BMW K100: Difference between revisions

BMW K75
	1993 BMW K75
Manufacturer	BMW
Production	1985–1995
Assembly	Germany
Class	Standard
Engine	Longitudinal DOHC I3, 740 cc (45 cu in)
Bore / stroke	67 mm × 70 mm (2.6 in × 2.8 in)
Compression ratio	11.0:1; 10.5:1
Top speed	131 mph (211 km/h)[citation needed]
Power	75 hp (56 kW) @ 8000 rpm[citation needed]
Torque	50 lb⋅ft (68 N⋅m) @ 6000 rpm[citation needed]
Ignition type	Bosch L-Jetronic
Transmission	5-speed sequential manual transmission, shaft drive
Frame type	Tubular steel, open cradle with engine as stressed member
Suspension	Telescopic forks, single-sided swingarm
Brakes	Dual front discs and single rear disc, or rear drum
Rake, trail	27.5°/3.98 in (10.1 cm)
Wheelbase	59.7 in (152 cm)
Dimensions	L: 87.4 in (222 cm); W: 35.4 in (90 cm); H: 51.2 in (130 cm);
Seat height	31.9 in (81 cm); 29.9 in (76 cm) (low seat)
Weight	505 lb (229 kg) (dry); 536 lb (243 kg) (wet)
Fuel capacity	5.54 US gal (21.0 L)
Fuel consumption	59 mpg‑US (4.0 l/100 km)
Related	BMW K100; BMW K1

BMW K100
	BMW K100RS
Manufacturer	BMW
Also called	"Flying Brick"
Production	1982–1992
Assembly	Spandau, Germany
Class	standard, sport touring
Engine	longitudinal DOHC I4, 987 cc (60.2 cu in)
Bore / stroke	67 mm × 70 mm (2.6 in × 2.8 in)
Compression ratio	10.2:1
Top speed	137 mph (220 km/h)
Power	90 PS (66 kW) @ 8000 rpm
Torque	63.3 lb⋅ft (85.8 N⋅m) @ 6000 rpm
Ignition type	Bosch LE-Jetronic
Transmission	5-speed sequential manual transmission, counter-rotating clutch, shaft drive
Frame type	tubular steel, open cradle with engine as stressed member
Suspension	telescopic forks, single-sided swingarm
Brakes	triple discs
Wheelbase	1565 mm (Unladen)
Seat height	800 mm
Weight	536 lb (243 kg) (wet)
Turning radius	5.1m
Related	BMW K75; BMW K1

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The BMW K100 is a family of four-cylinder 987 cc motorcycles that were manufactured by BMW from 1983 to 1992.

Background

As the 1970s came to an end, BMW faced three problems from developing its flat-twin boxer engine further:

Emissions regulations being developed in the United States and the European Union meant that more control was needed over the amount of fuel entering the combustion chamber. From an engineering standpoint, this was easier to achieve with more cylinders at an overall smaller displacement.
The market-led development of bikes was leading to the Japanese factories developing smoother and quicker machines based around a four-cylinder format.^[5]
Bike comparison in the media at the time was based around top speed, and a four-cylinder when fully developed created more power.

In combination, this meant that BMW's marketing to users of a superior bike, allowing them to price at a premium, was being quickly lost, resulting in a loss of sales and market share.

At the time, BMW, Moto Guzzi, and Harley-Davidson were the only major "high end" manufacturers that did not offer liquid-cooled engines. Competing brands, notably of Japanese manufacture, were touting the superiority of their liquid-cooled engines and had introduced low maintenance shaft-drive technology in a growing number of their models.

Concept

BMW needed to develop a clean-burning four-cylinder engine quickly. While a flat-four engine would have been suited to their boxer tradition and experience, it would also give the appearance that they were copying Honda's GL1000 Gold Wing.^[6]

In 1977, Josef Fritzenwenger presented a prototype using a PSA-Renault X-Type engine from a Peugeot 104.^[7] The engine, which was installed in the 104 at a 72° angle, was laid flat in the frame with the crankshaft on the right, running parallel to the centre line of the frame.^[5] This layout, for which BMW submitted a patent application, was well suited to BMW's traditional shaft drive, needing only one 90° bevel drive to transmit power to the rear wheel. Using shaft drive with the near-vertical transverse engine preferred by the Japanese manufacturers at the time would have needed two 90° bevel drives, doubling the power lost to the inefficiency of these units.^[2] The new layout also kept the bike's centre of gravity low, which improved the bike's handling, and made space behind the front wheel available for the radiator.

Design and development

Fritzenwenger's concept was developed by a team led by Stefan Pachernegg^[3] based on criteria set out by R. P. Michel and K. V. Gevert. Martin Probst, who had earlier worked with the development of BMW's Formula Two engine, was responsible for engine testing and development.^[2]

As an automobile manufacturer, BMW had about twenty years of experience with liquid-cooled overhead camshaft inline engines. This was carried over to the K100 engine, which used a Bosch LE-Jetronic fuel injection similar to that being introduced on their second generation 3 Series cars.^[8] Replacing the Bing carburettors traditionally used on BMW motorcycles, the fuel injection system increased power, broadened and smoothed the powerband,^{[citation needed]} and reduced fuel consumption, partly by shutting off fuel under deceleration to 2000 rpm.^[2] The engine also featured a breaker-less electronic ignition system.^[2]

The engine was positioned with the crankshaft on the right-hand side of the motorcycle and the cylinder head, camshafts, injectors and spark plugs on the left-hand side. This improved access to the engine over that of a conventional design, where the crankshaft would be at the bottom and the cylinder head and associated parts would be between the engine block and the upper frame.

K75

The BMW K75 is a standard motorcycle produced by BMW Motorrad from 1985 to 1995.

The three-cylinder BMW K75 was developed alongside the K100, but was introduced a year after the K100 as a marketing strategy.^[10]^[11] The K75 engine had the same bore and stroke as the K100, yielding a displacement of 740 cc.^[11] Its crankshaft had 120° between the throws^[12]^[13] and was counterbalanced by balance weights added to the water pump accessory shaft, which ran at engine speed as is correct for a 120° straight-three engine.^[10] The balance shaft made the K75's engine smoother than the K100's engine.^[10]^[14] To increase the smaller engine's power, the K75's engine was given longer valve timing,^[10] the compression ratio was increased to 11.0:1 from the K100's 10.2:1,^[10]^[15] the combustion chambers were redesigned, the intake manifold was shortened, and the exhaust system was retuned.^[15] The US market engine, specified to meet Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements, produced 68 hp (51 kW); engines for all other markets produced 75 hp (56 kW).

The front engine mounts on the K75 frame are placed further back than in the K100 frame and the downtubes are at a different angle; otherwise, the frames are identical. The K75 had the same wheelbase, seat height, and steering geometry as the K100.^[10] According to BMW, 80 percent of the K75's parts are interchangeable with the K100's.^[11] The K75's radiator and fuel tank were smaller than those on the K100.^[10]

Specifications

A single-sided hollow swingarm enclosing the drive shaft provides the right-side drive through the gearbox and to the rear wheel. The 4-into-1 all stainless steel exhaust exits on the left-hand side.

Brakes are two-piston Brembo calipers onto undrilled discs. Two different fork manufactures are used: Showa with an outer upper tube diameter of 1.612 in (40.9 mm) and Fichtel and Sachs measuring 1.627 in (41.3 mm).

K100 models

K100, with no fairing
K100C with a small cockpit fairing mounted to the handlebar
K100RS, with sports fixed fairing and lower handlebars
K100RT, with full touring fairing
K100LT, with higher screen and additional standard equipment for 'Luxury Touring'
K100TIC, developed as an Authorities vehicle to support a variety of emergency services configurations including Police, Ambulance, Fire, and Military, this model designation only existed until the end of the 1985 model year. It was equipped with a high output alternator, taller first gearing, and supplementary wiring harnesses to support a variety of equipment options

All K100 models have dual front and single rear disk brakes. The RS model has taller gearing than other models.^[16]

The K-series has additional refinements including aluminium fuel tanks,^[14] adjustable headlights, high capacity 460 watt alternators, Hella accessory plug-in, and self-cancelling turn signal lights.

K75 models

K75, a naked bike with no fairing
K75T, a US-only touring model with a windscreen, touring bags, engine crash bars, and a rear top case^{[citation needed]}
K75C, with a small cockpit fairing mounted to the handlebar^[17]
K75S, with sport fairing, stiffer suspension, and lower and narrower handlebars^[18]
K75RT, with full touring fairing^[19]

The S and RT versions have a rear disc brake and 17" rear wheels, whereas the others have a single leading shoe drum brake and 18" rear wheels. A stiffer "anti-dive" front suspension was added to the S and RT models. The later RT versions had an adjustable windshield that could be raised and lowered. Some taller riders complained of wind buffeting with the smaller S model stock windscreens.^{[citation needed]}

Later developments

The same team later developed an improved four-valve-per-cylinder head for the aerodynamic K1. In later models, the standard swingarm was replaced with a Paralever as on the K1.^{[citation needed]} The LE Jetronic fuel injection system with separate ignition management was replaced by Motronic engine management with the introduction of four-valve cylinder heads with the 1990 K1 and the 1991 K100RS.^[8]

Anti-lock brakes (ABS) were developed for K100 and K75 motorcycles and were installed on later models, which were among the first production motorcycles with this feature.^[14]

In 1993, the fork used on the K75S was replaced by a 41 mm (1.6 in) Showa fork. In 1994, the electrical system was given a larger 700 watt alternator and a smaller 19 Ah battery.^[9] For 1995 anti-lock braking was standard on the K75S.^[20] Two different forks manufacturers were used: Showa with an outer upper tube diameter of 1.612 in (41 mm) and Fichtel and Sachs measuring 1.627 in (41 mm).

Sales

Although sales were initially modest, buyers eventually warmed to the multi-cylinder BMWs. The K100 was a relative sales success, stemming the losses to the Japanese and changing the media and public perception of BMW.

The four-cylinder engine suffered from secondary vibration, but the three-cylinder K75, with its balance shaft, was far smoother.^[14] The engineers had anticipated this and had designed in excellent vibration isolation, but it was the only technical glitch.

The competition was never far behind in performance on the launch, updates were modest, while engine performance was stepped up with the September 1988 launch of the radically aerodynamic BMW K1.

Notes

^
Sources:
- Cathcart 1985, p. 25
- Cranswick 2010, p. 108
- Holmstrom & Nelson 2009, pp. 173–174
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Norbye 1984, p. 128.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Norbye 1984, p. 129.
^ Norbye 1984, pp. 128–129.
^ ^a ^b Norbye 1984, p. 127.
^ Backus 2009.
^ "Happy 30th Birthday K Series". BMW Motorrad. 2013-08-30. Archived from the original on 2014-09-27. Retrieved 2014-09-27.
^ ^a ^b Wade 2004, p. 109.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Boehm 1995, p. 36.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Anderson 1985, p. 76.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dean 1986, p. 40.
^ Anderson 1985, p. 77.
^ Cathcart 1985, p. 25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Millch 2008, p. 29.
^ ^a ^b Dean 1986, p. 41.
^ "Type Overview". flyingbrick.de. Michael Riehl. 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
^ Anderson 1985, pp. 76–77.
^ "Driving Impression: BMW K75S", Cycle World, December 1986, p.43
^ Thompson 1993, p. 31.
^ Boehm 1995, p. 39.

References

Anderson, Steve (December 1985). Dean, Paul (ed.). "Driving Impression: BMW K75 - Four Minus One Equals K75". Cycle World. 24 (12). Newport Beach, CA US: CBS Magazines: 76. ISSN 0011-4286. Retrieved 2014-09-29.
Backus, Richard (2009-05-01). "1989-1993 BMW K1 - Classic German Motorcycles". Motorcycle Classics. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
Boehm, Mitch, ed. (February 1995). "Motorcyclist Comparison Test: Sensible Shooze". Motorcyclist (1174). Los Angeles, CA US: Petersen Publishing: 32–39. ISSN 0027-2205.
Cathcart, Alan (October 1985). "Letter from Europe". Cycle World. 24 (10). Newport Beach, CA US: CBS Magazines. ISSN 0011-4286. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
Cranswick, Marc (2010). The BMW 5 Series and X5: A History of Production Cars and Tuner Specials, 1972-2008. Jefferson, NC US: McFarland. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7864-4351-2. LCCN 10017738. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
Dean, Paul, ed. (April 1986). "Cycle World Test: BMW K75C - When The Ride Matters". Cycle World. 25 (4). Newport Beach, CA US: CBS Magazines: 38–43. ISSN 0011-4286. Retrieved 2014-10-02.
Dean, Paul, ed. (December 1986). "Driving Impression: BMW K75S". Cycle World. 25 (12). Newport Beach, CA US: CBS Magazines: 43. ISSN 0011-4286. Retrieved 2014-09-26.
Holmstrom, Darwin & Nelson, Brian J. (2009). Klancher, Lee & Zuehlke, Jeffrey (eds.). BMW Motorcycles. Minneapolis, MN US: MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7603-3748-6. LCCN 2009015471.
Millch, Ed (November 2008). "Bike Buys: BMW K-bike - BMW's Very Special K". Sports Car Market. Portland, OR US: Automotive Investor Media Group: 29. ISSN 1527-859X. Retrieved 2014-09-27.
Norbye, Jan P. (1984). "Economy Measures: The Isetta Solution". BMW - Bavaria's Driving Machines. Skokie, IL: Publications International. pp. 117–129. ISBN 0-517-42464-9.
Thompson, Jon F. (November 1993). Edwards, David (ed.). "Quick Ride: BMW K75RT". Cycle World. 32 (11). Newport Beach, CA US: CBS Magazines: 31. ISSN 0011-4286. Retrieved 2014-09-26.
Wade, Adam (2004). Motorcycle Fuel Injection Handbook. St. Paul, MN US: Motorbooks International. p. 109. ISBN 0-7603-1635-X. Retrieved 2014-09-26.

External links

[1] Sources:
Cathcart 1985, p. 25

Cranswick 2010, p. 108

Holmstrom & Nelson 2009, pp. 173–174

[2] Cathcart 1985, p. 25

[3] Cranswick 2010, p. 108

[4] Holmstrom & Nelson 2009, pp. 173–174

[FOOTNOTENorbye1984128-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Norbye 1984, p. 128.

[FOOTNOTENorbye1984129-3] Norbye 1984, p. 129.

[FOOTNOTENorbye1984128–129-4] Norbye 1984, pp. 128–129.

[FOOTNOTENorbye1984127-5] Norbye 1984, p. 127.

[FOOTNOTEBackus2009-6] Backus 2009.

[30thBirthday-7] "Happy 30th Birthday K Series". BMW Motorrad. 2013-08-30. Archived from the original on 2014-09-27. Retrieved 2014-09-27.

[FOOTNOTEWade2004109-8] Wade 2004, p. 109.

[FOOTNOTEBoehm199536-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Boehm 1995, p. 36.

[FOOTNOTEAnderson198576-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Anderson 1985, p. 76.

[FOOTNOTEDean198640-11] Dean 1986, p. 40.

[FOOTNOTEAnderson198577-12] Anderson 1985, p. 77.

[FOOTNOTECathcart198525-13] Cathcart 1985, p. 25.

[FOOTNOTEMillch200829-14] Millch 2008, p. 29.

[FOOTNOTEDean198641-15] Dean 1986, p. 41.

[16] "Type Overview". flyingbrick.de. Michael Riehl. 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2014-09-21.

[FOOTNOTEAnderson198576–77-17] Anderson 1985, pp. 76–77.

[18] "Driving Impression: BMW K75S", Cycle World, December 1986, p.43

[FOOTNOTEThompson199331-19] Thompson 1993, p. 31.

[FOOTNOTEBoehm199539-20] Boehm 1995, p. 39.

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@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 |torque           = {{Convert|63.3|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} @ 6000&nbsp;rpm{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=129}}
 |ignition         = Bosch LE-Jetronic{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=128}}
-|transmission     = 5-speed foot shift, counter-rotating clutch,{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=129}} shaft drive{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=128}}
+|transmission     = 5-speed [[sequential manual transmission]], counter-rotating clutch,{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=129}} shaft drive{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=128}}
 |frame            = tubular steel, open cradle with engine as stressed member
 |suspension       = telescopic forks, single-sided swingarm
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 |tires            =
 |rake_trail       =
-|wheelbase        =
+|wheelbase        =1565 mm (Unladen)
 |length           =
 |width            =
 |height           =
-|seat_height      =
+|seat_height      =800 mm
 |dry_weight       =
 |wet_weight       = {{Convert|536|lb|kg|abbr=on}}{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=129}}
 |fuel_capacity    =
 |fuel_consumption =
-|turning_radius   =
+|turning_radius   =5.1m
 |related          = [[BMW K75]]<br />[[BMW K1]]
 }}
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 ==Background==
 As the 1970s came to an end, BMW faced three problems from developing its flat-twin boxer engine further:
-*Emissions regulations being developed in the [[United States]] and the [[European Union]] meant that more control was needed over the amount of fuel entering the combustion chamber. From an engineering standpoint this was easier to achieve with more cylinders at an overall smaller displacement.
+*Emissions regulations being developed in the [[United States]] and the [[European Union]] meant that more control was needed over the amount of fuel entering the combustion chamber. From an engineering standpoint, this was easier to achieve with more cylinders at an overall smaller displacement.
 *The market-led development of bikes was leading to the Japanese factories developing smoother and quicker machines based around a four-cylinder format.{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=127}}
 *Bike comparison in the media at the time was based around top speed, and a four-cylinder when fully developed created more power.
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 In combination, this meant that BMW's marketing to users of a superior bike, allowing them to price at a premium, was being quickly lost, resulting in a loss of sales and market share.
-At the time, BMW, Moto Guzzi and [[Harley-Davidson]] were the only major "high end" manufacturers that did not offer liquid-cooled engines. Competing brands, notably of Japanese manufacture, were touting the superiority of their liquid-cooled engines and had introduced low maintenance shaft-drive technology in a growing number of their models.
+At the time, BMW, Moto Guzzi, and [[Harley-Davidson]] were the only major "high end" manufacturers that did not offer liquid-cooled engines. Competing brands, notably of Japanese manufacture, were touting the superiority of their liquid-cooled engines and had introduced low maintenance shaft-drive technology in a growing number of their models.
 ==Concept==
-BMW needed to develop a clean burning four-cylinder engine quickly. While a [[flat-four engine]] would have been suited to their boxer tradition and experience, it would also give the appearance that they were copying [[Honda]]'s [[Honda Gold Wing|GL1000 Gold Wing]].{{Sfn|Backus|2009}}
+BMW needed to develop a clean-burning four-cylinder engine quickly. While a [[flat-four engine]] would have been suited to their boxer tradition and experience, it would also give the appearance that they were copying [[Honda]]'s [[Honda Gold Wing|GL1000 Gold Wing]].{{Sfn|Backus|2009}}
-In 1977, Josef Fritzenwenger presented a prototype using a [[PSA-Renault X-Type engine]] from a [[Peugeot 104]].<ref name=30thBirthday>{{cite web |url= http://www.bmw-motorrad.com/com/en/index.html?content=http://www.bmw-motorrad.com/com/en/individual/news/2011/motorcycles.jsp&id=2384|title= Happy 30th Birthday K Series|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=  2013-08-30|website= BMW Motorrad|accessdate=2014-09-27|deadurl= no|archivedate= 2014-09-27|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20140927144721/http://www.bmw-motorrad.com/com/en/index.html?content=http://www.bmw-motorrad.com/com/en/individual/news/2011/motorcycles.jsp&id=2384}}</ref> The engine, which was installed in the 104 at a 72° angle, was laid flat in the frame with the crankshaft on the right, [[longitudinal engine|running parallel to the centre line of the frame]].{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=127}} This layout, for which BMW submitted a patent application, was well suited to BMW's traditional shaft drive, needing only one 90° bevel drive to transmit power to the rear wheel. Using shaft drive with the near-vertical [[transverse engine]] preferred by [[Universal Japanese Motorcycle|the Japanese manufacturers at the time]] would have needed two 90° bevel drives, doubling the power lost to the inefficiency of these units.{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=128}} The new layout also kept the bike's centre of gravity low, which improved the bike's handling, and made space behind the front wheel available for the radiator.
+In 1977, Josef Fritzenwenger presented a prototype using a [[PSA-Renault X-Type engine]] from a [[Peugeot 104]].<ref name=30thBirthday>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmw-motorrad.com/com/en/index.html?content=http://www.bmw-motorrad.com/com/en/individual/news/2011/motorcycles.jsp&id=2384 |title=Happy 30th Birthday K Series |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2013-08-30 |website=BMW Motorrad |access-date=2014-09-27 |url-status=live |archive-date=2014-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927144721/http://www.bmw-motorrad.com/com/en/index.html?content=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmw-motorrad.com%2Fcom%2Fen%2Findividual%2Fnews%2F2011%2Fmotorcycles.jsp&id=2384 }}</ref> The engine, which was installed in the 104 at a 72° angle, was laid flat in the frame with the crankshaft on the right, [[longitudinal engine|running parallel to the centre line of the frame]].{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=127}} This layout, for which BMW submitted a patent application, was well suited to BMW's traditional shaft drive, needing only one 90° bevel drive to transmit power to the rear wheel. Using shaft drive with the near-vertical [[transverse engine]] preferred by [[Universal Japanese Motorcycle|the Japanese manufacturers at the time]] would have needed two 90° bevel drives, doubling the power lost to the inefficiency of these units.{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=128}} The new layout also kept the bike's centre of gravity low, which improved the bike's handling, and made space behind the front wheel available for the radiator.
 ==Design and development==
-[[File:Bmw k100 engine i4 1000cc k100rs.jpg|thumb|left|K100 engine closeup|alt=Closeup picture of BMW K100 engine. Also shows some black bodywork, forks and a front brake calliper]]
+[[File:Bmw k100 engine i4 1000cc k100rs.jpg|thumb|left|K100 engine closeup|alt=Closeup picture of BMW K100 engine. Also shows some black bodywork, forks and a front brake caliper]]
-Fritzwenger's concept was developed by a team led by Stefan Pachernegg{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=129}} based on criteria set out by R. P. Michel and K. V. Gevert. Martin Probst, who had earlier worked with the development of BMW's [[Formula Two]] engine, was responsible for engine testing and development.{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=128}}
+Fritzenwenger's concept was developed by a team led by Stefan Pachernegg{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=129}} based on criteria set out by R. P. Michel and K. V. Gevert. Martin Probst, who had earlier worked with the development of BMW's [[Formula Two]] engine, was responsible for engine testing and development.{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=128}}
-As an automobile manufacturer, BMW had about twenty years of experience with liquid cooled overhead camshaft inline engines. This was carried over to the K100 engine, which used a [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Jetronic|LE-Jetronic]] fuel injection similar to that being introduced on their [[BMW 3 Series (E30)|second generation 3 Series cars]].{{Sfn|Wade|2004|p=109}} Replacing the Bing carburettors traditionally used on BMW motorcycles, the fuel injection system increased power, broadened and smoothed the powerband,{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}} and reduced fuel consumption, partly by shutting off fuel under deceleration to 2000&nbsp;rpm.{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=128}} The engine also featured a breakerless electronic ignition system.{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=128}}
+As an automobile manufacturer, BMW had about twenty years of experience with liquid-cooled overhead camshaft inline engines. This was carried over to the K100 engine, which used a [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Jetronic|LE-Jetronic]] fuel injection similar to that being introduced on their [[BMW 3 Series (E30)|second generation 3 Series cars]].{{Sfn|Wade|2004|p=109}} Replacing the Bing carburettors traditionally used on BMW motorcycles, the fuel injection system increased power, broadened and smoothed the powerband,{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}} and reduced fuel consumption, partly by shutting off fuel under deceleration to 2000&nbsp;rpm.{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=128}} The engine also featured a breaker-less electronic ignition system.{{Sfn|Norbye|1984|p=128}}
 The engine was positioned with the crankshaft on the right-hand side of the motorcycle and the cylinder head, camshafts, injectors and spark plugs on the left-hand side. This improved access to the engine over that of a conventional design, where the crankshaft would be at the bottom and the cylinder head and associated parts would be between the engine block and the upper frame.
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 |torque           = {{Convert|50|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} @ 6000&nbsp;rpm{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}}
 |ignition         = Bosch L-Jetronic{{Sfn|Boehm|1995|p=36}}
-|transmission     = 5-speed foot shift,{{Sfn|Boehm|1995|p=36}} shaft drive
+|transmission     = 5-speed [[sequential manual transmission]],{{Sfn|Boehm|1995|p=36}} shaft drive
 |frame            = Tubular steel, open cradle with engine as stressed member
 |suspension       = Telescopic forks,{{Sfn|Boehm|1995|p=36}} single-sided swingarm
@@ Line 102: / Line 102: @@
 |related          = BMW K100<br />[[BMW K1]]
 }}
-[[File:BMW k75t.jpg|thumb|left|1987 BMW K75T|alt=Black BMW K75T with topbox and panniers, parked on a driveway in front of a house and metal gates]]
+[[File:BMW k75t.jpg|thumb|left|1987 BMW K75T|alt=Black BMW K75T with top box and panniers, parked on a driveway in front of a house and metal gates]]
-The '''BMW K75''' is a [[Types of motorcycles#Standard|standard]] [[motorcycle]] produced by [[BMW Motorrad]] from 1985 to 1995. At the time of its introduction, the K75 was BMW's least expensive motorcycle.
+The '''BMW K75''' is a [[Types of motorcycles#Standard|standard]] [[motorcycle]] produced by [[BMW Motorrad]] from 1985 to 1995.
 The three-cylinder BMW K75 was developed alongside the K100, but was introduced a year after the K100 as a marketing strategy.{{Sfn|Anderson|1985|p=76}}{{Sfn|Dean|1986|p=40}} The K75 engine had the same bore and stroke as the K100, yielding a displacement of 740&nbsp;cc.{{Sfn|Dean|1986|p=40}} Its crankshaft had 120° between the throws{{Sfn|Anderson|1985|p=77}}{{Sfn|Cathcart|1985|p=25}} and was counterbalanced by balance weights added to the water pump accessory shaft, which ran at engine speed as is correct for a 120° straight-three engine.{{Sfn|Anderson|1985|p=76}} The balance shaft made the K75's engine smoother than the K100's engine.{{Sfn|Anderson|1985|p=76}}{{Sfn|Millch|2008|p=29}} To increase the smaller engine's power, the K75's engine was given longer valve timing,{{Sfn|Anderson|1985|p=76}} the compression ratio was increased to 11.0:1 from the K100's 10.2:1,{{Sfn|Anderson|1985|p=76}}{{Sfn|Dean|1986|p=41}} the combustion chambers were redesigned, the intake manifold was shortened, and the exhaust system was retuned.{{Sfn|Dean|1986|p=41}} The US market engine, specified to meet [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) requirements, produced {{Convert|68|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}; engines for all other markets produced {{Convert|75|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.
 [[File:Vliegende baksteen02.JPG|thumb|left|K75 valve cover]]
-The front engine mounts on the K75 frame are placed further back than in the K100 frame and the downtubes are at a different angle; otherwise the frames are identical.  The K75 had the same wheelbase, seat height, and steering geometry as the K100.{{Sfn|Anderson|1985|p=76}} According to BMW, 80 percent of the K75's parts are interchangeable with the K100's.{{Sfn|Dean|1986|p=40}}  The K75's radiator and fuel tank were smaller than those on the K100.{{Sfn|Anderson|1985|p=76}}
+The front engine mounts on the K75 frame are placed further back than in the K100 frame and the downtubes are at a different angle; otherwise, the frames are identical.  The K75 had the same wheelbase, seat height, and steering geometry as the K100.{{Sfn|Anderson|1985|p=76}} According to BMW, 80 percent of the K75's parts are interchangeable with the K100's.{{Sfn|Dean|1986|p=40}}  The K75's radiator and fuel tank were smaller than those on the K100.{{Sfn|Anderson|1985|p=76}}
 ==Specifications==
-A single-sided hollow [[swingarm]] enclosing the drive shaft provides right side drive through the gearbox and to the rear wheel. The 4-into-1 all stainless steel exhaust exits on the left hand side.
+A single-sided hollow [[swingarm]] enclosing the drive shaft provides the right-side drive through the gearbox and to the rear wheel. The 4-into-1 all stainless steel exhaust exits on the left-hand side.
-Brakes are two-piston [[Brembo]] callipers onto undrilled discs. Two different [[Motorcycle fork|fork]] manufactures are used: Showa with an outer upper tube diameter of {{convert|1.612|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} and Fichtel and Sachs measuring {{convert|1.627|in|mm|1|abbr=on}}.
+Brakes are two-piston [[Brembo]] calipers onto undrilled discs. Two different [[Motorcycle fork|fork]] manufactures are used: Showa with an outer upper tube diameter of {{convert|1.612|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} and Fichtel and Sachs measuring {{convert|1.627|in|mm|1|abbr=on}}.
 ===K100 models===
 [[File:BMW K100 RT street bike.jpg|thumb|right|K100RT]]
-*K100, with no fairing
+*K100, with no [[Motorcycle fairing|fairing]]
 *K100C with a small cockpit fairing mounted to the handlebar
 *K100RS, with sports fixed fairing and lower handlebars
 *K100RT, with full touring fairing
 *K100LT, with higher screen and additional standard equipment for 'Luxury Touring'
+*K100TIC, developed as an Authorities vehicle to support a variety of emergency services configurations including Police, Ambulance, Fire, and Military, this model designation only existed until the end of the 1985 model year. It was equipped with a high output alternator, taller first gearing, and supplementary wiring harnesses to support a variety of equipment options
-All K100 models have dual front and single rear disk brakes.The RS model has taller gearing than other models.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.flyingbrick.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=27&lang=en|title= Type Overview|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year= 2010|website= flyingbrick.de|publisher= Michael Riehl|accessdate=2014-09-21}}</ref>
+All K100 models have dual front and single rear disk brakes. The RS model has taller gearing than other models.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingbrick.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=27&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011145735/http://flyingbrick.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=27&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-10-11 |title=Type Overview |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2010 |website=flyingbrick.de |publisher=Michael Riehl |access-date=2014-09-21 }}</ref>
-The K-series has additional refinements including aluminium fuel tanks,<!-- (although tanks do corrode at the low points on right and left sides)-->,{{Sfn|Millch|2008|p=29}} adjustable headlights, high capacity 460&nbsp;watt alternators, Hella accessory plug-in, and self-cancelling turn signal lights.
+The K-series has additional refinements including aluminium fuel tanks,<!-- (although tanks do corrode at the low points on right and left sides)-->{{Sfn|Millch|2008|p=29}} adjustable headlights, high capacity 460&nbsp;watt alternators, Hella accessory plug-in, and self-cancelling turn signal lights.
 ===K75 models===
-[[File:BMW K75S ABS.jpg|thumb|K75S with belly pan and touring bags|alt=Red BMW K75S with topbox and panniers, parked on a city street]]
+[[File:BMW K75S ABS.jpg|thumb|K75S with belly pan and touring bags|alt=Red BMW K75S with top box and panniers, parked on a city street]]
 *K75, a naked bike with no fairing
 *K75T, a US-only touring model with a windscreen, touring bags, engine crash bars, and a rear top case{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
@@ Line 139: / Line 140: @@
 ==Later developments==
-The same team would later develop an improved four-valve-per-cylinder head for the aerodynamic [[BMW K1|K1]]. In later models, the standard swingarm was replaced with a [[Paralever]] as on the K1.{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}} The LE Jetronic fuel injection system with separate ignition management was replaced by [[Motronic]] engine management with the introduction of four-valve cylinder heads with the 1990 K1 and the 1991 K100RS.{{Sfn|Wade|2004|p=109}}
+The same team later developed an improved four-valve-per-cylinder head for the aerodynamic [[BMW K1|K1]]. In later models, the standard swingarm was replaced with a [[Paralever]] as on the K1.{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}} The LE Jetronic fuel injection system with separate ignition management was replaced by [[Motronic]] engine management with the introduction of four-valve cylinder heads with the 1990 K1 and the 1991 K100RS.{{Sfn|Wade|2004|p=109}}
 Anti-lock brakes (ABS) were developed for K100 and K75 motorcycles and were installed on later models, which were among the first production motorcycles with this feature.{{Sfn|Millch|2008|p=29}}
@@ Line 148: / Line 149: @@
 Although sales were initially modest, buyers eventually warmed to the multi-cylinder BMWs. The K100 was a relative sales success, stemming the losses to the Japanese and changing the media and public perception of BMW.
-The four-cylinder engine suffered from secondary vibration, but the three-cylinder K75, with its [[balance shaft]], was far smoother.{{Sfn|Millch|2008|p=29}} The engineers had anticipated this, and had designed in excellent vibration isolation, but it was the only technical glitch.
+The four-cylinder engine suffered from secondary vibration, but the three-cylinder K75, with its [[balance shaft]], was far smoother.{{Sfn|Millch|2008|p=29}} The engineers had anticipated this and had designed in excellent vibration isolation, but it was the only technical glitch.
-The competition were never far behind in performance on launch, updates were modest, while engine performance was stepped up with the September 1988 launch of the radically aerodynamic [[BMW K1]].
+The competition was never far behind in performance on the launch, updates were modest, while engine performance was stepped up with the September 1988 launch of the radically aerodynamic [[BMW K1]].
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 156: / Line 157: @@
 ==References==
-*{{cite journal |last= Anderson|first= Steve|title= Driving Impression: BMW K75 - Four Minus One Equals K75|url= {{Google books|KEtpOie7PjkC|Cycle World December 1985|page=RA13-PA76|plainurl=yes}}|journal= [[Cycle World]]|editor-last= Dean|editor-first= Paul|location= Newport Beach, CA US|publisher= CBS Magazines|date= December 1985|volume= 24|issue= 12|page= 76|issn= 0011-4286|accessdate= 2014-09-29|ref= harv}}
+*{{cite journal |last= Anderson|first= Steve|title= Driving Impression: BMW K75 - Four Minus One Equals K75|url= {{Google books|KEtpOie7PjkC|Cycle World December 1985|page=RA13-PA76|plainurl=yes}}|journal= [[Cycle World]]|editor-last= Dean|editor-first= Paul|location= Newport Beach, CA US|publisher= CBS Magazines|date= December 1985|volume= 24|issue= 12|page= 76|issn= 0011-4286|access-date= 2014-09-29}}
-*{{cite web|last=Backus |first=Richard |url=http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/motorcycle-reviews/1989-1993-BMW-K1.aspx |title=1989-1993 BMW K1 - Classic German Motorcycles |publisher=Motorcycle Classics |date=2009-05-01 |accessdate=2011-12-27|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite web|last=Backus |first=Richard |url=http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/motorcycle-reviews/1989-1993-BMW-K1.aspx |title=1989-1993 BMW K1 - Classic German Motorcycles |publisher=Motorcycle Classics |date=2009-05-01 |access-date=2011-12-27}}
-*{{cite journal |editor-last= Boehm|editor-first= Mitch|title= Motorcyclist Comparison Test: Sensible Shooze|journal= [[Motorcyclist (magazine)|Motorcyclist]]|location= Los Angeles, CA US|publisher= Petersen Publishing|date= February 1995|issue= 1174|issn= 0027-2205|pages= 32–39|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite journal |editor-last= Boehm|editor-first= Mitch|title= Motorcyclist Comparison Test: Sensible Shooze|journal= [[Motorcyclist (magazine)|Motorcyclist]]|location= Los Angeles, CA US|publisher= Petersen Publishing|date= February 1995|issue= 1174|issn= 0027-2205|pages= 32–39}}
-*{{cite journal |last= Cathcart|first= Alan|date= October 1985|title= Letter from Europe|url= {{Google books|KEtpOie7PjkC|Cycle World Magazine Jan-Apr 1985|page=RA11-PA25|plainurl=yes}}|journal= [[Cycle World]]|volume= 24|issue= 10|issn= 0011-4286|location= Newport Beach, CA US|publisher= CBS Magazines|accessdate= 2014-09-21|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite journal |last= Cathcart|first= Alan|date= October 1985|title= Letter from Europe|url= {{Google books|KEtpOie7PjkC|Cycle World Magazine Jan-Apr 1985|page=RA11-PA25|plainurl=yes}}|journal= [[Cycle World]]|volume= 24|issue= 10|issn= 0011-4286|location= Newport Beach, CA US|publisher= CBS Magazines|access-date= 2014-09-21}}
-*{{cite book |last= Cranswick|first= Marc|year= 2010|title= The BMW 5 Series and X5: A History of Production Cars and Tuner Specials, 1972-2008|url= {{Google books|ACVgn0f997oC|The BMW 5 Series and X5: A History of Production Cars and Tuner Specials, 1972-2008|page=108|plainurl=yes}}|location= Jefferson, NC US|publisher= McFarland|page= 108|isbn= 978-0-7864-4351-2|lccn= 10017738|accessdate= 2014-09-21|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book |last= Cranswick|first= Marc|year= 2010|title= The BMW 5 Series and X5: A History of Production Cars and Tuner Specials, 1972-2008|url= {{Google books|ACVgn0f997oC|The BMW 5 Series and X5: A History of Production Cars and Tuner Specials, 1972-2008|page=108|plainurl=yes}}|location= Jefferson, NC US|publisher= McFarland|page= 108|isbn= 978-0-7864-4351-2|lccn= 10017738|access-date= 2014-09-21}}
-*{{cite journal |editor-last= Dean|editor-first= Paul|date= April 1986|volume= 25|issue= 4|title= Cycle World Test: BMW K75C - When The Ride Matters|pages=38–43|url= {{Google books|bqd6AF2LKdoC|Cycle World Magazine Jan 1986|page=RA3-PA38|plainurl=yes}}|journal= [[Cycle World]]|location= Newport Beach, CA US|publisher= CBS Magazines|issn= 0011-4286|accessdate= 2014-10-02|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite journal |editor-last= Dean|editor-first= Paul|date= April 1986|volume= 25|issue= 4|title= Cycle World Test: BMW K75C - When The Ride Matters|pages=38–43|url= {{Google books|bqd6AF2LKdoC|Cycle World Magazine Jan 1986|page=RA3-PA38|plainurl=yes}}|journal= [[Cycle World]]|location= Newport Beach, CA US|publisher= CBS Magazines|issn= 0011-4286|access-date= 2014-10-02}}
-*{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Driving Impression: BMW K75S|url= {{Google books|bqd6AF2LKdoC|Driving Impression: BMW K75S|page=RA11-PA43|plainurl=yes}}|journal= [[Cycle World]]|editor-last= Dean|editor-first= Paul|location= Newport Beach, CA US|publisher= CBS Magazines|date= December 1986|volume= 25|issue= 12|page= 43|issn= 0011-4286|accessdate= 2014-09-26|ref= K75SImpression}}
+*{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Driving Impression: BMW K75S|url= {{Google books|bqd6AF2LKdoC|Driving Impression: BMW K75S|page=RA11-PA43|plainurl=yes}}|journal= [[Cycle World]]|editor-last= Dean|editor-first= Paul|location= Newport Beach, CA US|publisher= CBS Magazines|date= December 1986|volume= 25|issue= 12|page= 43|issn= 0011-4286|access-date= 2014-09-26|ref= K75SImpression}}
-*{{cite book |last1= Holmstrom|first1= Darwin|last2= Nelson|first2= Brian J.|display-authors=  |lastauthoramp= yes|date= |year= 2009 |editor1-last= Klancher|editor1-first= Lee|editor2-last= Zuehlke|editor2-first= Jeffrey|title= BMW Motorcycles|url= {{Google books|yQnrSn8nNVUC|BMW Motorcycles|page=|plainurl=yes}}|edition= |location= Minneapolis, MN US|publisher= MBI Publishing|isbn=  978-0-7603-3748-6|lccn= 2009015471|quote= |ref= harv}}
+*{{cite book |last1= Holmstrom|first1= Darwin|last2= Nelson|first2= Brian J.|name-list-style= amp|year= 2009 |editor1-last= Klancher|editor1-first= Lee|editor2-last= Zuehlke|editor2-first= Jeffrey|title= BMW Motorcycles|url= {{Google books|yQnrSn8nNVUC|BMW Motorcycles|page=|plainurl=yes}}|location= Minneapolis, MN US|publisher= MBI Publishing|isbn=  978-0-7603-3748-6|lccn= 2009015471}}
-*{{cite journal |last= Millch|first= Ed|date= November 2008|title= Bike Buys: BMW K-bike - BMW's Very Special K|url= {{Google books|btZ6X8N3HIcC|Sports Car Market magazine - November 2008|page=29|plainurl=yes}}|journal= Sports Car Market|page= 29|location= Portland, OR US|publisher= Automotive Investor Media Group|issn= 1527859X|accessdate= 2014-09-27|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite journal |last= Millch|first= Ed|date= November 2008|title= Bike Buys: BMW K-bike - BMW's Very Special K|url= {{Google books|btZ6X8N3HIcC|Sports Car Market magazine - November 2008|page=29|plainurl=yes}}|journal= Sports Car Market|page= 29|location= Portland, OR US|publisher= Automotive Investor Media Group|issn= 1527-859X|access-date= 2014-09-27}}
-*{{cite book |last=Norbye |first=Jan P. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=BMW - Bavaria's Driving Machines|year=1984 |publisher=Publications International |location=Skokie, IL |isbn=0-517-42464-9|chapter=Economy Measures: The Isetta Solution |pages=117–129|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book |last=Norbye |first=Jan P. |title=BMW - Bavaria's Driving Machines |year=1984 |publisher=Publications International |location=Skokie, IL |isbn=0-517-42464-9 |chapter=Economy Measures: The Isetta Solution |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bmwbavariasdrivi00norb/page/117 117–129] |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bmwbavariasdrivi00norb/page/117 }}
-*{{cite journal |last= Thompson|first=Jon F. |title= Quick Ride: BMW K75RT|url= {{Google books|eTH-0DNDblEC|Quick Ride: BMW K75RT|page=RA10-PA31|plainurl=yes}}|journal= [[Cycle World]]|editor-last= Edwards|editor-first= David|location= Newport Beach, CA US|publisher= CBS Magazines|date= November 1993|volume= 32|issue= 11|page= 31|issn= 0011-4286|accessdate= 2014-09-26|ref= harv}}
+*{{cite journal |last= Thompson|first=Jon F. |title= Quick Ride: BMW K75RT|url= {{Google books|eTH-0DNDblEC|Quick Ride: BMW K75RT|page=RA10-PA31|plainurl=yes}}|journal= [[Cycle World]]|editor-last= Edwards|editor-first= David|location= Newport Beach, CA US|publisher= CBS Magazines|date= November 1993|volume= 32|issue= 11|page= 31|issn= 0011-4286|access-date= 2014-09-26}}
-*{{cite book |last= Wade|first= Adam|year= 2004|title= Motorcycle Fuel Injection Handbook|url= {{Google books|wC2dThrY2BMC|Motorcycle Fuel Injection Handbook|page=109|plainurl=yes}}|location= St. Paul, MN US|publisher= Motorbooks International|page= 109|isbn= 0-7603-1635-X|accessdate= 2014-09-26|ref= harv}}
+*{{cite book |last= Wade|first= Adam|year= 2004|title= Motorcycle Fuel Injection Handbook|url= {{Google books|wC2dThrY2BMC|Motorcycle Fuel Injection Handbook|page=109|plainurl=yes}}|location= St. Paul, MN US|publisher= Motorbooks International|page= 109|isbn= 0-7603-1635-X|access-date= 2014-09-26}}
 ==External links==
 {{commons category|BMW K100}}
-* {{dmoz|/Recreation/Motorcycles/Makes_and_Models/BMW/K_Bike|K bikes}}
 {{BMW motorcycles}}
 [[Category:BMW motorcycles|K100]]
+[[Category:Shaft drive motorcycles]]
 [[Category:Sport touring motorcycles]]
 [[Category:Motorcycles introduced in 1982]]