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{{About|the modern German government agency|the historic ministry prior the founding of the Federal Repulic|Reich Ministry of Transport}}
{{About|the modern German government agency|the historic ministry prior the founding of the Federal Republic|Reich Ministry of Transport}}
{{short description|Cabinet-level ministry in Germany}}
{{Infobox Government agency
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure
|agency_name = Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport
|nativename = ''Bundesministerium für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur (BMVI)''
|logo = Bundesministerium für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur Logo.svg
|nativename = ''Bundesministerium für Digitales und Verkehr (BMDV)''
|logo = Bundesministerium für Digitales und Verkehr Logo.svg
|logo_width = 240px
|logo_width = 240px
|seal =
|seal =
Line 19: Line 20:
|superseding =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[Government of Germany]]
|jurisdiction = [[Government of Germany]]
|employees = 1300
|employees = 1,300
|budget = [[€]]27.85 billion (2018)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ausgaben im Bundeshaushalt nach Ressorts 2018|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/449433/umfrage/bundeshaushalt-ausgaben-nach-ressorts/}}</ref>
|budget = [[€]]41.154 billion (2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundeshaushalt.de/#/2021/soll/ausgaben/einzelplan/12.html|title=Bundeshaushalt|website=www.bundeshaushalt.de|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref>
|minister1_name = [[Andreas Scheuer]]
|minister1_name = [[Volker Wissing]]
|minister1_pfo = Federal Minister of Transport and Digital Infrastructure
|minister1_pfo = Federal Minister for Digital and Transport
|chief1_position =
|chief1_position =
|chief2_name =
|chief2_name =
Line 29: Line 30:
|child1_agency =
|child1_agency =
|child2_agency =
|child2_agency =
|website = http://www.bmvi.de
|website = http://www.bmdv.bund.de
|footnotes =
|footnotes =
}}
}}
[[File:BMVBS Bonn 30 04 2009 MWM.jpg|thumb|right|Second office in [[Bonn]]]]
[[File:BMVBS Bonn 30 04 2009 MWM.jpg|thumb|right|Second office in [[Bonn]]]]
The '''Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure''' ({{lang-de|Bundesministerium für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur}}), abbreviated '''BMVI''', is a [[German Cabinet|cabinet-level ministry]] of the [[Federal Republic of Germany]].
The '''Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport''' ({{langx|de|Bundesministerium für Digitales und Verkehr}}, {{IPA|de|ˈbʊndəsminɪsˌteːʁiʊm fyːɐ̯ diɡiˈtaːləs ʊnt fɛɐ̯ˈkeːɐ̯|pron|De-Bundesministerium für Digitales und Verkehr.ogg}}), abbreviated '''BMDV''', is a [[German Cabinet|cabinet-level ministry]] of the [[Federal Republic of Germany]]. Its main office is located in Berlin, while the majority of its civil servants and employees work in [[Bonn]], the secondary seat.


The Ministry itself has about 1300 employees. At the top is the Federal Minister, and there are three Parliamentary Secretaries and two civil servant undersecretaries. The ministry oversees 63 downstream agencies and authorities<ref>{{cite web|title=Das Ministerium stellt sich vor|trans-title=|periodical=bmvi.de|publisher=|url=http://www.bmvi.de/DE/DasMinisterium/Geschaeftsbereiche/geschaeftsbereiche_node.html|deadurl=|format=|accessdate=2014-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201161158/http://www.bmvi.de/DE/DasMinisterium/Geschaeftsbereiche/geschaeftsbereiche_node.html|archivedate=2014-02-01|last=|date=|year=|month=|day=|language=German|pages=|quote=}}</ref> where around 25,000 people work<ref>{{cite web|title=Geschäftsbereiche|trans-title=|periodical=bmvi.de|publisher=|url=http://www.bmvi.de/DE/DasMinisterium/Geschaeftsbereiche/geschaeftsbereiche_node.html|deadurl=|format=|accessdate=2014-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201161158/http://www.bmvi.de/DE/DasMinisterium/Geschaeftsbereiche/geschaeftsbereiche_node.html|archivedate=2014-02-01|last=|date=|year=|month=|day=|language=German|pages=|quote=}}</ref>
The Ministry itself has about 1300 employees. At the top is the Federal Minister, and there are two Parliamentary Secretaries, who are also Member of the [[Bundestag]], and two civil servant undersecretaries. The ministry oversees 63 downstream agencies and authorities<ref>{{cite web|title=Das Ministerium stellt sich vor|periodical=Bmvi.de|url=http://www.bmvi.de/DE/DasMinisterium/Geschaeftsbereiche/geschaeftsbereiche_node.html|access-date=2014-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201161158/http://www.bmvi.de/DE/DasMinisterium/Geschaeftsbereiche/geschaeftsbereiche_node.html|archive-date=2014-02-01|language=de}}</ref> where around 25,000 people work.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geschäftsbereiche|periodical=Bmvi.de|url=http://www.bmvi.de/DE/DasMinisterium/Geschaeftsbereiche/geschaeftsbereiche_node.html|access-date=2014-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201161158/http://www.bmvi.de/DE/DasMinisterium/Geschaeftsbereiche/geschaeftsbereiche_node.html|archive-date=2014-02-01|language=de}}</ref>


The agency was formed through the merger of the former Federal Ministry of Transport and the Federal Ministry of Regional Planning, Building and Urban Development, both established in 1949. The merged ministry was at first named Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing until it adopted the name Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS) in 2005. The current BMVI originated by renaming the BMVBS through an organizational decree by the [[Third Merkel cabinet|Merkel III Cabinet]] on December 17, 2013.
The agency was formed through the merger of the former Federal Ministry of Transport and the Federal Ministry of Regional Planning, Building and Urban Development, both established in 1949. The merged ministry was at first named Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing until it adopted the name Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS) in 2005. On December 17, 2013, it was renamed to Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI) through an organizational decree by the [[Third Merkel cabinet|Merkel III Cabinet]]. A decree issued by [[Olaf Scholz]] upon assuming [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellorship]] on December 8, 2021, led to the ministry receiving its current designation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bundesrepublik Deutschland – Der Bundeskanzler |url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/974430/1990040/df69951d83f08c0b7b04cb40210e1221/2021-12-08-organisationserlass-data.pdf |title=Organisationserlass |periodical=Bundesregierung.de|date=2021-12-08|access-date=2022-01-15|language=de}}</ref>

After [[German reunification]], politicians from the [[New states of Germany]] often headed the ministry, which had large responsibility over rebuilding the crumbling infrastructure left over from former [[East Germany]]. [[Günther Krause]] was the first minister after the [[1990 German federal election]] and in 2002, former [[Minister President of Brandenburg|Minister-President of Brandenburg]] [[Manfred Stolpe]] was appointed, after his successor as Minister-President, then-[[Potsdam|Mayor of Potsdam]] [[Matthias Platzeck]] had refused the job in 1998. Stolpe was succeeded by then-[[Leipzig|Mayor of Leipzig]] [[Wolfgang Tiefensee]], who had refused the job similarly to Platzeck in 2002.

== Responsibilities ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
The ministry, together with its subordinate agencies, is responsible for all federal portfolio tasks which touch the mobility of people, goods, services and data.

The responsibilities extends to the federal transport infrastructure ([[Autobahn]], federal motorways, railway networks, waterways and air traffic) as well as to the widespread availability of modern broadband networks across Germany. Hence, the ministry develops legal policies and ensures the safety of the modes of transport, respectively. Additionally, it ensures the seamless planning and financing of investments for maintenance and development of infrastructures.

The main focus in the field of digital infrastructure is a comprehensive supply of fast Internet with a transmission speed of at least 50 Mbps). Another task is to modernise mobility (alternative fuels, interconnected and intelligent transport system). This includes, e.g., the establishment of 'Digitales Testfeld Autobahn' to test innovative vehicle technologies. The ministry is also responsible for the [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]] satellite navigation system and the [[Copernicus Programme|Copernicus]] Programme of the European Union.


==Agencies==
==Agencies==
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* [[German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation]]
* [[German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation]]
* [[Federal Bureau for Maritime Casualty Investigation]]
* [[Federal Bureau for Maritime Casualty Investigation]]
* [[Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency of Germany|The Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency]] (German: ''Bundesamt für Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie'' (BSH)) located in [[St. Pauli]], [[Hamburg]], provides among other things information of all matters of maritime shipping, to special funding programmes, law of flag, certification of mariners and information of the coasts and coastal waters of Germany.<ref>[http://www.bsh.de/en/index.jsp Official website BSH]</ref>
* [[Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency of Germany|The Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency]] (German: ''Bundesamt für Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie'' (BSH)) located in [[St. Pauli]], [[Hamburg]], provides among other things information of all matters of maritime shipping, to special funding programmes, law of flag, certification of mariners and information of the coasts and coastal waters of Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bsh.de/en/index.jsp |title=Official website BSH |access-date=2008-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207062417/http://www.bsh.de/en/index.jsp |archive-date=2009-02-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''German Federal Highway Research Institute''' (German: ''Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen'' (BASt))<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bast.de/EN/BASt/BASt_node.html |publisher=BASt |access-date=4 December 2021|title=About BASt}}</ref> located in purpose built facilities in [[Bergisch Gladbach]] since 1983, with a focus on aspects of road engineering. Its mission is the improvement of safety, environmental compatibility, efficiency and performance relating to roads.


==Federal Ministers of Transport, Building and Urban Development==
==Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure==
{{main|List of German transportation ministers}}
'''Political Party:'''
{{legend2|{{German Party/meta/color}}|[[German Party (1947)|DP]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{Social Democratic Party of Germany/meta/color}}|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{Christian Social Union in Bavaria/meta/color}}|[[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{CDU/CSU/meta/color}}|[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=2| Name<br /><small>(Born-Died)
! Image
! Party
! colspan=2| Term of Office
! [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]<br /><small>(Cabinet)
|-
! style="background:#EEEEFF" align="center" colspan="7" | Federal Minister for Transport
|-
! style="background:{{German Party/meta/color}};" |
| [[Hans-Christoph Seebohm]]<br><small>(1903–1967)
|
| [[German Party (1947)|DP]] <small>(until 1960)</small><br />[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] <small>(from 1960)</small>
| 20 September 1949
| 30 November 1966
| [[Konrad Adenauer|Adenauer]]<br><small>([[First Adenauer cabinet|I]] • II • III • IV • V)</small><br>[[Ludwig Erhard|Erhard]] <small>([[First Erhard cabinet|I]] • [[Second Erhard cabinet|II]])
|-
! style="background:{{Social Democratic Party of Germany/meta/color}};" |
| [[Georg Leber]]<br><small>(1920–2012)
| [[File:Verteidigungsminister Georg Leber.jpg|75px]]
| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
| 1 December 1966
| 7 July 1972
| [[Kurt Georg Kiesinger|Kiesinger]] <small>([[Kiesinger cabinet|I]])</small><br> [[Willy Brandt|Brandt]] <small>([[First Brandt cabinet|I]])
|-
! style="background:{{Social Democratic Party of Germany/meta/color}};" |
| [[Lauritz Lauritzen]]<br><small>(1910–1980)
| [[File:Lauritz Lauritzen 926-8231.jpg|75px]]
| SPD
| 7 July 1972
| 16 May 1974
| [[Willy Brandt|Brandt]]<br><small>([[First Brandt cabinet|I]] • [[Second Brandt cabinet|II]])

|-
! style="background:{{Social Democratic Party of Germany/meta/color}};" |
| [[Kurt Gscheidle]]<br><small>(1924–2003)
|
| SPD
| 16 May 1974
| 4 November 1980
| [[Helmut Schmidt|Schmidt]]<br><small>([[First Schmidt cabinet|I]] • [[Second Schmidt cabinet|II]])
|-
! style="background:{{Social Democratic Party of Germany/meta/color}};" |
| [[Volker Hauff]]<br><small>(b. 1940)
| [[File:1986 Volker Hauff 800.jpg|75px]]
| SPD
| 6 November 1980
| 1 October 1982
| [[Helmut Schmidt|Schmidt]]<br><small>(III)
|-
! style="background:{{Christian Social Union in Bavaria/meta/color}};" |
| [[Werner Dollinger]]<br><small>(1918–2008)
| [[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F017055-0030, Paris, Einweihung Deutsche Botschaft, Dollinger.jpg|75px]]
| [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]
| 4 October 1982
| 12 March 1987
| [[Helmut Kohl|Kohl]]<br><small>([[First Kohl cabinet|I]] • [[Second Kohl cabinet|II]])
|-
! style="background:{{Christian Social Union in Bavaria/meta/color}};" |
| [[Jürgen Warnke]]<br><small>(1932–2013)
|
| CSU
| 12 March 1987
| 21 April 1989
| rowspan=2|[[Helmut Kohl|Kohl]]<br><small>([[Third Kohl cabinet|III]])
|-
! style="background:{{Christian Social Union in Bavaria/meta/color}};" |
| [[Friedrich Zimmermann]]<br><small>(1925–2012)
| [[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F085285-0011a, Bonn Friedrich Zimmermann.jpg|75px]]
| CSU
| 21 April 1989
| 18 January 1991
|-
! style="background:{{CDU/CSU/meta/color}};" |
| [[Günther Krause]]<br><small>(b. 1953)
| [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-0711-300, Günther Krause (CDU).jpg|75px]]
| CDU
| 18 January 1991
| 13 May 1993
| [[Helmut Kohl|Kohl]]<br><small>([[Fourth Kohl cabinet|IV]])
|-
! style="background:{{CDU/CSU/meta/color}};" |
| [[Matthias Wissmann]]<br><small>(b. 1949)
| [[File:Matthias Wissmann 2.JPG|75px]]
| CDU
| 13 May 1993
| 26 October 1998
| [[Helmut Kohl|Kohl]]<br><small>([[Fourth Kohl cabinet|IV]] • [[Fifth Kohl cabinet|V]])
|-
! style="background:#EEEEFF" align="center" colspan="7" | Federal Minister for Transport, Building and Housing
|-
! style="background:{{Social Democratic Party of Germany/meta/color}};" |
| [[Franz Müntefering]]<br><small>(b. 1940)
| [[File:Franz Müntefering (SPD) (10584372825).jpg|75px]]
| SPD
| 27 October 1998
| 29 September 1999
| rowspan=3|[[Gerhard Schröder|Schröder]]<br><small>([[First Schröder cabinet|I]])
|-
! style="background:{{Social Democratic Party of Germany/meta/color}};" |
| [[Reinhard Klimmt]]<br><small>(b. 1942)
|
| SPD
| 29 September 1999
| 16 November 2000
|-
! style="background:{{Social Democratic Party of Germany/meta/color}};" |
| [[Kurt Bodewig]]<br><small>(b. 1955)
| [[File:Kurt Bodewig (MP) Germany BSPC 18 Nyborg Denmark 2009-08-31 (1).jpg|75px]]
| SPD
| 20 November 2000
| 22 October 2002
|-
! style="background:{{Social Democratic Party of Germany/meta/color}};" |
| [[Manfred Stolpe]]<br><small>(b. 1936)
| [[File:Manfred Stolpe.JPG|75px]]
| SPD
| 22 October 2002
| 22 November 2005
| [[Gerhard Schröder|Schröder]]<br><small>([[Second Schröder cabinet|II]])
|-
! style="background:#EEEEFF" align="center" colspan="7" | Federal Minister for Transport, Building and Urban Development
|-
! style="background:{{Social Democratic Party of Germany/meta/color}};" |
| [[Wolfgang Tiefensee]]<br><small>(b. 1955)
| [[File:Wolfgang Tiefensee.jpg|75px]]
| SPD
| 22 November 2005
| 28 October 2009
| [[Angela Merkel|Merkel]]<br><small>([[First Merkel cabinet|I]])
|-
! style="background:{{Christian Social Union in Bavaria/meta/color}};" |
| [[Peter Ramsauer]]<br><small>(b. 1954)
| [[File:Peter Ramsauer.jpg|75px]]
| CSU
| 28 October 2009
| 17 December 2013
| [[Angela Merkel|Merkel]]<br><small>([[Second Merkel cabinet|II]])
|-
! style="background:#EEEEFF" align="center" colspan="7" | Federal Minister for Transport and Digital Infrastructure
|-
! style="background:{{Christian Social Union in Bavaria/meta/color}};" |
| [[Alexander Dobrindt]]<br><small>(b. 1970)
| [[File:2012 Alexander Dobrindt.JPG|75px]]
| CSU
| 17 December 2013
| 14 March 2018
| [[Angela Merkel|Merkel]]<br><small>([[Third Merkel cabinet|III]])
|-
! style="background:{{Christian Social Union in Bavaria/meta/color}};" |
| [[Andreas Scheuer]]<br><small>(b. 1974)
| [[File:Scheuer, Andreas-1407.jpg|75px]]
| CSU
| 14 March 2018
| ''Incumbent''
| [[Angela Merkel|Merkel]]<br><small>([[Fourth Merkel cabinet|IV]])
|-
|}


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Germany|Transport|Politics}}
* [[Internet in Germany]]
* [[Internet in Germany]]
* [[Transport in Germany]]
* [[Transport in Germany]]
Line 219: Line 69:


==External links==
==External links==
{{Portal|Germany|Transport|Politics}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101007212616/http://www.bmvbs.de/EN/Home/home_node.html Official Web site (English)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101007212616/http://www.bmvbs.de/EN/Home/home_node.html Official Web site (English)]
*[http://www.bmvbs.de/ Official Web site (German)]
*[http://www.bmvbs.de/ Official Web site (German)]


{{German Federal Ministries}}
{{German Federal Ministries}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Federal government ministries of Germany| Transport and Digital Infrastructure]]
[[Category:Federal government ministries of Germany]]
[[Category:Ministries established in 1998|Germany, Transport and Digital Infrastructure]]
[[Category:Ministries established in 1998]]
[[Category:Transport ministries|Germany]]
[[Category:Ministries of transport]]
[[Category:Communications ministries|Germany]]
[[Category:Communications ministries]]
[[Category:IT infrastructure]]
[[Category:IT infrastructure]]
[[Category:Transport organisations based in Germany]]
[[Category:Transport organisations based in Germany]]
[[Category:Digital policy ministries]]

Latest revision as of 20:21, 8 November 2024

This article is about the modern German government agency. For the historic ministry prior the founding of the Federal Republic, see Reich Ministry of Transport.
Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport
Bundesministerium für Digitales und Verkehr (BMDV)
Agency overview
Formed20 September 1949
JurisdictionGovernment of Germany
HeadquartersInvalidenstraße 44, Berlin
52°31′46.58″N 13°22′42.10″E / 52.5296056°N 13.3783611°E / 52.5296056; 13.3783611
Employees1,300
Annual budget€41.154 billion (2021)[1]
Minister responsible
Websitehttp://www.bmdv.bund.de
Second office in Bonn

The Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport (German: Bundesministerium für Digitales und Verkehr, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsminɪsˌteːʁiʊm fyːɐ̯ diɡiˈtaːləs ʊnt fɛɐ̯ˈkeːɐ̯] ⓘ), abbreviated BMDV, is a cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its main office is located in Berlin, while the majority of its civil servants and employees work in Bonn, the secondary seat.

The Ministry itself has about 1300 employees. At the top is the Federal Minister, and there are two Parliamentary Secretaries, who are also Member of the Bundestag, and two civil servant undersecretaries. The ministry oversees 63 downstream agencies and authorities[2] where around 25,000 people work.[3]

The agency was formed through the merger of the former Federal Ministry of Transport and the Federal Ministry of Regional Planning, Building and Urban Development, both established in 1949. The merged ministry was at first named Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing until it adopted the name Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS) in 2005. On December 17, 2013, it was renamed to Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI) through an organizational decree by the Merkel III Cabinet. A decree issued by Olaf Scholz upon assuming chancellorship on December 8, 2021, led to the ministry receiving its current designation.[4]

After German reunification, politicians from the New states of Germany often headed the ministry, which had large responsibility over rebuilding the crumbling infrastructure left over from former East Germany. Günther Krause was the first minister after the 1990 German federal election and in 2002, former Minister-President of Brandenburg Manfred Stolpe was appointed, after his successor as Minister-President, then-Mayor of Potsdam Matthias Platzeck had refused the job in 1998. Stolpe was succeeded by then-Mayor of Leipzig Wolfgang Tiefensee, who had refused the job similarly to Platzeck in 2002.

Responsibilities

[edit]

The ministry, together with its subordinate agencies, is responsible for all federal portfolio tasks which touch the mobility of people, goods, services and data.

The responsibilities extends to the federal transport infrastructure (Autobahn, federal motorways, railway networks, waterways and air traffic) as well as to the widespread availability of modern broadband networks across Germany. Hence, the ministry develops legal policies and ensures the safety of the modes of transport, respectively. Additionally, it ensures the seamless planning and financing of investments for maintenance and development of infrastructures.

The main focus in the field of digital infrastructure is a comprehensive supply of fast Internet with a transmission speed of at least 50 Mbps). Another task is to modernise mobility (alternative fuels, interconnected and intelligent transport system). This includes, e.g., the establishment of 'Digitales Testfeld Autobahn' to test innovative vehicle technologies. The ministry is also responsible for the Galileo satellite navigation system and the Copernicus Programme of the European Union.

Agencies

[edit]

Subordinate agencies include:

Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure

[edit]
Main article: List of German transportation ministers

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Bundeshaushalt". www.bundeshaushalt.de. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  2. ^ "Das Ministerium stellt sich vor". Bmvi.de (in German). Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  3. ^ "Geschäftsbereiche". Bmvi.de (in German). Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  4. ^ Bundesrepublik Deutschland – Der Bundeskanzler (2021-12-08). "Organisationserlass" (PDF). Bundesregierung.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-01-15.
  5. ^ "Official website BSH". Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
  6. ^ "About BASt". BASt. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
[edit]
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