Hyochang Park: Difference between revisions

Hyochang Park
Hyochang Park
	Statue in the park (2015)
Location	04311 177-18, Hyochangwon-ro, Yongsan District, Seoul, South Korea
Coordinates	37°32′42″N 126°57′40″E / 37.54500°N 126.96111°E
Area	12.33 ha (30.47 acres)
Established	Park (1924); Cemetery (1786);
Etymology	"filial and prosperous"
Administered by	Government of Yongsan District
Open	Every day
Connecting transport	Hyochang Park station
Korean name
Hangul	효창공원
Hanja	孝昌公園
Revised Romanization	Hyochang kongwon
McCune–Reischauer	Hyoch'ang kongwŏn

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Hyochang Park^[a] (Korean: 효창공원) is a park in Yongsan District, Seoul, South Korea. The park is near Exit 1 of the Hyochang Park station of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. Popular for leisure and exercise, the park has walking paths, sports facilities, forests, and cherry blossom trees. In 1989, the park was designated a Historic Site of South Korea, and contains the Kim Koo Museum.

The name of the area has changed several times over its history. The area was originally called "Hyochangmyo", and later "Hyochangwon" in 1870. It was first used in 1786 as the burial ground for Crown Prince Munhyo and his mother Royal Noble Consort Uibin Seong. During the early Japanese colonial period, it was called "Kuyongsan'goji".

In 1921, the Japanese turned it into the first golf course in Korea, with the graves directly on the course. It was first designated a park in 1924. It received its current name in 1940, and the graves were subsequently moved out of the park. After the liberation of Korea, the remains of eight significant Korean independence activists were buried in the park. Since the 1940s, there has been a conflict over whether the park should be treated like a park or a memorial. The park currently functions as both, although the majority of people may mostly know the park as a leisure space.

Description

The area of the park is 12.3307 hectares (30.47 acres). A large pine forest is present on the grounds.^[5]^[6] The park also has cherry blossom trees.^[1] In total, there are over 100,000 trees of at least 70 species in the park.^[4] A variety of swing benches are located in the park.^[7] In the park is a blue pillar that rises from a small lake. According to an article published by the Seoul Metropolitan Government, the sculpture is supposed to symbolize the communication between people and the source of life: water.^[7] Also in the park is a statue of the Silla-era intellectual Wonhyo.^[4]^[2]

It is a popular spot for exercise. The park contains such amenities as children's playgrounds, badminton courts, and a senior citizens' association (대한노인회).^[8]^[4]

The park is an 8 to 10 minute walk from Exit 1 of Hyochang Park Station on the Seoul Subway Line 6 and the Gyeongui–Jungang Line.^[1]^[5]^[7] The park is surrounded by a dense urban environment. Also in the area are Hyochang Children's Park and the first stadium constructed after the founding of South Korea: Hyochang Stadium.^[5]^[6]^[9] To its east is Sookmyung Women's University.^[6]

Memorials to the Korean independence movement

Eight prominent Korean independence activists are buried in the park.^[10]^[9]^[7] The graves of Lee Bong-chang, Yun Bong-gil, and Baek Jeong-gi are known as the Graves of the Three Martyrs (삼의사묘; 三義士墓). On the barrier wall beneath the graves is written the text "遺芳百世" (유방백세), which can be translated as "[They] paved a path of beauty for future generations". A temporary grave for An Jung-geun is also located right next to these three, but it lies empty as of 2021^[update], as his remains have yet to be recovered.^[b] Kim Ku is also buried in the park.^[7]^[5]^[6] In the vicinity of these graves are a number of Hibiscus syriacus plants (the national flower of South Korea) that are dedicated to each of these figures. The sign for Lee's indicates that Lee had played in the park in his youth. Yun's was planted at the same time (11:40 am) and on the anniversary of the 1932 Hongkou Park Incident that he participated in.^[7] Other activists are buried in the park too, including Yi Dong-nyeong, Cha Ri-seok [ko], Cho Seong-hwan [ko]. Memorial services for these figures are held annually.^[5]^[6]^[9]

The Kim Koo Museum, which opened in October 2002, is located inside of the park.^[6]^[9] A statue of Lee Bong-chang stands in front of the museum. Also in the park is the hanok-style temple Uiyeolsa (의열사; 義烈祠), where seven independence activists are enshrined.^[7]^[4]^[12] In addition, the gate Changyeolmun (창열문; 彰烈門) is also at the park.^[4] Each year around the anniversary of the March First Movement, trees next to the park are decorated with South Korean flags.^[13]

History

Joseon

According to the Annals of King Jeongjo [ko], Crown Prince Munhyo, the four-year-old first son of King Jeongjo, was buried at the area during the Joseon period on July 19, 1786.^[9]^[6]^[8] Jeongjo wanted the location of the grave to be auspicious and close to the palace. He, some servants, and experts in feng shui searched for a suitable location. Jeongjo reportedly visited the eventual location of the tomb thrice, then decided that he was pleased with the sunny hill, forest, and view of the Han River at the site.^[8]

The area was then called "Hyochangmyo" (효창묘; 孝昌墓; lit. Hyochang Cemetery), where "Hyochang" means "filial and prosperous" ("효성스럽고 번성하다").^[8] The crown prince's mother, Royal Noble Consort Uibin Seong, died five months later on September 14, and was buried in a tomb close by. Royal Consort Sugui Park and Princess Yeongon were also buried in the same area. In 1870, King Gojong renamed the area to "Hyochangwon" (효창원; 孝昌園^[c]).^[9]^[6]^[8] During the late Joseon and Korean Empire period, the surrounding area was called Aegirŭng (애기릉).^[8]

Japanese colonial period

During the Japanese colonial period, the name of the area was changed to Kuyongsan'goji (구용산고지; 舊龍山高地).^[6] At the time, it was the largest green space in Seoul. In 1915, the Yongsan police department held a ceremony for their new chief in the area.^[8]

In June 1921, the Japanese colonial government established the first golf course in Korea around the graves.^[12]^[8]^[9] Fences were erected around the tombs, which were directly in the line of play.^[15] It was a nine-hole golf course designed by a British person and operated by a nearby hotel.^[16] The last Crown Prince of Korea Yi Un played at the course,^[8] although a significant majority of the players were Japanese.^[16] The golf course was closed in 1924.^[9]^[8]^[12]

In June 1924 the area was made into a park, with a recorded size of 81,460 pyeong (0.2693 km²). In August, a road was paved in the park and the first public toilets were installed, which improved access for the general public.^[6] In 1925, a significant flood occurred [ko] in the surrounding region that led to the deaths of hundreds of people.^[17]^[9] In the aftermath of the flood, a temporary relief camp was made in the area.^[9]^[8]

In the late 1920s, Japanese residents of Seoul petitioned the colonial government and the government of Seoul into forcing the owners of the land, the Office of the Yi Dynasty, to surrender their ownership. In the end, the Office leased more than half of the land in the area for free.^[8]

In the 1930s, it was turned into an amusement park. Children's rides were installed and various cherry blossom and Platanus trees were planted.^[8]

On March 12, 1940, the colonial government gave the park its current name: "Hyochang Park".^[8]^[4] The tomb of the royal consort was moved to the Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty in Goyang, Gyeonggi. Her son's tomb was also moved in 1944, along with the majority of other tombs.^[8]^[9]^[12] After their relocation, the tombs of the royal consort and the crown prince were placed more than 100 paces from each other (2 km), which violated the wishes of King Jeongjo.^[8]^[9] In their place, a memorial to victims of wars of aggression was made.^[9] In an article for The Hankyoreh, Noh Hyeong-seok described the memorial as hypocritical, given Japan's wars to colonize Korea, and called the movement of the tombs "atrocities".^[8] However, a 2021 paper by Hyun-Chul Youn and Seong-Lyong Ryoo claimed that it is not known with certainty whether the Japanese were responsible for the moved graves, as relevant records from this period are lost.^[12]

Liberation and Korean independence movement memorials

Korea gained independence from Japan in 1945 at the end of World War II. Around that time, around 50,000 pyeong (0.17 km²) of the park was empty. Kim Ku, Kim Chang-sook [ko], and other members of the Korean Provisional Government (KPG) had just returned from their exile in China, and were searching for adequate places to bury the remains of independence activists who died in exile. They decided on the park for the location. Hong So-yeon (홍소연), director of the Simsan Kim Chang-sook Memorial Hall, evaluated their motivation for the location as follows:^[8]^[d]

The choice to use the area where Japan forcefully requisitioned and dominated Korean royal tombs as a memorial location for independence activists was highly symbolic. Of course they chose this spot.

On July 9, 1946, a national funeral was held for the reinterment of the remains of Lee Bong-chang, Baek Jeong-gi, and Yun Bong-gil in the park.^[4]^[9]^[8] In September 1948, the remains of Yi Dong-nyeong, Cha Ri-seok, and Cho Seong-hwan were buried in the park.^[4]^[12] Kim Ku was buried in the park on July 5, 1949, after his assassination.^[6]^[9]^[8]

Attempted relocation of graves and change of park identity

The two Kims originally intended for the park to become a quiet sanctuary to honor the independence movement.^[12]^[8] Noh Hyeong-seok of The Hankyoreh speculated that the park might have eventually become a national cemetery if not for Kim Ku's assassination, the Korean War, and the tense relationship between Kim and the first president of South Korea, Syngman Rhee. Rhee had even placed police in the park to block mourners in the aftermath of Kim's death.^[8]^[18]

Noh alleged that, in 1956, Rhee conspired with the Seoul city government to move the graves of the independence activists elsewhere, and construct a stadium and circuit roadway in the area instead.^[12]^[8] The government provided the pretense of the activists' graves being disrespected by children playing in the area.^[8] This was met with pushback from living independence activists and related people. Kim Chang-sook laid down in front of a bulldozer to prevent the removal of the graves. He composed a poem that was then published in The Dong-A Ilbo entitled "Weeping Over Hyochang Park" (효창공원을 통곡함).^[8]

The relocation was eventually blocked by a unanimous resolution from the National Assembly. The resolution was introduced by Kim Du-han, the son of independence activist Kim Chwa-chin.^[8] Despite the relocation being blocked, the Rhee administration still pushed to construct what eventually became Hyochang Stadium. After Seoul was selected to host the 1970 Asian Games in June 1959, the estate of Kim Ku allowed for the stadium and roadway to be constructed nearby without the relocation of the graves.^[12]^[8]^[19]

The Park Chung Hee administration took similar steps to move the identity of the park away from that of a cemetery or memorial park for the independence movement. A golf course was again constructed, this time in a valley. On either side of the valley were the graves of independence activists. Sports facilities, food and drink stands, and the community center for the elderly were constructed. A monument for anti-communists who fought against North Korea (북한 반공투사 위령탑) was also constructed in 1969, and still stands today.^[2]^[4]^[8] The Wonhyo statue was installed in 1969 as well.^[2] Park also installed a statue of his wife, Yuk Young-soo, who was killed in 1974. However, he did install a statue of Kim Ku in addition to this.^[18]

Recent history

The Hyochang Park Martyr Memorial Society (효창공원 순국선열추모위원회) was established on March 10, 1978. Beginning in that year, the organization has held an annual memorial ceremony for independence activists on April 13, the anniversary of the establishment of the KPG.^[4]

Beginning with the Chun Doo-hwan administration in the 1980s, the identity of the park was moved back towards that of a cemetery and historical site. The temple Uiyeolsa and gate Changyeolmun were constructed in November 1988.^[4]^[9]^[12] On June 8, 1989, the park was designated Historic Site of South Korea No. 330.^[4]^[5]^[9]

In 2002, the Kim Koo Museum was constructed in place of a tennis court during the Kim Dae-jung administration.^[18] However, its construction was met with some pushback due to the opposition of sports-related organizations.^[9] In 2005, President Roh Moo-hyun announced a plan to demolish the stadium and make the park more of a memorial park, but the plans faced too much pushback and stalled.^[18]

According to Noh Hyeong-seok, the park's identity (and even public awareness of the graves in the park) has continued to be uncertain. The majority of people currently seem to view the park as a space for leisure.^[12]^[9] In 2018, The Hankyoreh interviewed the leader of an organization called "People Who Love Hyochangwon" (효창원을 사랑하는 사람들) that advocates for greater emphasis on its memorial function.^[2]

On February 9, 2015, President Moon Jae-in advocated for more of a memorial identity for the park.^[10] On August 15, 2017, Moon participated in a memorial ceremony dedicated to the KPG at the park.^[20] In 2018, it was reported that the Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs was considering a plan to demolish the stadium.^[10] In 2019, the park was set to be reorganized and renewed as part of the 100th anniversary celebration of the establishment of the KPG.^[21] As part of the plan, they controversially sought to move Uiyeolsa to a different location in the park. As the park is a protected historical site, they conducted written interviews with experts in history, architecture, and feng shui between October and December 2020. A majority of the experts rejected the move.^[12] The overall plan is set to be finished by 2024.^[22]^[23]

Notes

^ Also "Hyochang Neighborhood Park" (효창근린공원)^[4] or "Seoul Hyochang Park".^[3]
^ This is in spite of a number of both private and government efforts to locate his remains, including a rare joint North-South Korean effort in 2006.^[11]
^ Won (원; 園) is a term that refers to the tombs of royal family members who were not monarchs.^[9]
^ "일제가 왕실 묘역을 침탈하고 강점했던 곳에 독립운동가들의 유택을 마련한다는 상징성이 컸기 때문에 당연히 이곳을 골랐을 것으로 보인다"

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Hyochang Park". Visit Seoul.Net. Seoul Tourism Organization. November 17, 2021. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e 김, 경욱 (May 31, 2018). 김구 등 7명 잠든 효창공원에 반공탑·축구장 들어선 사연 [How an Anti-Communist Monument and Soccer Field Were Built at the Resting Place of Kim Ku and Seven Others]. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Seoul Hyochang Park (서울 효창공원)". VisitKorea. Korea Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m 서울의 공원 [Parks of Seoul]. parks.seoul.go.kr (in Korean). Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Hyochang Park, Seoul". Cultural Heritage Administration. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k 서울 효창공원 (─孝昌公園) [Hyochang Park in Seoul]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g 최, 용수 (June 17, 2021). 그냥 지나칠 수 없는 '효창공원 다섯 무궁화 이야기'. mediahub.seoul.go.kr (in Korean). Seoul Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab 노, 형석 (May 31, 2018). 왕실묘→골프장→유원지→독립투사 묘지 '영욕의 232년' [Royal Tombs -> Golf Course -> Amusement Park -> Independence Activist Cemetery '232 Years of Honor and Disgrace']. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t 신, 병주 (February 8, 2023). '옷소매' 성덕임과 그의 아들의 묘가 '효창공원'에? ['Sleeves' Uibin Seong and Her Son Are Buried in 'Hyochang Park'?]. mediahub.seoul.go.kr (in Korean). Seoul Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c 김, 경욱 (May 31, 2018). 김구 등 7명 잠든 효창공원, 독립운동 성지로 [To Make Hyochang Park, Where Kim Ku and Seven Others Rest, Into a Hallowed Place for the Korean Independence Movement]. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ 박, 나영 (June 19, 2023). "안중근 의사 유해는 '둥산포'에 묻혀 있을 것" ["The Remains of An Jung-geun Will Be Buried in 'Dungsanpo'"]. Sisa Journal (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Youn, Hyun-Chul; Ryoo, Seong-Lyong (November 20, 2021). "VR and AR Restoration of Urban Heritage: A Virtual Platform Mediating Disagreement from Spatial Conflicts in Korea". Buildings. 11 (11): 561. doi:10.3390/buildings11110561. ISSN 2075-5309.
^ 박, 차영 (February 29, 2024). 105주년 삼일절…효창공원에 태극기 꽃나무 [The 105th Anniversary of the March 1st Movement... Taegeukgi Flower Trees in Hyochang Park]. 아틀라스뉴스 (in Korean). Retrieved April 2, 2024.
^ 효창공원 역사 | 효창독립 100년 메모리얼 프로젝트. hyochangpark.com (in Korean). Retrieved May 2, 2024.
^ ^a ^b 일제강점기 효창원과 경성 훈련원 [Hyochangwon and Gyeongseong (Seoul) Training Center During the Japanese Colonial Period]. Seoul History Archives. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ ^a ^b Oh, Byung-sang (January 5, 2003). "[FOUNTAIN]New milestone in Korean golf". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ "Flood in Korea Wiped Out Entire Villages; Refugees on Floating Roofs Cry Vainly for Aid". The New York Times. July 22, 1925. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d 이, 정규 (April 11, 2019). 효창공원 수난사…왕실묘원에 일제가 '골프장' [The Painful History of Hyochang Park... A Royal Cemetery Turned 'Golf Course' During the Japanese Occupation]. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ "19.Hyochang Stadium, Korea's First International Soccer Stadium". Seoul Metropolitan Government. November 10, 2013. Archived from the original on July 21, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
^ Lee, Suh-yoon (February 20, 2019). "Marking independence fighters - either leaders or grassroots". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ "Hyochang Park, Resting Place of Independence Activists, to Become Centenary Memorial Park". Seoul Metropolitan Government. April 17, 2019. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ "Address by President Moon Jae-in on 101st Anniversary of Founding of Provisional Republic of Korea Government". Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Republic of Cameroon. April 22, 2020. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ 박, 종일 (July 25, 2023). 용산구, 효창공원 둘레길 조성 [Trail Construction in Yongsan District's Hyochang Park]. 아시아경제 (in Korean). Retrieved April 2, 2024.

External links

[Liberation Day Special] A walk through history - Hyochang Park on YouTube
How to visit the park (in English, by the Korea Tourism Organization)
Hyochang Park Memorial Project (in Korean)
Video of Kim Ku's funeral (in Korean)
Video of Kim Ku's funeral – A longer documentary, with more shots of the park (in Korean)

[5] Also "Hyochang Neighborhood Park" (효창근린공원)^[4] or "Seoul Hyochang Park".^[3]

[13] This is in spite of a number of both private and government efforts to locate his remains, including a rare joint North-South Korean effort in 2006.^[11]

[16] Won (원; 園) is a term that refers to the tombs of royal family members who were not monarchs.^[9]

[21] "일제가 왕실 묘역을 침탈하고 강점했던 곳에 독립운동가들의 유택을 마련한다는 상징성이 컸기 때문에 당연히 이곳을 골랐을 것으로 보인다"

[:1-1] "Hyochang Park". Visit Seoul.Net. Seoul Tourism Organization. November 17, 2021. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.

[:9-2] 김, 경욱 (May 31, 2018). 김구 등 7명 잠든 효창공원에 반공탑·축구장 들어선 사연 [How an Anti-Communist Monument and Soccer Field Were Built at the Resting Place of Kim Ku and Seven Others]. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[VisitKorea-3] "Seoul Hyochang Park (서울 효창공원)". VisitKorea. Korea Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.

[:6-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m 서울의 공원 [Parks of Seoul]. parks.seoul.go.kr (in Korean). Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[:0-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Hyochang Park, Seoul". Cultural Heritage Administration. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[:2-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k 서울 효창공원 (─孝昌公園) [Hyochang Park in Seoul]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[:3-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g 최, 용수 (June 17, 2021). 그냥 지나칠 수 없는 '효창공원 다섯 무궁화 이야기'. mediahub.seoul.go.kr (in Korean). Seoul Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[:5-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab 노, 형석 (May 31, 2018). 왕실묘→골프장→유원지→독립투사 묘지 '영욕의 232년' [Royal Tombs -> Golf Course -> Amusement Park -> Independence Activist Cemetery '232 Years of Honor and Disgrace']. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[:4-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t 신, 병주 (February 8, 2023). '옷소매' 성덕임과 그의 아들의 묘가 '효창공원'에? ['Sleeves' Uibin Seong and Her Son Are Buried in 'Hyochang Park'?]. mediahub.seoul.go.kr (in Korean). Seoul Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[:10-11] 김, 경욱 (May 31, 2018). 김구 등 7명 잠든 효창공원, 독립운동 성지로 [To Make Hyochang Park, Where Kim Ku and Seven Others Rest, Into a Hallowed Place for the Korean Independence Movement]. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[12] 박, 나영 (June 19, 2023). "안중근 의사 유해는 '둥산포'에 묻혀 있을 것" ["The Remains of An Jung-geun Will Be Buried in 'Dungsanpo'"]. Sisa Journal (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[:7-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Youn, Hyun-Chul; Ryoo, Seong-Lyong (November 20, 2021). "VR and AR Restoration of Urban Heritage: A Virtual Platform Mediating Disagreement from Spatial Conflicts in Korea". Buildings. 11 (11): 561. doi:10.3390/buildings11110561. ISSN 2075-5309.

[15] 박, 차영 (February 29, 2024). 105주년 삼일절…효창공원에 태극기 꽃나무 [The 105th Anniversary of the March 1st Movement... Taegeukgi Flower Trees in Hyochang Park]. 아틀라스뉴스 (in Korean). Retrieved April 2, 2024.

[17] 효창공원 역사 | 효창독립 100년 메모리얼 프로젝트. hyochangpark.com (in Korean). Retrieved May 2, 2024.

[:12-18] 일제강점기 효창원과 경성 훈련원 [Hyochangwon and Gyeongseong (Seoul) Training Center During the Japanese Colonial Period]. Seoul History Archives. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2023.

[:8-19] Oh, Byung-sang (January 5, 2003). "[FOUNTAIN]New milestone in Korean golf". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[20] "Flood in Korea Wiped Out Entire Villages; Refugees on Floating Roofs Cry Vainly for Aid". The New York Times. July 22, 1925. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[:11-22] 이, 정규 (April 11, 2019). 효창공원 수난사…왕실묘원에 일제가 '골프장' [The Painful History of Hyochang Park... A Royal Cemetery Turned 'Golf Course' During the Japanese Occupation]. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[23] "19.Hyochang Stadium, Korea's First International Soccer Stadium". Seoul Metropolitan Government. November 10, 2013. Archived from the original on July 21, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2023.

[24] Lee, Suh-yoon (February 20, 2019). "Marking independence fighters - either leaders or grassroots". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[25] "Hyochang Park, Resting Place of Independence Activists, to Become Centenary Memorial Park". Seoul Metropolitan Government. April 17, 2019. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[26] "Address by President Moon Jae-in on 101st Anniversary of Founding of Provisional Republic of Korea Government". Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Republic of Cameroon. April 22, 2020. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[27] 박, 종일 (July 25, 2023). 용산구, 효창공원 둘레길 조성 [Trail Construction in Yongsan District's Hyochang Park]. 아시아경제 (in Korean). Retrieved April 2, 2024.

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 | image = Hyochang_Park_Blue_Statue_(2015).jpg
 | image_caption = Statue in the park (2015)
-| location = 04311 177-18, Hyochangwon-ro, [[Yongsan District]], [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]<ref name=":1" />
+| location = 04311 177-18, Hyochangwon-ro, [[Yongsan District]], [[Seoul]], South Korea<ref name=":1" />
 | coordinates = {{Coord|37|32|42|N|126|57|40|E|region:KR-11_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
 | mapframe-zoom = 14
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
  | hanja = {{Linktext|孝|昌|公|園|}}
  | rr = Hyochang kongwon
- | mr = Hyoch‘ang kongwŏn
+ | mr = Hyoch'ang kongwŏn
  | child = yes
- | othername1 = Original name
- | hangul1 = 효창묘
- | hanja1 = {{Linktext|孝|昌|墓}}
- | rr1 = Hyochangmyo
- | mr1 = Hyoch'angmyo
  }}
 }}
-'''Hyochang Park'''{{Efn|Also "Hyochang Neighborhood Park" ({{Korean|hangul=효창근린공원|labels=no}})<ref name=":6" /> or "Seoul Hyochang Park".<ref name="VisitKorea">{{Cite web |title=Seoul Hyochang Park (서울 효창공원) |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/svc/whereToGo/locIntrdn/locIntrdnList.do?vcontsId=81468 |access-date=July 19, 2023 |department=VisitKorea |publisher=[[Korea Tourism Organization]] |language=en |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719035247/https://english.visitkorea.or.kr/svc/whereToGo/locIntrdn/locIntrdnList.do?vcontsId=81468 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} ({{Korean|hangul=효창공원}}) is a park in [[Yongsan District]], [[Seoul]], South Korea. The park is near Exit 1 of the [[Hyochang Park station]] of the [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]]. Popular for leisure and exercise, the park has walking paths, sports facilities, forests, and [[Cherry blossom|cherry blossom trees]]. In 1989, the park was designated a [[Historic Sites of South Korea|Historic Site of South Korea]]. In addition to the graves of [[Kim Ku]], [[Lee Bong-chang]], and [[Yun Bong-gil]], it also contains the [[Kim Koo Museum]].
+'''Hyochang Park'''{{Efn|Also "Hyochang Neighborhood Park" ({{Korean|hangul=효창근린공원|labels=no}})<ref name=":6" /> or "Seoul Hyochang Park".<ref name="VisitKorea">{{Cite web |title=Seoul Hyochang Park (서울 효창공원) |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/svc/whereToGo/locIntrdn/locIntrdnList.do?vcontsId=81468 |access-date=July 19, 2023 |department=VisitKorea |publisher=[[Korea Tourism Organization]] |language=en |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719035247/https://english.visitkorea.or.kr/svc/whereToGo/locIntrdn/locIntrdnList.do?vcontsId=81468 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} ({{Korean|hangul=효창공원}}) is a park in [[Yongsan District]], [[Seoul]], South Korea. The park is near Exit 1 of the [[Hyochang Park station]] of the [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]]. Popular for leisure and exercise, the park has walking paths, sports facilities, forests, and [[Cherry blossom|cherry blossom trees]]. In 1989, the park was designated a [[Historic Sites of South Korea|Historic Site of South Korea]], and contains the [[Kim Koo Museum]].
 The name of the area has changed several times over its history. The area was originally called "'''Hyochangmyo'''", and later "'''Hyochangwon'''" in 1870. It was first used in 1786 as the burial ground for [[Crown Prince Munhyo]] and his mother [[Royal Noble Consort Uibin Seong]]. During the early [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial period]], it was called "'''Kuyongsan'goji'''".
@@ Line 38: / Line 33: @@
 == Description ==
-The area of the park is {{convert|12.3307|ha|acre|2}}. A large [[pine]] forest is present on the grounds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hyochang Park, Seoul |url=https://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do;jsessionid=P7q2oNTVfbeRiHr1bGD0FavXw9pHQarVJV2wobHCCgaSDWaC4J7KRPFnFu0SDNpZ.cha-was02_servlet_engine4?mn=EN_02_02&sCcebKdcd=13&ccebAsno=03300000&sCcebCtcd=11&pageIndex=30&region=&canAsset=&ccebPcd1=&searchWrd=&startNum=&endNum=&stCcebAsdt=&enCcebAsdt=&canceled=&ccebKdcd=13&ccebCtcd= |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[Cultural Heritage Administration]] |language=en |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717041714/https://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do;jsessionid=P7q2oNTVfbeRiHr1bGD0FavXw9pHQarVJV2wobHCCgaSDWaC4J7KRPFnFu0SDNpZ.cha-was02_servlet_engine4?mn=EN_02_02&sCcebKdcd=13&ccebAsno=03300000&sCcebCtcd=11&pageIndex=30&region=&canAsset=&ccebPcd1=&searchWrd=&startNum=&endNum=&stCcebAsdt=&enCcebAsdt=&canceled=&ccebKdcd=13&ccebCtcd= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=서울 효창공원 (─孝昌公園) |trans-title=Hyochang Park in Seoul |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0065710 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717043134/https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0065710 |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> The park also has [[Cherry blossom|cherry blossom trees]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2021 |title=Hyochang Park |url=https://english.visitseoul.net/nature/Hyochang-Park_/39738 |access-date=July 16, 2023 |website=Visit Seoul.Net |publisher=[[Seoul Tourism Organization]] |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717050637/https://english.visitseoul.net/nature/Hyochang-Park_/39738 |url-status=live }}</ref> In total, there are over 100,000 trees of at least 70 species in the park.<ref name=":6" /> A variety of [[Swing (seat)|swing benches]] are located in the park.<ref name=":3" /> In the park is a blue pillar that rises from a small lake. According to an article published by the [[Seoul Metropolitan Government]], the sculpture is supposed to symbolize the communication between people and the source of life: water.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=최 |first=용수 |date=June 17, 2021 |title=그냥 지나칠 수 없는 '효창공원 다섯 무궁화 이야기' |url=https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2001974 |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=mediahub.seoul.go.kr |publisher=[[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] |language=ko |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717051033/https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2001974 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in the park is a statue of the [[Silla]]-era intellectual [[Wonhyo]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=김 |first=경욱 |date=May 31, 2018 |title=김구 등 7명 잠든 효창공원에 반공탑·축구장 들어선 사연 |trans-title=How an Anti-Communist Monument and Soccer Field Were Built at the Resting Place of Kim Ku and Seven Others |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/847058.html |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[The Hankyoreh]] |language=ko |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717105039/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/847058.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The area of the park is {{convert|12.3307|ha|acre|2}}. A large [[pine]] forest is present on the grounds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hyochang Park, Seoul |url=https://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do;jsessionid=P7q2oNTVfbeRiHr1bGD0FavXw9pHQarVJV2wobHCCgaSDWaC4J7KRPFnFu0SDNpZ.cha-was02_servlet_engine4?mn=EN_02_02&sCcebKdcd=13&ccebAsno=03300000&sCcebCtcd=11&pageIndex=30&region=&canAsset=&ccebPcd1=&searchWrd=&startNum=&endNum=&stCcebAsdt=&enCcebAsdt=&canceled=&ccebKdcd=13&ccebCtcd= |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[Cultural Heritage Administration]] |language=en |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717041714/https://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do;jsessionid=P7q2oNTVfbeRiHr1bGD0FavXw9pHQarVJV2wobHCCgaSDWaC4J7KRPFnFu0SDNpZ.cha-was02_servlet_engine4?mn=EN_02_02&sCcebKdcd=13&ccebAsno=03300000&sCcebCtcd=11&pageIndex=30&region=&canAsset=&ccebPcd1=&searchWrd=&startNum=&endNum=&stCcebAsdt=&enCcebAsdt=&canceled=&ccebKdcd=13&ccebCtcd= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:서울 효창공원 (─孝昌公園) |trans-title=Hyochang Park in Seoul |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0065710 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717043134/https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0065710 |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> The park also has [[Cherry blossom|cherry blossom trees]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2021 |title=Hyochang Park |url=https://english.visitseoul.net/nature/Hyochang-Park_/39738 |access-date=July 16, 2023 |website=Visit Seoul.Net |publisher=[[Seoul Tourism Organization]] |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717050637/https://english.visitseoul.net/nature/Hyochang-Park_/39738 |url-status=live }}</ref> In total, there are over 100,000 trees of at least 70 species in the park.<ref name=":6" /> A variety of [[Swing (seat)|swing benches]] are located in the park.<ref name=":3" /> In the park is a blue pillar that rises from a small lake. According to an article published by the [[Seoul Metropolitan Government]], the sculpture is supposed to symbolize the communication between people and the source of life: water.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=최 |first=용수 |date=June 17, 2021 |script-title=ko:그냥 지나칠 수 없는 '효창공원 다섯 무궁화 이야기' |url=https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2001974 |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=mediahub.seoul.go.kr |publisher=[[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] |language=ko |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717051033/https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2001974 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in the park is a statue of the [[Silla]]-era intellectual [[Wonhyo]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=김 |first=경욱 |date=May 31, 2018 |script-title=ko:김구 등 7명 잠든 효창공원에 반공탑·축구장 들어선 사연 |trans-title=How an Anti-Communist Monument and Soccer Field Were Built at the Resting Place of Kim Ku and Seven Others |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/847058.html |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[The Hankyoreh]] |language=ko |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717105039/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/847058.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 It is a popular spot for exercise. The park contains such amenities as children's playgrounds, [[badminton]] courts, and a senior citizens' association ({{Korean|hangul=대한노인회|labels=no}}).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
-The park is an 8 to 10 minute walk from Exit 1 of [[Hyochang Park station|Hyochang Park Station]] on the [[Seoul Subway Line 6]] and the [[Gyeongui–Jungang Line]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> The park is surrounded by a dense urban environment. Also in the area are [[Hyochang Children's Park]] and the first stadium in South Korea: [[Hyochang Stadium]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> To its east is [[Sookmyung Women's University]].<ref name=":2" />
+The park is an 8 to 10 minute walk from Exit 1 of [[Hyochang Park station|Hyochang Park Station]] on the [[Seoul Subway Line 6]] and the [[Gyeongui–Jungang Line]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> The park is surrounded by a dense urban environment. Also in the area are Hyochang Children's Park and the first stadium constructed after the founding of South Korea: [[Hyochang Stadium]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> To its east is [[Sookmyung Women's University]].<ref name=":2" />
 === Memorials to the Korean independence movement ===
-[[File:Tombs of the Tree martyr.jpg|thumb|Tombs of the Three Martyrs. On the far left is an empty tomb for when the remains of An Jung-geun are finally recovered. (Photo from 2016)|211x211px]]Eight prominent [[Korean independence movement|Korean independence activists]] are buried in the park.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> The graves of [[Lee Bong-chang]], [[Yun Bong-gil]], and [[An Jung-geun|Baek Jeong-gi]] are known as the Graves of the Three Martyrs ({{Korean|hangul=삼의사묘|hanja=三義士墓|labels=no}}). On the barrier wall beneath the graves is written the text "{{Lang|ko|遺芳百世}}" ({{Korean|hangul=유방백세|labels=no}}), which can be translated as "[They] paved a path of beauty for future generations". A temporary grave for [[An Jung-geun]] is also located right next to these three, but it lies empty {{As of|2021|lc=y}}, as his remains have yet to be recovered.{{Efn|This is in spite of a number of both private and government efforts to locate his remains, including a rare joint North-South Korean effort in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |last=박 |first=나영 |date=June 19, 2023 |title="안중근 의사 유해는 '둥산포'에 묻혀 있을 것" |trans-title="The Remains of An Jung-geun Will Be Buried in 'Dungsanpo'" |url=http://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=265779 |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[Sisa Journal]] |language=ko |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717054145/http://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=265779 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} [[Kim Ku]] is also buried in the park.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> In the vicinity of these graves are a number of ''[[Hibiscus syriacus]]'' plants (the national flower of South Korea) that are dedicated to each of these figures. The sign for Lee's indicates that Lee had played in the park in his youth. Yun's was planted at the same time (11:40 am) and on the anniversary of the 1932 [[Hongkou Park Incident]] that he participated in.<ref name=":3" /> Other activists are buried in the park too, including [[Yi Dong-nyeong]], {{Ill|Cha Ri-seok|ko|차리석}}, {{Ill|Cho Seong-hwan (independence activist)|lt=Cho Seong-hwan|ko|조성환 (1875년생 독립운동가)}}. Memorial services for these figures are held annually.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />
+[[File:Tombs of the Tree martyr.jpg|thumb|Tombs of the Three Martyrs. On the far left is an empty tomb for when the remains of An Jung-geun are finally recovered. (Photo from 2016)|211x211px]]Eight prominent [[Korean independence movement|Korean independence activists]] are buried in the park.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> The graves of [[Lee Bong-chang]], [[Yun Bong-gil]], and [[Baek Jeong-gi]] are known as the Graves of the Three Martyrs ({{Korean|hangul=삼의사묘|hanja=三義士墓|labels=no}}). On the barrier wall beneath the graves is written the text "{{Lang|ko|遺芳百世}}" ({{Korean|hangul=유방백세|labels=no}}), which can be translated as "[They] paved a path of beauty for future generations". A temporary grave for [[An Jung-geun]] is also located right next to these three, but it lies empty {{As of|2021|lc=y}}, as his remains have yet to be recovered.{{Efn|This is in spite of a number of both private and government efforts to locate his remains, including a rare joint North-South Korean effort in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |last=박 |first=나영 |date=June 19, 2023 |script-title=ko:"안중근 의사 유해는 '둥산포'에 묻혀 있을 것" |trans-title="The Remains of An Jung-geun Will Be Buried in 'Dungsanpo'" |url=http://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=265779 |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[Sisa Journal]] |language=ko |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717054145/http://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=265779 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} [[Kim Ku]] is also buried in the park.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> In the vicinity of these graves are a number of ''[[Hibiscus syriacus]]'' plants (the national flower of South Korea) that are dedicated to each of these figures. The sign for Lee's indicates that Lee had played in the park in his youth. Yun's was planted at the same time (11:40 am) and on the anniversary of the 1932 [[Hongkou Park Incident]] that he participated in.<ref name=":3" /> Other activists are buried in the park too, including [[Yi Dong-nyeong]], {{Ill|Cha Ri-seok|ko|차리석}}, {{Ill|Cho Seong-hwan (independence activist)|lt=Cho Seong-hwan|ko|조성환 (1875년생 독립운동가)}}. Memorial services for these figures are held annually.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />
-The [[Kim Koo Museum]], which opened in October 2002, is located inside of the park.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> A statue of Lee Bong-chang stands in front of the museum. Also in the park is the ''[[hanok]]''-style temple Uiyeolsa ({{Korean|hangul=의열사|hanja=義烈祠|labels=no}}), where seven independence activists are enshrined.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> In addition, the gate Changyeolmun ({{Korean|hangul=창열문|hanja=彰烈門|labels=no}}) is also at the park.<ref name=":6" /> Each year around the anniversary of the [[March 1st Movement]], trees next to the park are decorated with [[Flag of South Korea|South Korean flags]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=박 |first=차영 |date=2024-02-29 |title=105주년 삼일절…효창공원에 태극기 꽃나무 |trans-title=The 105th Anniversary of the March 1st Movement... Taegeukgi Flower Trees in Hyochang Park |url=http://www.atlasnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=7835 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=아틀라스뉴스 |language=ko}}</ref>
+The [[Kim Koo Museum]], which opened in October 2002, is located inside of the park.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> A statue of Lee Bong-chang stands in front of the museum. Also in the park is the ''[[hanok]]''-style temple Uiyeolsa ({{Korean|hangul=의열사|hanja=義烈祠|labels=no}}), where seven independence activists are enshrined.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> In addition, the gate Changyeolmun ({{Korean|hangul=창열문|hanja=彰烈門|labels=no}}) is also at the park.<ref name=":6" /> Each year around the anniversary of the [[March First Movement]], trees next to the park are decorated with [[Flag of South Korea|South Korean flags]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=박 |first=차영 |date=2024-02-29 |script-title=ko:105주년 삼일절…효창공원에 태극기 꽃나무 |trans-title=The 105th Anniversary of the March 1st Movement... Taegeukgi Flower Trees in Hyochang Park |url=http://www.atlasnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=7835 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=아틀라스뉴스 |language=ko}}</ref>
 == History ==<!--For pre-1945 years, default to McCune Reischauer romanization (unless some other style is more common), as per the Wikiproject Korea Manual of Style-->
 === Joseon ===
-According to the ''{{Ill|Annals of King Jeongjo|ko|정조실록}}'', [[Crown Prince Munhyo]], the beloved four-year-old first son of [[Jeongjo of Joseon|King Jeongjo]], was buried at the area during the [[Joseon]] period on July 19, 1786.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=노 |first=형석 |date=May 31, 2018 |title=왕실묘→골프장→유원지→독립투사 묘지 '영욕의 232년' |trans-title=Royal Tombs -> Golf Course -> Amusement Park -> Independence Activist Cemetery '232 Years of Honor and Disgrace' |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/847064.html |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[The Hankyoreh]] |language=ko |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717063311/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/847064.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jeongjo wanted the location of the grave to be auspicious and close to the palace. He, some servants, and experts in [[feng shui]] searched for a suitable location. Jeongjo visited the eventual location of the tomb thrice, and finally decided that he was pleased with the sunny hill, forest, and view of the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] at the site.<ref name=":5" />
+According to the ''{{Ill|Annals of King Jeongjo|ko|정조실록}}'', [[Crown Prince Munhyo]], the four-year-old first son of [[Jeongjo of Joseon|King Jeongjo]], was buried at the area during the [[Joseon]] period on July 19, 1786.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=노 |first=형석 |date=May 31, 2018 |script-title=ko:왕실묘→골프장→유원지→독립투사 묘지 '영욕의 232년' |trans-title=Royal Tombs -> Golf Course -> Amusement Park -> Independence Activist Cemetery '232 Years of Honor and Disgrace' |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/847064.html |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[The Hankyoreh]] |language=ko |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717063311/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/847064.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jeongjo wanted the location of the grave to be auspicious and close to the palace. He, some servants, and experts in [[feng shui]] searched for a suitable location. Jeongjo reportedly visited the eventual location of the tomb thrice, then decided that he was pleased with the sunny hill, forest, and view of the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] at the site.<ref name=":5" />
-The area was then called "Hyochangmyo" ({{Korean|hangul=효창묘|hanja=孝昌墓|labels=no|lit=Hyochang Cemetery}}), where "Hyochang" means "filial and prosperous".<ref name=":5" />{{Efn|{{Korean|hangul="효성스럽고 번성하다"|labels=no}}}} The crown prince's mother, [[Royal Noble Consort Uibin Seong]], died five months later on September 14, and was buried in a tomb close by. [[Royal Consort Sugui Park]] and [[Princess Yeongon]] were also buried in the same area. In 1870, [[Gojong of Korea|King Gojong]] renamed the area to "Hyochangwon" ({{Korean|hangul=효창원|hanja=孝昌園|labels=no}}{{Efn|''Won'' ({{Korean|hangul=원|hanja=園|labels=no}}) is a term that refers to the tombs of royal family members who were not monarchs.<ref name=":4"/>}}).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=신 |first=병주 |date=February 8, 2023 |title='옷소매' 성덕임과 그의 아들의 묘가 '효창공원'에? |trans-title='Sleeves' Uibin Seong and Her Son Are Buried in 'Hyochang Park'? |url=https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2006866 |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=mediahub.seoul.go.kr |publisher=[[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] |language=ko |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717055039/https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2006866 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> During the late Joseon and Korean Empire period, the surrounding area was called {{Transliteration|ko|MR|Aegirŭng}} ({{Korean|hangul=애기릉|labels=no}}).<ref name=":5" />
+The area was then called "Hyochangmyo" ({{Korean|hangul=효창묘|hanja=孝昌墓|labels=no|lit=Hyochang Cemetery}}), where "Hyochang" means "filial and prosperous" ({{Korean|hangul="효성스럽고 번성하다"|labels=no}}).<ref name=":5" /> The crown prince's mother, [[Royal Noble Consort Uibin Seong]], died five months later on September 14, and was buried in a tomb close by. [[Royal Consort Sugui Park]] and [[Princess Yeongon]] were also buried in the same area. In 1870, [[Gojong of Korea|King Gojong]] renamed the area to "Hyochangwon" ({{Korean|hangul=효창원|hanja=孝昌園|labels=no}}{{Efn|''Won'' ({{Korean|hangul=원|hanja=園|labels=no}}) is a term that refers to the tombs of royal family members who were not monarchs.<ref name=":4"/>}}).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=신 |first=병주 |date=February 8, 2023 |script-title=ko:'옷소매' 성덕임과 그의 아들의 묘가 '효창공원'에? |trans-title='Sleeves' Uibin Seong and Her Son Are Buried in 'Hyochang Park'? |url=https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2006866 |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=mediahub.seoul.go.kr |publisher=[[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] |language=ko |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717055039/https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2006866 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> During the late Joseon and Korean Empire period, the surrounding area was called {{Transliteration|ko|MR|Aegirŭng}} ({{Korean|hangul=애기릉|labels=no}}).<ref name=":5" />
 === Japanese colonial period ===
-{{See also|Korea under Japanese rule}}[[File:Hyochangwon as Korea's first golf course.jpg|left|thumb|The area, which then still contained tombs of the royal family, was turned into a golf course by the Japanese Empire. The fenced-off tomb of the royal consort can be seen in the center of the picture.<ref name=":7" /> Two Korean children [[White clothing in Korea|wearing white]] can be seen [[Caddie|caddying]] for the players. (Photo published 1925)<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=일제강점기 효창원과 경성 훈련원 |trans-title=Hyochangwon and Gyeongseong (Seoul) Training Center During the Japanese Colonial Period |url=https://museum.seoul.go.kr/archive/archiveNew/NR_archiveView.do?ctgryId=CTGRY810&type=D&upperNodeId=CTGRY810&fileSn=300&fileId=H-TRNS-82099-810 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718002006/https://museum.seoul.go.kr/archive/archiveNew/NR_archiveView.do?ctgryId=CTGRY810&type=D&upperNodeId=CTGRY810&fileSn=300&fileId=H-TRNS-82099-810 |archive-date=July 18, 2023 |access-date=July 18, 2023 |website=[[Seoul History Archives]]}}</ref>]]
+{{See also|Korea under Japanese rule}}[[File:Hyochangwon as Korea's first golf course.jpg|left|thumb|The area, which then still contained tombs of the royal family, was turned into a golf course by the Japanese Empire. A fenced-off tomb can be seen in the center of the picture.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:효창공원 역사 {{!}} 효창독립 100년 메모리얼 프로젝트 |url=http://hyochangpark.com/history |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=hyochangpark.com |language=ko}}</ref> Two Korean children [[White clothing in Korea|wearing white]] can be seen [[Caddie|caddying]] for the players. (Photo published 1925)<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:일제강점기 효창원과 경성 훈련원 |trans-title=Hyochangwon and Gyeongseong (Seoul) Training Center During the Japanese Colonial Period |url=https://museum.seoul.go.kr/archive/archiveNew/NR_archiveView.do?ctgryId=CTGRY810&type=D&upperNodeId=CTGRY810&fileSn=300&fileId=H-TRNS-82099-810 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718002006/https://museum.seoul.go.kr/archive/archiveNew/NR_archiveView.do?ctgryId=CTGRY810&type=D&upperNodeId=CTGRY810&fileSn=300&fileId=H-TRNS-82099-810 |archive-date=July 18, 2023 |access-date=July 18, 2023 |website=[[Seoul History Archives]]}}</ref>]]
-During the Japanese colonial period, the name of the area was changed to Kuyongsan'goji ({{Korean|hangul=구용산고지|hanja=舊龍山高地|labels=no}}).<ref name=":2" /> At the time, it was the largest green space in Seoul. In 1915, the Yongsan Police held a ceremony for their new chief in the area.<ref name=":5" />
+During the Japanese colonial period, the name of the area was changed to Kuyongsan'goji ({{Korean|hangul=구용산고지|hanja=舊龍山高地|labels=no}}).<ref name=":2" /> At the time, it was the largest green space in Seoul. In 1915, the Yongsan police department held a ceremony for their new chief in the area.<ref name=":5" />
-In June 1921, the Japanese colonial government established the first [[golf course]] in Korea around the graves.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Youn |first1=Hyun-Chul |last2=Ryoo |first2=Seong-Lyong |date=November 20, 2021 |title=VR and AR Restoration of Urban Heritage: A Virtual Platform Mediating Disagreement from Spatial Conflicts in Korea |journal=Buildings |language=en |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=561 |doi=10.3390/buildings11110561 |issn=2075-5309 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Fences were erected around the tombs, which were directly in the line of play.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":8" /> It was a nine-hole golf course designed by a British person and operated by a nearby hotel.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Oh |first=Byung-sang |date=January 5, 2003 |title=[FOUNTAIN]New milestone in Korean golf |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2003/01/05/editorials/FOUNTAINNew-milestone-in-Korean-golf/1903575.html |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] |language=en |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717102634/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2003/01/05/editorials/FOUNTAINNew-milestone-in-Korean-golf/1903575.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The last Crown Prince of Korea [[Yi Un]] played at the course,<ref name=":5" /> although a significant majority of the players were Japanese.<ref name=":8" /> The golf course was closed in 1924.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />
+In June 1921, the Japanese colonial government established the first [[golf course]] in Korea around the graves.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Youn |first1=Hyun-Chul |last2=Ryoo |first2=Seong-Lyong |date=November 20, 2021 |title=VR and AR Restoration of Urban Heritage: A Virtual Platform Mediating Disagreement from Spatial Conflicts in Korea |journal=Buildings |language=en |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=561 |doi=10.3390/buildings11110561 |issn=2075-5309 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Fences were erected around the tombs, which were directly in the line of play.<ref name=":12" /> It was a nine-hole golf course designed by a British person and operated by a nearby hotel.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Oh |first=Byung-sang |date=January 5, 2003 |title=[FOUNTAIN]New milestone in Korean golf |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2003/01/05/editorials/FOUNTAINNew-milestone-in-Korean-golf/1903575.html |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] |language=en |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717102634/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2003/01/05/editorials/FOUNTAINNew-milestone-in-Korean-golf/1903575.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The last Crown Prince of Korea [[Yi Un]] played at the course,<ref name=":5" /> although a significant majority of the players were Japanese.<ref name=":8" /> The golf course was closed in 1924.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />
 In June 1924 the area was made into a park, with a recorded size of {{Convert|81,460|pyeong|km2}}. In August, a road was paved in the park and the first public toilets were installed, which improved access for the general public.<ref name=":2" /> In 1925, a {{Ill|1925 Seoul flood|lt=significant flood occurred|ko|을축년 대홍수}} in the surrounding region that led to the deaths of hundreds of people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 22, 1925 |title=Flood in Korea Wiped Out Entire Villages; Refugees on Floating Roofs Cry Vainly for Aid |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1925/07/22/archives/flood-in-korea-wiped-out-entire-villages-refugees-on-floating-roofs.html |access-date=July 17, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717061908/https://www.nytimes.com/1925/07/22/archives/flood-in-korea-wiped-out-entire-villages-refugees-on-floating-roofs.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> In the aftermath of the flood, a temporary relief camp was made in the area.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
@@ Line 68: / Line 63: @@
 In the 1930s, it was turned into an amusement park. Children's rides were installed and various cherry blossom and ''[[Platanus]]'' trees were planted.<ref name=":5" />
-On March 12, 1940, the colonial government gave the park its current name: "Hyochang Park".<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=서울의 공원 |trans-title=Parks of Seoul |url=http://parks.seoul.go.kr/ |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=parks.seoul.go.kr |language=ko |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928154132/http://parks.seoul.go.kr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The tomb of the Royal Consort was moved to the [[Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty]] in [[Goyang]], [[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]]. Her son's tomb was also moved in 1944, along with the majority of other tombs.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /> After their relocation, the tombs of the royal consort and the crown prince were placed more than 100 paces from each other (2&nbsp;km), which violated the wishes of King Jeongjo.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> In their place, a memorial to victims of [[War of aggression|wars of aggression]] was made.<ref name=":4" /> In an article for ''[[The Hankyoreh]]'', Noh Hyeong-seok described the memorial as hypocritical, given Japan's wars to colonize Korea, and called the movement of the tombs "atrocities".<ref name=":5" /> However, a 2021 paper by Hyun-Chul Youn and Seong-Lyong Ryoo claimed that it is not known with certainty whether the Japanese were responsible for the moved graves, as relevant records from this period are lost.<ref name=":7" />
+On March 12, 1940, the colonial government gave the park its current name: "Hyochang Park".<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:서울의 공원 |trans-title=Parks of Seoul |url=http://parks.seoul.go.kr/ |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=parks.seoul.go.kr |language=ko |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928154132/http://parks.seoul.go.kr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The tomb of the royal consort was moved to the [[Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty]] in [[Goyang]], [[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]]. Her son's tomb was also moved in 1944, along with the majority of other tombs.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /> After their relocation, the tombs of the royal consort and the crown prince were placed more than 100 paces from each other (2&nbsp;km), which violated the wishes of King Jeongjo.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> In their place, a memorial to victims of [[War of aggression|wars of aggression]] was made.<ref name=":4" /> In an article for ''[[The Hankyoreh]]'', Noh Hyeong-seok described the memorial as hypocritical, given Japan's wars to colonize Korea, and called the movement of the tombs "atrocities".<ref name=":5" /> However, a 2021 paper by Hyun-Chul Youn and Seong-Lyong Ryoo claimed that it is not known with certainty whether the Japanese were responsible for the moved graves, as relevant records from this period are lost.<ref name=":7" />
 === Liberation and Korean independence movement memorials ===
 [[File:3의사 유해 환국.JPG|thumb|The remains of Lee, Yun, and Baek upon their return to Korea. Photo taken at [[Seoul Station]] on May 25, 1946.]]
-[[Surrender of Japan|Korea gained independence from Japan]] in 1945 at the end of World War II. Around that time, around {{cvt|50,000|pyeong|km2}} of the park was empty. Kim Ku, {{Ill|Kim Chang-sook|ko|김창숙}}, and other members of the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] (KPG) had just returned from their exile in China, and were searching for adequate places to bury the remains of independence activists who died in exile. They decided on the park for the location. Hong So-yeon ({{Korean|hangul=홍소연|labels=no}}), director of the Simsan Kim Chang-sook Memorial Hall, evaluated their motivation for the location as follows:<ref name=":5" />{{Efn|{{Korean|hangul="일제가 왕실 묘역을 침탈하고 강점했던 곳에 독립운동가들의 유택을 마련한다는 상징성이 컸기 때문에 당연히 이곳을 골랐을 것으로 보인다"|labels=no}}}}
+[[Surrender of Japan|Korea gained independence from Japan]] in 1945 at the end of World War II. Around that time, around {{cvt|50,000|pyeong|km2}} of the park was empty. Kim Ku, {{Ill|Kim Chang-sook|ko|김창숙}}, and other members of the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea|Korean Provisional Government]] (KPG) had just returned from their exile in China, and were searching for adequate places to bury the remains of independence activists who died in exile. They decided on the park for the location. Hong So-yeon ({{Korean|hangul=홍소연|labels=no}}), director of the Simsan Kim Chang-sook Memorial Hall, evaluated their motivation for the location as follows:<ref name=":5" />{{Efn|{{Korean|hangul="일제가 왕실 묘역을 침탈하고 강점했던 곳에 독립운동가들의 유택을 마련한다는 상징성이 컸기 때문에 당연히 이곳을 골랐을 것으로 보인다"|labels=no}}}}
 {{Blockquote|text=The choice to use the area where Japan forcefully requisitioned and dominated Korean royal tombs as a memorial location for independence activists was highly symbolic. Of course they chose this spot.}}
@@ Line 83: / Line 78: @@
 Noh alleged that, in 1956, Rhee conspired with the Seoul city government to move the graves of the independence activists elsewhere, and construct a stadium and circuit roadway in the area instead.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /> The government provided the pretense of the activists' graves being disrespected by children playing in the area.<ref name=":5" /> This was met with pushback from living independence activists and related people. Kim Chang-sook laid down in front of a bulldozer to prevent the removal of the graves. He composed a poem that was then published in ''[[The Dong-a Ilbo|The Dong-A Ilbo]]'' entitled "Weeping Over Hyochang Park" ({{Korean|hangul=효창공원을 통곡함|labels=no}}).<ref name=":5" />
-The relocation was eventually blocked by a unanimous resolution from the [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]]. The resolution was introduced by [[Kim Du-han]], the son of independence activist [[Kim Chwa-chin]].<ref name=":5" /> Despite the relocation being blocked, the Rhee administration still pushed to construct a stadium. After Seoul was selected to host the [[1970 Asian Games]] in June 1959, the estate of Kim Ku allowed for the stadium and roadway to be constructed nearby without the relocation of the graves. The stadium is now [[Hyochang Stadium]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2013 |title=19.Hyochang Stadium, Korea's First International Soccer Stadium |url=https://english.seoul.go.kr/19-hyochang-stadium-koreas-first-international-soccer-stadium/ |access-date=July 21, 2023 |website=[[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] |language=en-US |archive-date=July 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721211057/https://english.seoul.go.kr/19-hyochang-stadium-koreas-first-international-soccer-stadium/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The relocation was eventually blocked by a unanimous resolution from the [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]]. The resolution was introduced by [[Kim Du-han]], the son of independence activist [[Kim Chwa-chin]].<ref name=":5" /> Despite the relocation being blocked, the Rhee administration still pushed to construct what eventually became [[Hyochang Stadium]]. After Seoul was selected to host the [[1970 Asian Games]] in June 1959, the estate of Kim Ku allowed for the stadium and roadway to be constructed nearby without the relocation of the graves.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2013 |title=19.Hyochang Stadium, Korea's First International Soccer Stadium |url=https://english.seoul.go.kr/19-hyochang-stadium-koreas-first-international-soccer-stadium/ |access-date=July 21, 2023 |website=[[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] |language=en-US |archive-date=July 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721211057/https://english.seoul.go.kr/19-hyochang-stadium-koreas-first-international-soccer-stadium/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The [[Park Chung Hee]] administration took similar steps to move the identity of the park away from that of a cemetery or memorial park for the independence movement. A golf course was again constructed, this time in a valley. On either side of the valley were the graves of independence activists. Sports facilities, food and drink stands, and the community center for the elderly were constructed. A monument for anti-communists who fought against North Korea ({{Korean|hangul=북한 반공투사 위령탑|labels=no}}) was also constructed in 1969, and still stands today.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> The Wonhyo statue was installed in 1969 as well.<ref name=":9" /> Park also installed a statue of his wife, [[Yuk Young-soo]], who was killed in 1974. However, he did install a statue of Kim Ku in addition to this.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=이 |first=정규 |date=April 11, 2019 |title=효창공원 수난사…왕실묘원에 일제가 '골프장' |trans-title=The Painful History of Hyochang Park... A Royal Cemetery Turned 'Golf Course' During the Japanese Occupation |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/889580.html |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[The Hankyoreh]] |language=ko |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717110131/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/889580.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The [[Park Chung Hee]] administration took similar steps to move the identity of the park away from that of a cemetery or memorial park for the independence movement. A golf course was again constructed, this time in a valley. On either side of the valley were the graves of independence activists. Sports facilities, food and drink stands, and the community center for the elderly were constructed. A monument for anti-communists who fought against North Korea ({{Korean|hangul=북한 반공투사 위령탑|labels=no}}) was also constructed in 1969, and still stands today.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> The Wonhyo statue was installed in 1969 as well.<ref name=":9" /> Park also installed a statue of his wife, [[Yuk Young-soo]], who was killed in 1974. However, he did install a statue of Kim Ku in addition to this.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=이 |first=정규 |date=April 11, 2019 |script-title=ko:효창공원 수난사…왕실묘원에 일제가 '골프장' |trans-title=The Painful History of Hyochang Park... A Royal Cemetery Turned 'Golf Course' During the Japanese Occupation |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/889580.html |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[The Hankyoreh]] |language=ko |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717110131/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/889580.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 === Recent history ===
@@ Line 96: / Line 91: @@
 According to Noh Hyeong-seok, the park's identity (and even public awareness of the graves in the park) has continued to be uncertain. The majority of people currently seem to view the park as a space for leisure.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" /> In 2018, ''The Hankyoreh'' interviewed the leader of an organization called "People Who Love Hyochangwon" ({{Korean|hangul=효창원을 사랑하는 사람들|labels=no}}) that advocates for greater emphasis on its memorial function.<ref name=":9" />
-On February 9, 2015, President [[Moon Jae-in]] advocated for more of a memorial identity for the park.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=김 |first=경욱 |date=May 31, 2018 |title=김구 등 7명 잠든 효창공원, 독립운동 성지로 |trans-title=To Make Hyochang Park, Where Kim Ku and Seven Others Rest, Into a Hallowed Place for the Korean Independence Movement |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/847059.html |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[The Hankyoreh]] |language=ko |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717105506/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/847059.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On August 15, 2017, Moon participated in a memorial ceremony dedicated to the KPG at the park.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Suh-yoon |date=February 20, 2019 |title=Marking independence fighters - either leaders or grassroots |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/07/281_264061.html |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[The Korea Times]] |language=en |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717102312/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/07/281_264061.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, it was reported that the [[Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs (South Korea)|Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs]] was considering a plan to demolish the stadium.<ref name=":10" /> In 2019, the park was set to be reorganized and renewed as part of the 100th anniversary celebration of the establishment of the KPG.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2019 |title=Hyochang Park, Resting Place of Independence Activists, to Become Centenary Memorial Park |url=https://english.seoul.go.kr/hyochang-park-resting-place-of-independence-activists-to-become-centenary-memorial-park/ |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] |language=en-US |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717102051/https://english.seoul.go.kr/hyochang-park-resting-place-of-independence-activists-to-become-centenary-memorial-park/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As part of the plan, they controversially sought to move Uiyeolsa to a different location in the park. As the park is a protected historical site, they conducted written interviews with experts in history, architecture, and feng shui between October and December 2020. A majority of the experts rejected the move.<ref name=":7" /> The overall plan is set to be finished by 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2020 |title=Address by President Moon Jae-in on 101st Anniversary of Founding of Provisional Republic of Korea Government |url=https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/cm-en/brd/m_13835/view.do?seq=756252&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=&multi_itm_seq=0&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&company_cd=&company_nm= |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Republic of Cameroon |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717102903/https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/cm-en/brd/m_13835/view.do?seq=756252&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=&multi_itm_seq=0&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&company_cd=&company_nm= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=박 |first=종일 |date=2023-07-25 |title=용산구, 효창공원 둘레길 조성 |trans-title=Trail Construction in Yongsan District's Hyochang Park |url=https://www.asiae.co.kr/article/2023072507045281801 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=아시아경제 |language=ko}}</ref>
+On February 9, 2015, President [[Moon Jae-in]] advocated for more of a memorial identity for the park.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=김 |first=경욱 |date=May 31, 2018 |script-title=ko:김구 등 7명 잠든 효창공원, 독립운동 성지로 |trans-title=To Make Hyochang Park, Where Kim Ku and Seven Others Rest, Into a Hallowed Place for the Korean Independence Movement |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/847059.html |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[The Hankyoreh]] |language=ko |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717105506/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/847059.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On August 15, 2017, Moon participated in a memorial ceremony dedicated to the KPG at the park.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Suh-yoon |date=February 20, 2019 |title=Marking independence fighters - either leaders or grassroots |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/07/281_264061.html |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[The Korea Times]] |language=en |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717102312/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/07/281_264061.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, it was reported that the [[Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs (South Korea)|Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs]] was considering a plan to demolish the stadium.<ref name=":10" /> In 2019, the park was set to be reorganized and renewed as part of the 100th anniversary celebration of the establishment of the KPG.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2019 |title=Hyochang Park, Resting Place of Independence Activists, to Become Centenary Memorial Park |url=https://english.seoul.go.kr/hyochang-park-resting-place-of-independence-activists-to-become-centenary-memorial-park/ |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=[[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] |language=en-US |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717102051/https://english.seoul.go.kr/hyochang-park-resting-place-of-independence-activists-to-become-centenary-memorial-park/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As part of the plan, they controversially sought to move Uiyeolsa to a different location in the park. As the park is a protected historical site, they conducted written interviews with experts in history, architecture, and feng shui between October and December 2020. A majority of the experts rejected the move.<ref name=":7" /> The overall plan is set to be finished by 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2020 |title=Address by President Moon Jae-in on 101st Anniversary of Founding of Provisional Republic of Korea Government |url=https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/cm-en/brd/m_13835/view.do?seq=756252&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=&multi_itm_seq=0&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&company_cd=&company_nm= |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Republic of Cameroon |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717102903/https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/cm-en/brd/m_13835/view.do?seq=756252&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=&multi_itm_seq=0&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&company_cd=&company_nm= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=박 |first=종일 |date=2023-07-25 |script-title=ko:용산구, 효창공원 둘레길 조성 |trans-title=Trail Construction in Yongsan District's Hyochang Park |url=https://www.asiae.co.kr/article/2023072507045281801 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=아시아경제 |language=ko}}</ref>
 == Notes ==
@@ Line 112: / Line 107: @@
 *[https://modern_history.kbs.co.kr/archive/userrecordimage/recordImageView.do;jsessionid=pX12kLl8Sejo8Ds4TWzKqWLRAeYfmF5f6ZHwnwNHYqjZJB60zTlHmavaFM46UIsI.mus-web02_servlet_engine1 Video of Kim Ku's funeral] – A longer documentary, with more shots of the park (in Korean)
 {{Seoul parks}}
 [[Category:Parks in Seoul]]
 [[Category:Yongsan District]]

v t e Parks in Seoul
Dobong	Balbadak Choansan [ko] Seoul Iris Garden [ko] Ssangmun Wolcheon
Dongdaemun	Baebongsan [ko] Dapsimni Gandaemae Yongdu
Dongjak	Boramae Kachisan Noryangjin Samil Park Sangdo Park Sayuksin [ko] Seoul National Cemetery
Eunpyeong	Bongsan Bulgwang Eunpyeong Galhyeon Gupabal
Gangbuk	Dream Forest [ko] Odong [ko] Solbat [ko]
Gangdong	Cheonho [ko] Dongmyeong Gildong Ecological [ko] Gwangnaru Hangang [ko] Iljasan Park [ko] Myeongil Saemteo Saenmaeul
Gangnam	Bongeun Cheongdam [ko] Dogok Dosan Guryongsan [ko] Hakdong Park Saemteo
Gangseo	Banghwa Bongjesan [ko] Gangseo Hangang Guam [ko] Gungsan Maehwa [ko] Pheasant Hill Seoul Botanic [ko] Ujang [ko] Yeomchang
Geumcheon	Gamrocheon Geumcheon Athletic Geumcheon Waterfall Mansucheon
Gwanak	Gwanaksan Nakseongdae Saemmal
Gwangjin	Children's Grand Ttukseom Hangang
Guro	Gaeungsan [ko] Gocheok Onsu Pureun Arboretum
Jongno	Bugaksan Bukhansan Cheongun [ko] Gwanghwamun Citizen's Plaza [ko] Inwangsan Naksan Heunginjimun [ko] Marronnier Sajik [ko] Samcheong [ko] Sejong-ro [ko] Seun Greenway Tapgol Waryong
Jung	Dongdaemun History & Culture Hullyeonwon Jangchungdan Namsan Seoullo 7017 Sohn Kee-chung
Jungnang	Bonghwasan [ko] Jungnang Camping Forest [ko] Manguri Saemteo Yongma Yongma Waterfall [ko]
Mapo	Gyeongui Line Forest [ko] Hyochang Mangwon Hangang Park Mapo Saebit Culture Forest Nanji Hangang [ko] Oil Tank Culture Sangam Yanghwajin Foreign Missionary Cemetery Wau World Cup
Nowon	Buramsan Chungsuk [ko] Gyeongchun Line Forest Suraksan Taereung [ko]
Seocho	Banpo Hangang [ko] Banpo Sports Complex Guryongsan Jamwon Hangang Maljukgeori Seoripul Maeheon Citizen's Forest Culture and Arts Yeomgok
Seodaemun	Ansan Baengnyeonsan Bukhansan Gungdong Seodaemun Independence
Seongbuk	Cheongryang Gaeunsan Odong Neighborhood Odong [ko] Seongbuk
Seongdong	Dalmaji Eungbong Eungbong Rock Climbing [ko] Eungbongsan Geumho Seongsu Seoul Forest
Songpa	Asia Cheonma Jamsil Hangang Jangji Munjeong Ogeum Olympic Seokchon Lake
Yangcheon	Galsan Gyenam Paris West Seoul Lake Yongwangsan Yangcheon
Yeongdeungpo	Ankara Mullae Jungmaru Seonyudo Yanghwa Hangang Yeungdeungpo Yeouido Hangang Yeouido Yeouido Saetgang Ecological [ko]
Yongsan	Eungbong Nodeul Farm Hyochang Ichon Hangang Yongsan Family