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{{Short description|Long-lived radioisotope of chlorine}}
{{Infobox isotope
{{Infobox isotope
| alternate_names =
| alternate_names =
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| num_neutrons =19
| num_neutrons =19
| num_protons =17
| num_protons =17
| abundance =7&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>−13</sup>
| abundance = {{val|7|e=−13}}
| halflife =301,300
| halflife ={{val|301300|1500|u=years}}
| error_halflife = 1,500 years
| image = chlorine-36.svg
| image = chlorine-36.svg
| decay_product = Argon-36
| decay_product = Argon-36
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| decay_mode4 =
| decay_mode4 =
| decay_energy4 =
| decay_energy4 =
| parent = Argon-36
| parent_symbol = Ar
| parent_mass =36
| parent_decay =
| parent2 = Chlorine-35
| parent2_symbol = Cl
| parent2_mass =35
| parent2_decay =
| parent3 = Potassium-39
| parent3_symbol = K
| parent3_mass =39
| parent3_decay =
| parent4 = Calcium-40
| parent4_symbol = Ca
| parent4_mass =40
| parent4_decay =
| spin =
| spin =
| excess_energy =
| excess_energy =
| error1 =
| binding_energy =
| binding_energy =
| error2 =
}}
}}


'''Chlorine-36''' (<sup>36</sup>Cl) is an [[isotope of chlorine]]. [[Chlorine]] has two [[stable isotope]]s and one naturally occurring [[radioactive]] isotope, the [[cosmogenic]] isotope <sup>36</sup>Cl. Its half-life is 301,300 ± 1,500 years.<ref name=nubase>{{NUBASE2016}}</ref> <sup>36</sup>Cl decays primarily (98%) by beta-minus decay to <sup>36</sup>[[argon|Ar]], and the balance to <sup>36</sup>[[Sulfur|S]].<ref name=nubase/>
'''Chlorine-36''' (<sup>36</sup>Cl) is an [[isotope of chlorine]]. [[Chlorine]] has two [[stable isotope]]s and one naturally occurring [[radioactive]] isotope, the [[cosmogenic]] isotope <sup>36</sup>Cl. Its half-life is 301,300 ± 1,500 years.<ref name=nubase>{{NUBASE2016}}</ref> <sup>36</sup>Cl decays primarily (98%) by beta-minus decay to <sup>36</sup>[[argon|Ar]], and the balance to <sup>36</sup>[[Sulfur|S]].<ref name=nubase/>


Trace amounts of [[radioactive]] <sup>36</sup>Cl exist in the environment, in a ratio of about (7-10)&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>−13</sup> to 1 with stable chlorine isotopes.<ref name=Zreda>{{cite journal | author = M. Zreda | year = 1991 | title = Cosmogenic chlorine-36 production rates in terrestrial rocks | journal = Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume = 105 | pages = 94|bibcode = 1991E&PSL.105...94Z |doi = 10.1016/0012-821X(91)90123-Y |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = M. Sheppard and M. Herod | year = 2012 | title = Variation in background concentrations and specific activities of 36Cl, 129I and U/Th-series radionuclides in surface waters | journal = Journal of Environmental Radioactivity | volume = 106 | pages = 27–34 | doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.015}}</ref> This corresponds to a concentration of approximately 1 Bq/(kg Cl).
Trace amounts of [[radioactive]] <sup>36</sup>Cl exist in the environment, in a ratio of about {{Nowrap|(7–10) × 10<sup>−13</sup>}} to 1 with respect to the stable chlorine isotopes.<ref name="Zreda">{{cite journal | author = M. Zreda | year = 1991 | title = Cosmogenic chlorine-36 production rates in terrestrial rocks | journal = Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume = 105 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 94–109|bibcode = 1991E&PSL.105...94Z |doi = 10.1016/0012-821X(91)90123-Y |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = M. Sheppard and M. Herod | year = 2012 | title = Variation in background concentrations and specific activities of 36Cl, 129I and U/Th-series radionuclides in surface waters | journal = Journal of Environmental Radioactivity | volume = 106 | pages = 27–34 | doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.015 | pmid = 22304997}}</ref> This <sup>36</sup>Cl/Cl ratio is sometimes abbreviated as R<sup>36</sup>Cl. This corresponds to a concentration of approximately {{Nowrap|1 Bq/(kg Cl)}}.


<sup>36</sup>Cl is produced in the atmosphere by [[spallation]] of <sup>36</sup>[[argon|Ar]] by interactions with [[cosmic ray]] [[proton]]s. In the top meter of the lithosphere, <sup>36</sup>Cl is generated primarily by [[thermal neutron]] activation of <sup>35</sup>Cl and spallation of <sup>39</sup>[[Potassium|K]] and <sup>40</sup>[[Calcium|Ca]].<ref name=Zreda /> In the subsurface environment, [[muon capture]] by <sup>40</sup>[[Calcium|Ca]] becomes more important.<ref name=Zreda /> The production rates are about 4200 atoms <sup>36</sup>Cl/yr/mole <sup>39</sup>K and 3000 atoms <sup>36</sup>Cl/yr/mole <sup>40</sup>Ca, due to spallation in rocks at sea level.<ref name=Zreda />
<sup>36</sup>Cl is produced in the atmosphere by [[Cosmic ray spallation|spallation]] of <sup>36</sup>[[argon|Ar]] by interactions with [[cosmic ray]] [[proton]]s. In the top meter of the [[lithosphere]], <sup>36</sup>Cl is generated primarily by [[thermal neutron]] activation of <sup>35</sup>Cl and spallation of <sup>39</sup>[[Potassium|K]] and <sup>40</sup>[[Calcium|Ca]].<ref name="Zreda" /> In the subsurface environment, [[muon capture]] by <sup>40</sup>Ca becomes more important.<ref name="Zreda" /> The production rates are about 4200 atoms <sup>36</sup>Cl/yr/mole <sup>39</sup>K and 3000 atoms <sup>36</sup>Cl/yr/mole <sup>40</sup>Ca, due to spallation in rocks at sea level.<ref name="Zreda" />


The half-life of this isotope makes it suitable for [[geologic dating]] in the range of 60,000 to 1 million years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chlorine|url=http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/chlorine.html|work=Isotopes & Hydrology|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20040327185656/http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/chlorine.html|archivedate=2004-03-27}}</ref>
The half-life of this isotope makes it suitable for [[geologic dating]] in the range of 60,000 to 1 million years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chlorine|url=http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/chlorine.html|work=Isotopes & Hydrology|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20040327185656/http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/chlorine.html|archivedate=2004-03-27}}</ref> Its properties make it useful as a [[Proxy (statistics)|proxy]] data source to characterize cosmic particle bombardment and solar activity of the past.<ref name="Paleari">{{cite journal | last = Paleari | first = Chiara I. | author2 = F. Mekhaldi |author3 = F. Adolphi |author4 = M. Christl |author5 = C. Vockenhuber |author6 = P. Gautschi |author7 = J. Beer |author8 = N. Brehm |author9 = T. Erhardt |author10 = H.-A. Synal |author11 = L. Wacker |author12 = F. Wilhelms |author13 = R. Muscheler | title = Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP | journal = Nat. Commun. | volume = 13 | issue = 214 | date = 2022 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4 |doi-access = free |hdl = 20.500.11850/527622 |hdl-access = free }}</ref>


Additionally, large amounts of <sup>36</sup>Cl were produced by irradiation of [[seawater]] during atmospheric and [[underwater explosion|underwater]] [[nuclear weapons testing|test detonations]] of [[nuclear weapon]]s between 1952 and 1958. The residence time of <sup>36</sup>Cl in the atmosphere is about 2 years. Thus, as an event marker of 1950s water in [[soil]] and [[ground water]], <sup>36</sup>Cl is also useful for dating waters less than 50&nbsp;years before the present. <sup>36</sup>Cl has seen use in other areas of the geological sciences, including dating ice and sediments.
Additionally, large amounts of <sup>36</sup>Cl were produced by irradiation of [[seawater]] during atmospheric and [[underwater explosion|underwater]] [[nuclear weapons testing|test detonations]] of [[nuclear weapon]]s between 1952 and 1958. The residence time of <sup>36</sup>Cl in the atmosphere is about 2 years. Thus, as an event marker of 1950s water in [[soil]] and [[ground water]], <sup>36</sup>Cl is also useful for dating waters less than 50&nbsp;years before the present. <sup>36</sup>Cl has seen use in other areas of the geological sciences, including dating ice and sediments.
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Isotopes of chlorine]]
[[Category:Isotopes of chlorine]]
[[Category:Environmental isotopes]]
[[Category:Environmental isotopes]]
[[Category:Radionuclides used in radiometric dating]]

Latest revision as of 23:56, 8 November 2024

Chlorine-36, 36Cl
General
Symbol36Cl
Nameschlorine-36, 36Cl, Cl-36
Protons (Z)17
Neutrons (N)19
Nuclide data
Natural abundance7×10−13
Half-life (t1/2)301300±1500 years
Decay products36Ar
Decay modes
Decay modeDecay energy (MeV)
Beta minus710 keV
Electron capture120 keV
Electron capture1142 keV
Isotopes of chlorine
Complete table of nuclides

Chlorine-36 (36Cl) is an isotope of chlorine. Chlorine has two stable isotopes and one naturally occurring radioactive isotope, the cosmogenic isotope 36Cl. Its half-life is 301,300 ± 1,500 years.[1] 36Cl decays primarily (98%) by beta-minus decay to 36Ar, and the balance to 36S.[1]

Trace amounts of radioactive 36Cl exist in the environment, in a ratio of about (7–10) × 10−13 to 1 with respect to the stable chlorine isotopes.[2][3] This 36Cl/Cl ratio is sometimes abbreviated as R36Cl. This corresponds to a concentration of approximately 1 Bq/(kg Cl).

36Cl is produced in the atmosphere by spallation of 36Ar by interactions with cosmic ray protons. In the top meter of the lithosphere, 36Cl is generated primarily by thermal neutron activation of 35Cl and spallation of 39K and 40Ca.[2] In the subsurface environment, muon capture by 40Ca becomes more important.[2] The production rates are about 4200 atoms 36Cl/yr/mole 39K and 3000 atoms 36Cl/yr/mole 40Ca, due to spallation in rocks at sea level.[2]

The half-life of this isotope makes it suitable for geologic dating in the range of 60,000 to 1 million years.[4] Its properties make it useful as a proxy data source to characterize cosmic particle bombardment and solar activity of the past.[5]

Additionally, large amounts of 36Cl were produced by irradiation of seawater during atmospheric and underwater test detonations of nuclear weapons between 1952 and 1958. The residence time of 36Cl in the atmosphere is about 2 years. Thus, as an event marker of 1950s water in soil and ground water, 36Cl is also useful for dating waters less than 50 years before the present. 36Cl has seen use in other areas of the geological sciences, including dating ice and sediments.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001.
  2. ^ a b c d M. Zreda; et al. (1991). "Cosmogenic chlorine-36 production rates in terrestrial rocks". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 105 (1–3): 94–109. Bibcode:1991E&PSL.105...94Z. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90123-Y.
  3. ^ M. Sheppard and M. Herod (2012). "Variation in background concentrations and specific activities of 36Cl, 129I and U/Th-series radionuclides in surface waters". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 106: 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.015. PMID 22304997.
  4. ^ "Chlorine". Isotopes & Hydrology. Archived from the original on 2004-03-27.
  5. ^ Paleari, Chiara I.; F. Mekhaldi; F. Adolphi; M. Christl; C. Vockenhuber; P. Gautschi; J. Beer; N. Brehm; T. Erhardt; H.-A. Synal; L. Wacker; F. Wilhelms; R. Muscheler (2022). "Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP". Nat. Commun. 13 (214). doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4. hdl:20.500.11850/527622.
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