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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
{{Infobox aircraft
|name = Z-9
| name = Z-9
|image = File:Chinese Helicopter Lands on HMS Cornwall MOD 45150752.jpg
| image = File:Chinese Helicopter Lands on HMS Cornwall MOD 45150752.jpg
|caption = A [[People's Liberation Army Navy|Chinese naval]] Z-9 departs [[HMS Cornwall (F99)|HMS ''Cornwall'']]
| caption = A [[People's Liberation Army Navy|Chinese naval]] Z-9 departs [[HMS Cornwall (F99)|HMS ''Cornwall'']]
⚫
| type = Medium multi-purpose [[utility helicopter]]
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
| national_origin = [[China]]
⚫
|type = Medium multi-purpose [[utility helicopter]]
⚫
| manufacturer = [[Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation]]
|national origin = [[China]]
| first_flight = 1981
⚫
|manufacturer = [[Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation]]
| introduction = 1994
|first flight = 1981
|introduced = 1994
| retired =
⚫
| status = In service
|retired =
| primary_user = [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force]]
⚫
|status = In service
|primary user = [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force]]
| more_users = [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm]]<br>[[Royal Cambodian Air Force]]
⚫
| produced = 1981–present
|more users = [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm]]
| number_built = 200+
⚫
|produced = 1981-present
⚫
| unit cost =
|number built = 200+
⚫
| developed_from = [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin]]
⚫
|unit cost =
⚫
| variants = [[Harbin Z-19]]
⚫
|developed from = [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin]]
⚫
|variants with their own articles = [[Harbin Z-19]]
}}
}}
|}


The '''Harbin Z-9''' ([[NATO reporting name]] "'''Haitun'''", {{zh|海豚}} for [[Dolphin]]<ref name="DS1">{{cite web |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_Listings_Misc|title=Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles|first=Andreas|last=Parsch|author2=Aleksey V. Martynov|year=2008|work=Designation-Systems.net|access-date=2010-04-13}}</ref>) is a [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] military utility [[helicopter]] with civilian variants. It is a [[license-built|licensed]] variant of the [[France|French]] [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin]], and is manufactured by [[Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation]].
The '''Harbin Z-9''' ([[NATO reporting name]] "'''Haitun'''", {{zh|s=海豚|l=[[Dolphin]]}}<ref name="DS1">{{cite web |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_Listings_Misc|title=Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles|first=Andreas|last=Parsch|author2=Aleksey V. Martynov|year=2008|work=Designation-Systems.net|access-date=2010-04-13}}</ref>) is a [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] military [[utility helicopter]] with [[armed helicopter|armed]] variants, manufactured by [[Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation]]. It is a [[license-built]] variant of the [[France|French]] [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin]].


==Design and development==
==Design and development==
Line 47: Line 45:
;Z-9A-100: Prototypes for domestic market versions with WZ8A engines. First flight 16 January 1992, approved 30 December 1992.
;Z-9A-100: Prototypes for domestic market versions with WZ8A engines. First flight 16 January 1992, approved 30 December 1992.


;Z-9B: Initial version based on Z-9A-100. Multi-role.
;Z-9B: Production version based on Z-9A-100. Multi-role.


[[File:PLAN_Z-9_Helicopter.jpg|thumb|right|A PLAN Z-9C helicopter]]
[[File:PLAN_Z-9_Helicopter.jpg|thumb|right|A PLAN Z-9C helicopter]]
Line 53: Line 51:


;Z-9EC: ASW variant produced for the [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm]]. Configured with pulse-compression radar, low frequency dipping sonar, radar warning receiver and doppler navigation system, it is also armed with torpedoes for use aboard [[Pakistan Navy]]'s [[F-22P Zulfiquar class frigate|''Zulfiquar''-class frigate]]s.<ref>http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87912{{Dead link|date=April 2013}}</ref>
;Z-9EC: ASW variant produced for the [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm]]. Configured with pulse-compression radar, low frequency dipping sonar, radar warning receiver and doppler navigation system, it is also armed with torpedoes for use aboard [[Pakistan Navy]]'s [[F-22P Zulfiquar class frigate|''Zulfiquar''-class frigate]]s.<ref>http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87912{{Dead link|date=April 2013}}</ref>

;Z-9G
: Export version of the WZ-9 gunship.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=December 2011 |title=Worldwide Equipment Guide – Volume 2: Airspace and Air Defense Systems |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1117055.pdf |publisher=[[United States Army Training and Doctrine Command]] |page=2-14 |via=[[Defense Technical Information Center]]}}</ref>


;Z-9EH: Transport, emergency and/or passenger variant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hafei.com/cp-4.htm|title=航空工业哈尔滨飞机工业集团有限责任公司|website=hafei.com|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413000303/http://www.hafei.com/cp-4.htm|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
;Z-9EH: Transport, emergency and/or passenger variant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hafei.com/cp-4.htm|title=航空工业哈尔滨飞机工业集团有限责任公司|website=hafei.com|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413000303/http://www.hafei.com/cp-4.htm|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>


;Z-9W: Armed version with optional pylon-mounted armament, gyro stabilization and roof-mounted optical sight. Export designation '''Z-9G''', roof-mounted sight optional. First flown in 1987, with the first weapons tests in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/harbin-z9w-attack-helicopter-china/ |title=Harbin Z-9W Attack Helicopter |publisher=Army Technology |date=2011-06-15 |access-date=2013-11-16}}</ref>
;Z-9W: Also known as WZ-9. Armed version with optional pylon-mounted armament, gyro stabilization and roof-mounted optical sight. Export designation '''Z-9G''', roof-mounted sight optional.<ref name=":0" /> First flown in 1987, with the first weapons tests in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/harbin-z9w-attack-helicopter-china/ |title=Harbin Z-9W Attack Helicopter |publisher=Army Technology |date=2011-06-15 |access-date=2013-11-16}}</ref>


[[File:PLAAF Harbin Z-9WA.jpg|thumb|A Harbin Z-9WA]]
[[File:PLAAF Harbin Z-9WA.jpg|thumb|A Harbin Z-9WA]]
;Z-9WA: A newer night-capable version has been built with nose-mounted [[FLIR]]. July 2011, Xinhua News Agency released a photo of Z-9WA firing AKD10 air-to-ground missile.<ref name="AirForceWorld.com_Z-9WA_attack_helicopter">{{cite web |url=http://airforceworld.com/pla/z9-helicopter-china-2.htm#z9wa |title=Z-9WA attack helicopter |work=AirForceWorld.com |access-date=12 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909123534/http://airforceworld.com/pla/z9-helicopter-china-2.htm#z9wa |archive-date=9 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Incorporates a domestic Chinese [[helmet-mounted display|helmet mounted sight]] that is compatible with [[anti-tank missile]]s such as [[HJ-8]] [[HJ-9|/9/]] [[HJ-10|10]], as well as light [[anti-ship missile]]s such as [[C-701]]/[[C-701#C-703|703]] and [[TL-10#TL-1|TL-1/]] [[TL-10|10]] when they are used as [[air-to-surface missile]]s, [[air-to-air missile]]s such as [[TY-90]] and other [[MANPAD]] missiles for self-defense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://club.china.com/data/thread/1013/2713/82/91/8_1.html|title=Z-9 HMS|publisher=China Internet Information Center|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809193722/http://club.china.com/data/thread/1013/2713/82/91/8_1.html|archive-date=9 August 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
;Z-9WA: A newer night-capable version has been built with nose-mounted [[FLIR]]. July 2011, Xinhua News Agency released a photo of Z-9WA firing AKD10 air-to-ground missile.<ref name="AirForceWorld.com_Z-9WA_attack_helicopter">{{cite web |url=http://airforceworld.com/pla/z9-helicopter-china-2.htm#z9wa |title=Z-9WA attack helicopter |work=AirForceWorld.com |access-date=12 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909123534/http://airforceworld.com/pla/z9-helicopter-china-2.htm#z9wa |archive-date=9 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Incorporates a domestic Chinese [[helmet-mounted display|helmet mounted sight]] that is compatible with [[anti-tank missile]]s such as [[HJ-8]] [[HJ-9|/9/]] [[HJ-10|10]], as well as light [[anti-ship missile]]s such as [[C-701]]/[[C-701#C-703|703]] and [[TL-10#TL-1|TL-1/]] [[TL-10|10]] when they are used as [[air-to-surface missile]]s, [[air-to-air missile]]s such as [[TY-90]] and other [[MANPAD]] missiles for self-defense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://club.china.com/data/thread/1013/2713/82/91/8_1.html|title=Z-9 HMS|publisher=China Internet Information Center|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809193722/http://club.china.com/data/thread/1013/2713/82/91/8_1.html|archive-date=9 August 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

;Z-9Z
: Prototype reconnaissance version.<ref name=":0" />


;H410A: Version with 635&nbsp;kW WZ8C turbo-shaft engines. First flight September 2001, CAAC certification 10 July 2002. One is currently being fitted with a new Mast-Mounted Sighting (MMS) system.
;H410A: Version with 635&nbsp;kW WZ8C turbo-shaft engines. First flight September 2001, CAAC certification 10 July 2002. One is currently being fitted with a new Mast-Mounted Sighting (MMS) system.
Line 75: Line 79:
[[File:Harbin Z-9 Malian Air Force.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Military of Mali#Mali Air Force|Malian Air Force]] Z-9B coming in to land]]
[[File:Harbin Z-9 Malian Air Force.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Military of Mali#Mali Air Force|Malian Air Force]] Z-9B coming in to land]]
;{{flag|Bangladesh}}
;{{flag|Bangladesh}}
*[[Bangladesh Navy]] (on order)<ref name="World Air Forces 2020">{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/world-air-forces-2020/135665.article|title = World Air Forces 2020|publisher= Flightglobal Insight |year= 2020 |access-date= 10 December 2019|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://helihub.com/2013/07/05/bangladesh-navy-set-to-buy-z-9c-asw-helicopters/|title=Bangladesh Navy set to buy Z-9c asw helicopter|publisher=Helihub|access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/bangladeshi-navy-orders-two-do-228s-for-mpa-mission/125731.article|title=Bangladeshi Navy orders two Do 228s for MPA mission|publisher=Flight Global|access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/ops/mil/bangladesh-naval-aviation.htm|title=Bangladesh Naval Aviation|publisher=aeroflight.co.uk|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>
*[[Bangladesh Navy]] (on order)<ref name="World Air Forces 2020">{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/world-air-forces-2020/135665.article|title = World Air Forces 2020|publisher= Flightglobal Insight |year= 2020 |access-date= 10 December 2019|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://helihub.com/2013/07/05/bangladesh-navy-set-to-buy-z-9c-asw-helicopters/|title=Bangladesh Navy set to buy Z-9c asw helicopter|date=5 July 2013 |publisher=Helihub|access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/bangladeshi-navy-orders-two-do-228s-for-mpa-mission/125731.article|title=Bangladeshi Navy orders two Do 228s for MPA mission|publisher=Flight Global|access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/ops/mil/bangladesh-naval-aviation.htm|title=Bangladesh Naval Aviation|publisher=aeroflight.co.uk|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>
;{{flag|Bolivia}}
;{{flag|Bolivia}}
*[[Bolivian Army]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 2015">{{cite web |url= http://forms.flightglobal.com/WorldAirForces2015?product=PREM&mode=DOWNLOAD&DMDcode=FGWC4&fcid=%7B05ceef25-b72e-4bea-9a83-a7ab7d02e55a%7D_FC078_PREM_201412&fcfileext=pdf |title = World Air Forces 2015 |publisher= Flightglobal Insight |year= 2015 |access-date= 4 January 2015}}</ref>
*[[Bolivian Army]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 2015">{{cite web |url= http://forms.flightglobal.com/WorldAirForces2015?product=PREM&mode=DOWNLOAD&DMDcode=FGWC4&fcid=%7B05ceef25-b72e-4bea-9a83-a7ab7d02e55a%7D_FC078_PREM_201412&fcfileext=pdf |title= World Air Forces 2015 |publisher= Flightglobal Insight |year= 2015 |access-date= 4 January 2015 |archive-date= 19 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019075444/http://forms.flightglobal.com/WorldAirForces2015?product=PREM&mode=DOWNLOAD&DMDcode=FGWC4&fcid=%7B05ceef25-b72e-4bea-9a83-a7ab7d02e55a%7D_FC078_PREM_201412&fcfileext=pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref>
;{{flag|Cambodia}}
;{{flag|Cambodia}}
*[[Cambodian Air Force]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 2015"/>
*[[Cambodian Air Force]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 2015"/>
Line 92: Line 96:
;{{flag|Djibouti}}
;{{flag|Djibouti}}
*[[Djibouti Air Force|Djiboutian Air Force]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 2015"/>
*[[Djibouti Air Force|Djiboutian Air Force]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 2015"/>
;{{EQG}}
*[[Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea]]<ref>[https://www.defensa.com/africa-asia-pacifico/fuerzas-armadas-guinea-ecuatorial-dotan-dos-helicopteros-chinos Las Fuerzas Armadas de Guinea Ecuatorial se dotan con dos helicópteros chinos Harbin Z-9]</ref>
;{{GHA}}
;{{GHA}}
*[[Ghana Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=40922:ghana-air-force-receives-z-9-helicopters&catid=124:military-helicopters&Itemid=282/|title= Ghana Air Force receives Z-9 helicopters}}</ref>
*[[Ghana Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=40922:ghana-air-force-receives-z-9-helicopters&catid=124:military-helicopters&Itemid=282/|title= Ghana Air Force receives Z-9 helicopters|date= 5 October 2015}}</ref>
;{{KEN}}
;{{KEN}}
*[[Kenya Defence Forces]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 2015"/>
*[[Kenya Defence Forces]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 2015"/>
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*[[Military of Mauritania#Air force|Mauritanian Air Force]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 2015"/>
*[[Military of Mauritania#Air force|Mauritanian Air Force]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 2015"/>
;{{flag|Myanmar}}
;{{flag|Myanmar}}
*[[State Administration Council]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armadarotta.com/2023/12/what-is-happening-in-myanmar.html|title=What is Happening in Myanmar - Documenting Equipment Losses in the Myanmar Civil War}}</ref>
*[[State Administration Council]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armadarotta.com/2023/12/what-is-happening-in-myanmar.html|title=What is Happening in Myanmar - Documenting Equipment Losses in the Myanmar Civil War|date=25 December 2023 }}</ref>
;{{NAM}}
;{{NAM}}
*[[Namibian Air Force]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 2015"/>
*[[Namibian Air Force]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 2015"/>
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[[Category:Twin-turbine helicopters]]
[[Category:Twin-turbine helicopters]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1981]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1981]]
[[Category:Fantail helicopters]]

Latest revision as of 21:20, 8 November 2024

Z-9
A Chinese naval Z-9 departs HMS Cornwall
General information
TypeMedium multi-purpose utility helicopter
National originChina
ManufacturerHarbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation
StatusIn service
Primary usersPeople's Liberation Army Ground Force
Number built200+
History
Manufactured1981–present
Introduction date1994
First flight1981
Developed fromEurocopter AS365 Dauphin
VariantsHarbin Z-19

The Harbin Z-9 (NATO reporting name "Haitun", Chinese: 海豚; lit. 'Dolphin'[1]) is a Chinese military utility helicopter with armed variants, manufactured by Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation. It is a license-built variant of the French Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin.

Design and development

[edit]

The first Z-9 flew in 1981, and was built in China from components supplied by Aérospatiale as part of a production patent bought on 15 October 1980.[2] On 16 January 1992, the indigenous variant Z-9B, constructed with 70% Chinese-made parts, flew successfully. The flight test was completed in November 1992 and the design was finalized a month later. Z-9B production began in 1993 and entered PLA service in 1994.[3]

The Z-9B features an 11-blade Fenestron faired-in tail rotor with wider-chord, all-composite blades replacing the 13-blade used in the original AS365N. As a light tactical troop transport, the Z-9 has the capacity to transport 10 fully armed soldiers. Generally the Z-9 is identical to the AS365N Dauphin, though later variants of the Z-9 incorporate more composite materials to increase structural strength and lower radar signature.

The helicopter has a four-blade main rotor, with two turboshaft engines mounted side by side on top of the cabin with engine layout identical to the AS365N. The Z-9 teardrop-shaped body features a tapered boom to the tail fin, with rounded nose and stepped-up cockpit, retractable gear, and all flat bottom.

In 2002, Harbin obtained Chinese certification for the new H410A variant of the Z-9, which features more powerful Turbomeca Arriel 2C turboshaft engines; Eurocopter issued official objections to Harbin's decision to continue production in spite of the license-production agreement having expired, leading to a period of highly sensitive international negotiations to resolve the dispute.[4]

Variants

[edit]

An armed variant has been fielded by the PLA since the early 1990s as the Z-9W, with pylons fitted for anti-tank missiles. These helicopters lack the maneuverability and survivability of a proper attack helicopter, and merely provide a stopgap during the development of the Z-10. The latest armed version, the Z-9W, was introduced in 2005 and has night attack capabilities, with an under-nose low-light TV and infra-red observing and tracking unit.

The naval version introduced in the 1990s is known as the Z-9C. As well as SAR and ASW duties, the Z-9C can be fitted with an X-band KLC-1 surface search radar to detect surface targets beyond the range of shipborne radar systems.[5]

Harbin Z-9W
Z-9
License-produced variant of the French AS.365N1.
Z-9A
Kit-built variant of the AS.365N2.
Z-9A-100
Prototypes for domestic market versions with WZ8A engines. First flight 16 January 1992, approved 30 December 1992.
Z-9B
Production version based on Z-9A-100. Multi-role.
A PLAN Z-9C helicopter
Z-9C
License-produced variant of the Eurocopter AS.565 Panther for the PLA Naval Air Force.
Z-9EC
ASW variant produced for the Pakistan Naval Air Arm. Configured with pulse-compression radar, low frequency dipping sonar, radar warning receiver and doppler navigation system, it is also armed with torpedoes for use aboard Pakistan Navy's Zulfiquar-class frigates.[6]
Z-9G
Export version of the WZ-9 gunship.[7]
Z-9EH
Transport, emergency and/or passenger variant.[8]
Z-9W
Also known as WZ-9. Armed version with optional pylon-mounted armament, gyro stabilization and roof-mounted optical sight. Export designation Z-9G, roof-mounted sight optional.[7] First flown in 1987, with the first weapons tests in 1989.[9]
A Harbin Z-9WA
Z-9WA
A newer night-capable version has been built with nose-mounted FLIR. July 2011, Xinhua News Agency released a photo of Z-9WA firing AKD10 air-to-ground missile.[10] Incorporates a domestic Chinese helmet mounted sight that is compatible with anti-tank missiles such as HJ-8 /9/ 10, as well as light anti-ship missiles such as C-701/703 and TL-1/ 10 when they are used as air-to-surface missiles, air-to-air missiles such as TY-90 and other MANPAD missiles for self-defense.[11]
Z-9Z
Prototype reconnaissance version.[7]
H410A
Version with 635 kW WZ8C turbo-shaft engines. First flight September 2001, CAAC certification 10 July 2002. One is currently being fitted with a new Mast-Mounted Sighting (MMS) system.
A Harbin Z-19 at the China Helicopter Exposition, Tianjin 2013
H425
Newest VIP version of the H410A.
H450
Projected development.
Z-19
Attack helicopter development with tandem seats. The Z-19 shares the same powerplant as the Z-9WA.

Operators

[edit]
A map with users of the Harbin Z-9 in blue
A Malian Air Force Z-9B coming in to land
 Bangladesh
 Bolivia
 Cambodia
 Cameroon
 China
 Djibouti
 Equatorial Guinea
 Ghana
 Kenya
 Laos
A Z-9 aboard the aft-deck of Type 054A frigate Yiyang during a bilateral counter-piracy exercise between China and the US in 2012
 Mali
 Mauritania
 Myanmar
 Namibia
 Pakistan
 Zambia

Specifications (Z-9B)

[edit]

Data from [21]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1 or 2 pilots
  • Capacity: 10 passengers or 1,900 kg (4,189 lb) payload internal, 1,600 kg (3,527 lb) payload slung
  • Length: 12.11 m (39 ft 9 in)
  • Height: 4.01 m (13 ft 2 in)
  • Empty weight: 2,050 kg (4,519 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 4,100 kg (9,039 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Zhuzhou Aeroengine Factory WZ-8A turboshaft, 632 kW (848 hp) each
  • Main rotor diameter: 11.94 m (39 ft 2 in)
  • Main rotor area: 111.98 m2 (1,205.3 sq ft) swept area

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 305 km/h (190 mph, 165 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 260 km/h (160 mph, 140 kn)
  • Ferry range: 1,000 km (620 mi, 540 nmi) with internal auxiliary tank
  • Endurance: 5 hours
  • Service ceiling: 4,500 m (14,800 ft)
    Hovering ceiling in ground effect: 2,600 m (8,530 ft)
    Hovering ceiling out of ground effect: 1,600 m (5,249 ft)

Armament

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Parsch, Andreas; Aleksey V. Martynov (2008). "Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles". Designation-Systems.net. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  2. ^ "哈尔滨飞机工业集团有限责任公司". Hafei.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  3. ^ "Z-9 Utility Helicopter". SinoDefence.com. 6 January 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2006.
  4. ^ "China Approves Re-engine Z-9 Twin." Flight International, July 2002. p. 43.
  5. ^ "Z-9C (AS 565 Panther) Naval Helicopter". SinoDefence.com. 28 July 2007. Archived from the original on 17 March 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  6. ^ http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87912[dead link‍]
  7. ^ a b c "Worldwide Equipment Guide – Volume 2: Airspace and Air Defense Systems" (PDF). United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. December 2011. p. 2-14 – via Defense Technical Information Center.
  8. ^ "航空工业哈尔滨飞机工业集团有限责任公司". hafei.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  9. ^ "Harbin Z-9W Attack Helicopter". Army Technology. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  10. ^ "Z-9WA attack helicopter". AirForceWorld.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  11. ^ "Z-9 HMS". China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  12. ^ "World Air Forces 2020". Flightglobal Insight. 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  13. ^ "Bangladesh Navy set to buy Z-9c asw helicopter". Helihub. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  14. ^ "Bangladeshi Navy orders two Do 228s for MPA mission". Flight Global. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  15. ^ "Bangladesh Naval Aviation". aeroflight.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "World Air Forces 2015". Flightglobal Insight. 2015. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  17. ^ Las Fuerzas Armadas de Guinea Ecuatorial se dotan con dos helicópteros chinos Harbin Z-9
  18. ^ "Ghana Air Force receives Z-9 helicopters". 5 October 2015.
  19. ^ "Aged air force inventory highlights Mali's weakness". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  20. ^ "What is Happening in Myanmar - Documenting Equipment Losses in the Myanmar Civil War". 25 December 2023.
  21. ^ Gordon, Yefim; Dmitry Komissarov (2008). Chinese aircraft. Manchester: Hikoki. ISBN 9-781902-109046.
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