org"/> or [[shrimp]]<ref name="sta.uwi.edu"/> which gather in groups near the surface and may catch leaping fish while skimming the surface. Along with plunge-diving, some fledglings and some adults practice [[kleptoparasitism]], where they steal prey from other seabirds. For example, brown boobies have been observed stealing prey from [[great frigatebird]]s as they transfer food to their young.<ref name="animaldiversity.org"/> Although they are powerful and agile fliers, they are particularly clumsy in takeoffs and landings; they use strong winds and high perches to assist their takeoffs.


== References ==
== References ==
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== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=O'Brien |first1=Rory M. |year=1990 |chapter=''Sula leucogaster'' Brown Booby |editor1-last=Marchant |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Higgins |editor2-first=P.G. |title=Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to ducks; Part B, Australian pelican to ducks |place=Melbourne, Victoria |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-553068-1 |pages=781–790 |chapter-url=http://www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/126_Brown%20Booby.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last1=O'Brien |first1=Rory M. |year=1990 |chapter=''Sula leucogaster'' Brown Booby |editor1-last=Marchant |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Higgins |editor2-first=P.G. |title=Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to ducks; Part B, Australian pelican to ducks |place=Melbourne, Victoria |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-553068-1 |pages=781–790 |chapter-url=http://www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/126_Brown%20Booby.pdf |access-date=2017-11-05 |archive-date=2019-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507192447/http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/126_Brown%20Booby.pdf |url-status=dead }}


== External links ==
== External links ==

Latest revision as of 18:22, 8 November 2024

Brown booby
Temporal range: Middle Quaternary to recent[1]
Male
Female
both S. l. plotus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Suliformes
Family: Sulidae
Genus: Sula
Species:
S. leucogaster
Binomial name
Sula leucogaster
(Boddaert, 1783)
World range,[3] with Brown booby subspecies in pink and purple:
  S. l. leucogaster
  S. l. plotus

The brown booby (Sula leucogaster) is a large seabird of the booby family Sulidae, of which it is perhaps the most common and widespread species.[3] It has a pantropical range, which overlaps with that of other booby species. The gregarious brown booby commutes and forages at low height over inshore waters. Flocks plunge-dive to take small fish, especially when these are driven near the surface by their predators. They nest only on the ground, and roost on solid objects rather than the water surface.[3]

Taxonomy

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The brown booby was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux in 1781.[4] The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text.[5] Buffon did not include a scientific name with his description but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Pelecanus leucogaster in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées.[6] The type locality is Cayenne in French Guiana.[7] The current genus Sula was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[8] The word Sula is Norwegian for a gannet; the specific leucogaster is from Ancient Greek leuko for "white" and gastēr for "belly".[9] In 2024, the subspecies brewsteri and etesiaca were declared a distinct species by the name Cocos booby by the American Ornithological Society, Clements Checklist, and the IOC World Bird List.

There are two recognised subspecies:[10]

  • S. l. leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783) – Caribbean and Atlantic Islands
  • S. l. plotus (Forster, JR, 1844) – Red Sea through the Indian Ocean to the west and central Pacific[11]

Description

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The booby's head and upper body (back) is covered in dark brown to blackish plumage, with the remainder (belly) being a contrasting white. The bare-part colours vary geographically, but not seasonally.[3] The species also displays sexual dimorphism of the bare part colours, the males having a blue orbital ring, as opposed to the yellow orbital ring of the female.

The female booby reaches about 80 centimetres (31 in) in length, their wingspan measures up to 150 cm (4.9 ft), and they can weigh up to 1,300 g (2.9 lb). The male booby reaches about 75 centimetres (30 in) in length, their wingspan measures up to 140 cm (4.6 ft), and they can weigh up to 1,000 g (2.2 lb).[12]

Unlike other species of sulid, the juvenile plumage already resembles that of the adult.[3] They are grey-brown with darkening on the head, upper surfaces of the wings and tail, while the lower breast and underpart plumages are heavily flecked brown on white. Juveniles of subspecies S. l. brewsteri are once again distinct in having the underpart plumage more evenly mouse brown.[3]

Their beaks are quite sharp and contain many jagged edges. They have fairly short wings resulting in a fast flap rate, but long, tapered tails. While these birds are typically silent, bird watchers have reported occasional sounds similar to grunting or quacking.

Ecology

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This species breeds on islands and coasts in the pantropical areas of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. They frequent the breeding grounds of the islands in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. With the rise in pollution in the world, brown boobies have been using marine debris to make their nests, with 90.1% of these nest were consisted of plastic, while nests near shipwreck have a high percentage of the wreckage debris.[13] This bird nests in large colonies, laying two chalky blue eggs on the ground in a mound of broken shells and vegetation, but usually raises just one chick, the second one to hatch being unable to compete for food with its older sibling, or even ejected from the nest by it.[14] It winters at sea over a wider area.

Brown booby pairs may remain together over several seasons. They perform elaborate greeting rituals, and are also spectacular divers, plunging into the ocean at high speed. They eat mainly small fish (such as flying fish, mullets, halfbeaks, anchovies,[15] goatfish, crowned squirrelfish, and Indian mackerels[16]), squids (including the family Ommastrephidae),[16] or shrimps[15] which gather in groups near the surface and may catch leaping fish while skimming the surface. Along with plunge-diving, some fledglings and adults practice kleptoparasitism, where they steal prey from other seabirds. For example: brown boobies have been observed stealing prey from great frigatebirds as they transfer food to their young.[16] Although they are powerful and agile fliers, they are particularly clumsy in takeoffs and landings; they use strong winds and high perches to assist their takeoffs.

References

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  1. ^ "Sula leucogaster Boddaert 1783 (brown booby)". PBDB.
  2. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Sula leucogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696698A132590197. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696698A132590197.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Harrison, Peter (1985). Seabirds: An Identification Guide (revised ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-395-60291-1.
  4. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1781). "Le Petit Fou". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 16. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. p. 142.
  5. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Fou de Cayenne". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 10. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 973.
  6. ^ Boddaert, Pieter (1783). Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton: avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés (in French). Utrecht. p. 57, Number 973.
  7. ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 186.
  8. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 60,Vol. 6 p. 494.
  9. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 223, 373. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  10. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans, boobies & cormorants". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
  11. ^ Redman, Nigel; Stevenson, Terry; Fanshawe, John (2016). Birds of the Horn of Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, and Socotra – Revised and Expanded Edition. Princeton Field Guides. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-691-17289-7. OCLC 944380248. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
  12. ^ Ospina-Alvarez, A. (2008). "Coloniality of brown booby (Sula leucogaster) in Gorgona National Natural Park, Eastern Tropical Pacific" (PDF). Onitología Neotropical. 19: 517–529.
  13. ^ Grant, L.M.; Lavers, J.L.; Stuckenbrock, S.; Sharp, B.P.; Bond, A.L. (2018). "The use of anthropogenic marine debris as a nesting material by brown boobies (Sula leucogaster)". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 137: 96–103. Bibcode:2018MarPB.137...96G. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.016. hdl:10141/622420. PMID 30503494. S2CID 54507773.
  14. ^ Dorward, D.F. (1962). "Comparative biology of the white booby and the brown booby Sula spp. at Ascension". Ibis. 103B (2): 174–220. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1962.tb07244.x.
  15. ^ a b Hailey, A. "Sula leucogaster (Brown Booby)" (PDF). UWI St. Augustine. Retrieved 2023-12-16.
  16. ^ a b c "Sula leucogaster (Brown booby)". Animal Diversity Web.

Further reading

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  • O'Brien, Rory M. (1990). "Sula leucogaster Brown Booby" (PDF). In Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.G. (eds.). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to ducks; Part B, Australian pelican to ducks. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. pp. 781–790. ISBN 978-0-19-553068-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-07. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
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