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{{about|the genus of bacteria|the genus of praying mantids|Amelidae}}
{{for|the computing tool|Yersinia (computing)}}
{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
{{Automatic_taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| color = lightgrey
| image = Yersinia pestis.jpg
| image = Yersinia pestis.jpg
| taxon = Yersinia
| taxon = Yersinia
| authority = van Loghem, 1944
| authority = van Loghem, 1944
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = {{ubl
| subdivision =
|''[[Yersinia aldovae|Y. aldovae]]''{{sup|yb}}
* ''[[Yersinia aldovae|Y. aldovae]]''
|''[[Yersinia aleksiciae|Y. aleksiciae]]''
* ''[[Yersinia aleksiciae|Y. aleksiciae]]''
|''[[Yersinia bercovieri|Y. bercovieri]]''{{sup|yb}}
* ''[[Yersinia alsatica|Y. alsatica]]''
|''[[Yersinia enterocolitica|Y. enterocolitica]]''{{sup|yb}}
* ''[[Yersinia artesiana|Y. artesiana]]''
* ''[[Yersinia bercovieri|Y. bercovieri]]''
:''Y. enterocolitica subsp. enterocolitica''
* ''[[Yersinia canariae|Y. canariae]]''
:''Y. enterocolitica subsp. palearctica''
|''[[Yersinia entomophaga|Y. entomophaga]]''
* ''[[Yersinia enterocolitica|Y. enterocolitica]]''
|''[[Yersinia frederiksenii|Y. frederiksenii]]''{{sup|yb}}
* ''[[Yersinia entomophaga|Y. entomophaga]]''
|''[[Yersinia hibernica|Y. hibernica]]''
* ''[[Yersinia frederiksenii|Y. frederiksenii]]''
|''[[Yersinia intermedia|Y. intermedia]]''{{sup|yb}}
* ''[[Yersinia hibernica|Y. hibernica]]''
|''[[Yersinia kristensenii|Y. kristensenii]]''{{sup|yb}}
* ''[[Yersinia intermedia|Y. intermedia]]''
|''[[Yersinia massiliensis|Y. massiliensis]]''{{sup|yb}}
* ''[[Yersinia kristensenii|Y. kristensenii]]''
|''[[Yersinia mollaretii|Y. mollaretii]]''{{sup|yb}}
* ''[[Yersinia massiliensis|Y. massiliensis]]''
|''[[Yersinia nurmii|Y. nurmii]]''
* ''[[Yersinia mollaretii|Y. mollaretii]]''
|''[[Yersinia pekkanenii|Y. pekkanenii]]''
* ''[[Yersinia nurmii|Y. nurmii]]''
|''[[Yersinia pestis|Y. pestis]]''{{sup|yb}}
* ''[[Yersinia pekkanenii|Y. pekkanenii]]''
:''Y. pestis subsp. pestis''
* ''[[Yersinia pestis|Y. pestis]]''
* ''[[Yersinia proxima|Y. proxima]]''
:''Y. pestis subsp. medievalis''
⚫
* ''[[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis|Y. pseudotuberculosis]]''
:''Y. pestis subsp. orientalis''
|''[[Yersinia philomiragia|Y. philomiragia]]''
* ''[[Yersinia rochesterensis|Y. rochesterensis]]''
|''[[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis|Y. pseudotuberculosis]]''{{sup|yb}}
* ''[[Yersinia rohdei|Y. rohdei]]''
* ''[[Yersinia ruckeri|Y. ruckeri]]''
:''Y. pseudotuberculosis subsp. pestis''
* ''[[Yersinia similis|Y. similis]]''
⚫
:''Y. pseudotuberculosis subsp. pseudotuberculosis''
|''[[Yersinia rohdei|Y. rohdei]]''{{sup|yb}}
* ''[[Yersinia thracica|Y. thracica]]''
|''[[Yersinia ruckeri|Y. ruckeri]]''{{sup|yb}}
* ''[[Yersinia vastinensis|Y. vastinensis]]''
|''[[Yersinia similis|Y. similis]]'' }} }}
* ''[[Yersinia wautersii|Y. wautersii]]''
}}
⚫
'''''Yersinia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[bacteria]] in the family [[Yersiniaceae]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Adeolu|first1=Mobolaji|display-authors=etal|title=Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the 'Enterobacteriales': proposal for Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov., Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov.|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=66|issue=12|pages=5575–5599|date=1 December 2016|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.001485|pmid=27620848}}</ref> ''Yersinia'' species are [[Gram-negative]], [[coccobacilli]] [[bacteria]], a few micrometers long and fractions of a micrometer in diameter, and are [[facultative anaerobe]]s.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | pages= 368&ndash;70| isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> Some members of ''Yersinia'' are pathogenic in humans; in particular, ''[[Yersinia pestis|Y. pestis]]'' is the causative agent of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]]. [[Rodent]]s are the natural reservoirs of ''Yersinia''; less frequently, other [[mammals]] serve as the [[Host (biology)|host]]. Infection may occur either through blood (in the case of ''Y. pestis'') or in an [[alimentary]] fashion, occasionally via consumption of food products (especially vegetables, milk-derived products, and meat) contaminated with infected [[urine]] or [[feces]].


⚫
'''''Yersinia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[bacteria]] in the family [[Yersiniaceae]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Adeolu|first1=Mobolaji|display-authors=etal|title=Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the 'Enterobacteriales': proposal for Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov., Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov.|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=66|issue=12|pages=5575–5599|date=1 December 2016|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.001485|pmid=27620848|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Yersinia'' species are [[Gram-negative]], [[coccobacilli]] [[bacteria]], a few micrometers long and fractions of a micrometer in diameter, and are [[facultative anaerobe]]s.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | editor = Ryan KJ | editor2 = Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | pages= 368&ndash;70| isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> Some members of ''Yersinia'' are pathogenic in humans; in particular, ''[[Yersinia pestis|Y. pestis]]'' is the causative agent of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]]. [[Rodent]]s are the natural reservoirs of ''Yersinia''; less frequently, other [[mammals]] serve as the [[Host (biology)|host]]. Infection may occur either through blood (in the case of ''Y. pestis'') or in an [[alimentary]] fashion, occasionally via consumption of food products (especially vegetables, milk-derived products, and meat) contaminated with infected [[urine]] or [[feces]].
⚫
Speculations exist as to whether or not certain ''Yersinia'' can also be spread by [[protozoan|protozoonotic]] mechanisms, since ''Yersinia'' species are known to be facultative intracellular [[parasite]]s; studies and discussions of the possibility of [[amoeba]]-vectored (through the cyst form of the protozoan) ''Yersinia'' propagation and proliferation are now in progress.<ref>{{cite journal | year = 2008 | title = Protection of waterborne pathogens by higher organisms in drinking water: a review | journal = Can. J. Microbiol. | volume = 54 | issue = 7 | pages = 509–524 | doi = 10.1139/W08-039 | format = | accessdate = | pmid = 18641697| last = Bichai | first = F. | last2 = Payment | first2 = P. | last3 = Barbeau | first3 = B. | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/53aa374463aea257b54d55f98f0f7802846c7f1f }}</ref>

⚫
Speculations exist as to whether or not certain ''Yersinia'' can also be spread by [[protozoan|protozoonotic]] mechanisms, since ''Yersinia'' species are known to be facultative intracellular [[parasite]]s; studies and discussions of the possibility of [[amoeba]]-vectored (through the cyst form of the protozoan) ''Yersinia'' propagation and proliferation are now in progress.<ref>{{cite journal | year = 2008 | title = Protection of waterborne pathogens by higher organisms in drinking water: a review | journal = Canadian Journal of Microbiology| volume = 54 | issue = 7 | pages = 509–524 | doi = 10.1139/W08-039 | pmid = 18641697| last1 = Bichai | first1 = F. | last2 = Payment | first2 = P. | last3 = Barbeau | first3 = B. | s2cid = 1528556 }}</ref>


==Microbial physiology==
==Microbial physiology==
An interesting feature peculiar to some of the ''Yersinia'' bacteria is the ability to not only survive, but also to actively proliferate at temperatures as low as 1–4&nbsp;°C (e.g., on cut salads and other food products in a refrigerator). ''Yersinia'' bacteria are relatively quickly inactivated by [[oxidizing agent]]s such as [[hydrogen peroxide]] and [[potassium permanganate]] solutions.
An interesting feature peculiar to some of the ''Yersinia'' bacteria is the ability to not only survive, but also to actively proliferate at temperatures as low as 1–4&nbsp;°C (e.g., on cut salads and other food products in a refrigerator).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karlsson|first1=Philip A.|last2=Tano|first2=Eva|last3=Jernberg|first3=Cecilia|last4=Hickman|first4=Rachel A.|last5=Guy|first5=Lionel|last6=Järhult|first6=Josef D.|last7=Wang|first7=Helen|date=2021-05-13|title=Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Yersinia enterocolitica From Foodborne Outbreaks in Sweden|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=12|pages=664665|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.664665|pmid=34054769|pmc=8155512|issn=1664-302X|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Yersinia'' bacteria are relatively quickly inactivated by [[oxidizing agent]]s such as [[hydrogen peroxide]] and [[potassium permanganate]] solutions.


==Genetics==
==Genetics==
Line 44: Line 46:
The creation of YersiniaBase, a data and tools collection for the reporting and comparison of ''Yersinia'' species genome sequence data, was reported in January 2015.<ref name="tan2015" /> The provisional representation of species addressed by the resource has been indicated in the TaxBox on this page by a superscript 'yb' beside the species name.<ref name="tan2015" /> Development of YersiniaBase was funded by the [[University of Malaya]] and the [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Ministry of Education, Malaysia]].<ref name="tan2015">
The creation of YersiniaBase, a data and tools collection for the reporting and comparison of ''Yersinia'' species genome sequence data, was reported in January 2015.<ref name="tan2015" /> The provisional representation of species addressed by the resource has been indicated in the TaxBox on this page by a superscript 'yb' beside the species name.<ref name="tan2015" /> Development of YersiniaBase was funded by the [[University of Malaya]] and the [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Ministry of Education, Malaysia]].<ref name="tan2015">


{{cite journal | journal=[[BMC Bioinform.|BMC Bioinformatics]] | volume=16 | issue=1 | pages=9 | title=YersiniaBase: a genomic resource and analysis platform for comparative analysis of Yersinia | doi=10.1186/s12859-014-0422-y | pmid=25591325 | date=16 January 2015 | author=Tan, Shi Yang | author2=Dutta, Avirup | author3=Jakubovics, Nick S. | author4=Ang, Mia Yang | author5=Siow, Chuek Chuen | author6=Mutha, Naresh V. R. | author7=Heydari, Hamed | author8=Wong, Guat Jah | author9=Choo, Siew Woh | display-authors=3 | pmc=4384384 }}{{open access}}</ref>
{{cite journal | journal=[[BMC Bioinformatics]] | volume=16 | issue=1 | pages=9 | title=YersiniaBase: a genomic resource and analysis platform for comparative analysis of ''Yersinia'' | doi=10.1186/s12859-014-0422-y | pmid=25591325 | date=16 January 2015 | author=Tan, Shi Yang | author2=Dutta, Avirup | author3=Jakubovics, Nick S. | author4=Ang, Mia Yang | author5=Siow, Chuek Chuen | author6=Mutha, Naresh V. R. | author7=Heydari, Hamed | author8=Wong, Guat Jah | author9=Choo, Siew Woh | display-authors=3 | pmc=4384384 | doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Pathogenesis==
==Pathogenesis==
''Y. pestis'' is the causative agent of [[Plague (disease)|plague]]. The disease caused by ''[[Yersinia enterocolitica|Y. enterocolitica]]'' is called [[yersiniosis]].
''Y. pestis'' is the causative agent of [[Plague (disease)|plague]]. The disease caused by ''[[Yersinia enterocolitica|Y. enterocolitica]]'' is called [[yersiniosis]].


⚫
''Yersinia'' may be associated with [[Crohn's disease]], an inflammatory autoimmune condition of the gut. Iranian people with Crohn's disease were more likely to have had earlier exposure to refrigerators at home,<ref name="ibs-fridge">{{Cite journal
<!-- conflicts with species page ''[[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis|Y. pseudotuberculosis]]'' rarely causes disease.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}-->
⚫
''Yersinia'' may be associated with [[Crohn's disease]], an inflammatory autoimmune condition of the gut. Iranian sufferers of Crohn's disease were more likely to have had earlier exposure to refrigerators at home,<ref name="ibs-fridge">{{Cite journal
| last3 = Nouraei | first1 = F.
| last3 = Nouraei | first1 = F.
| last2 = Alberti
| last2 = Alberti
Line 63: Line 64:
| format = Free full text
| format = Free full text
| editor1-first = Antje
| editor1-first = Antje
| journal = PLoS ONE
| journal = PLOS ONE
| volume = 4
| volume = 4
| last10 = Khaleghnejad
| last10 = Khaleghnejad
Line 77: Line 78:
| pmc = 2629547
| pmc = 2629547
| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0004288 | first10 = R.
| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0004288 | first10 = R.
|bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.4288M }}</ref> consistent with its unusual ability to thrive at low temperatures.
|bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.4288M | doi-access = free
}}</ref> consistent with its unusual ability to thrive at low temperatures.


''Yersinia'' is implicated as one of the causes of [[reactive arthritis]] worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Nikkari | year = 1992 | first = S.| last2 = Merilahti-Palo | first2 = R.| last3 = Saario | first3 = R.| last4 = Söderstrom | first4 = K. O.| last5 = Granfors | first5 = K.| last6 = Skurnik | first6 = M.| last7 = Toivanen | first7 = P. | title = Yersinia-triggered reactive arthritis. use of polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical staining in the detection of bacterial components from synovial specimens | journal = Arthritis & Rheumatism | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 682–687 | doi = 10.1002/art.1780350613 | pmid = 1599522 }}</ref>
''Yersinia'' is implicated as one of the causes of [[reactive arthritis]] worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Nikkari | year = 1992 | first1 = S.| last2 = Merilahti-Palo | first2 = R.| last3 = Saario | first3 = R.| last4 = Söderstrom | first4 = K. O.| last5 = Granfors | first5 = K.| last6 = Skurnik | first6 = M.| last7 = Toivanen | first7 = P. | title = ''Yersinia''-triggered reactive arthritis. use of polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical staining in the detection of bacterial components from synovial specimens | journal = Arthritis & Rheumatism | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 682–687 | doi = 10.1002/art.1780350613 | pmid = 1599522 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


Also, the genus is associated with [[pseudoappendicitis]], which is an incorrect diagnosis of appendicitis due to a similar presentation.<ref>{{cite web | title = EMedicine | url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/970186-overview | accessdate = 2010-07-22}}</ref>
Also, the genus is associated with [[pseudoappendicitis]], which is an incorrect diagnosis of appendicitis due to a similar presentation.<ref>{{cite web | title = EMedicine | url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/970186-overview | access-date = 2010-07-22}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
{{for|other genera named after people|List of bacterial genera named after personal names}}
{{For|other genera named after people|List of bacterial genera named after personal names}}
{{See also|Bacterial taxonomy}}
{{See also|Bacterial taxonomy}}
''Y. pestis'', the first known species, was identified in 1894<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antimicrobe.org/h04c.files/history/yersinia-pestis.asp|title=Discovery of Yersinia pestis|author=Rebecca Maki from University of Pittsburghby}}</ref> by [[Alexandre Emile John Yersin|A.E.J. Yersin]], a Swiss [[bacteriologist]], and [[Kitasato Shibasaburō]], a Japanese bacteriologist.<ref name=VL44>{{Cite journal | last1 = Loghem | first1 = J. J. | doi = 10.1007/BF02272779 | title = The classification of the plague-bacillus | journal = Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | volume = 10 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 15–16 | year = 1944 | pmid = 20990853| pmc = }}</ref> It was formerly described as ''[[Pasteurella]] pestis'' (known [[Common name|trivially]] as the plague-bacillus) by Lehmann and Neumann in 1896.<ref name=VL44/><ref name=lpsn>{{lpsn|xz/yersinia.html|Yersinia}}</ref> In 1944, van Loghem reclassified the species ''P. pestis'' and ''P. rondentium'' into a new genus, ''Yersinia''.<ref name=VL44/><ref name=lpsn/> Following the introduction of the bacteriological code, it was accepted as valid in 1980.<ref name=lpsn/><!--This last sentence is here as a misunderstood version was present previously -->
''Y. pestis'', the first known species, was identified in 1894<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antimicrobe.org/h04c.files/history/yersinia-pestis.asp|title=Discovery of ''Yersinia pestis''|author=Rebecca Maki from University of Pittsburghby}}</ref> by [[Alexandre Emile John Yersin|A.E.J. Yersin]], a Swiss [[bacteriologist]], and [[Kitasato Shibasaburō]], a Japanese bacteriologist.<ref name=VL44>{{Cite journal | last1 = Loghem | first1 = J. J. | doi = 10.1007/BF02272779 | title = The classification of the plague-bacillus | journal = Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | volume = 10 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 15–16 | year = 1944 | pmid = 20990853| s2cid = 9690694 }}</ref> It was formerly described as ''[[Pasteurella]] pestis'' (known [[Common name|trivially]] as the plague-bacillus) by Lehmann and Neumann in 1896.<ref name=VL44/><ref name=lpsn>{{lpsn|xz/yersinia.html|Yersinia}}</ref> In 1944, van Loghem reclassified the species ''P. pestis'' and ''P. rondentium'' into a new genus, ''Yersinia''.<ref name=VL44/><ref name=lpsn/> Following the introduction of the bacteriological code, it was accepted as valid in 1980.<ref name=lpsn/><!--This last sentence is here as a misunderstood version was present previously -->


==References==
==References==
Line 92: Line 94:


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/104/3/e36 Yersinia Enterocolitis Mimicking Crohn's Disease in a Toddler]
*[http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/104/3/e36 ''Yersinia'' Enterocolitis Mimicking Crohn's Disease in a Toddler]
*[https://www.thelocal.se/20060107/2810 Sweden: Pork warnings over new stomach illness]
*[https://www.thelocal.se/20060107/2810 Sweden: Pork warnings over new stomach illness]
* [https://patricbrc.org/view/Taxonomy/629#view_tab=overview Yersinia] genomes and related information at [http://patricbrc.org/ PATRIC], a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/ NIAID]
* [https://patricbrc.org/view/Taxonomy/629#view_tab=overview ''Yersinia''] genomes and related information at [http://patricbrc.org/ PATRIC], a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/ NIAID]
* {{url|http://yersinia.um.edu.my/|YersiniaBase}}
* {{URL|http://yersinia.um.edu.my/|YersiniaBase}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q132231}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q132231}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Yersinia]]
[[Category:Food microbiology]]
[[Category:Yersinia| ]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]

Latest revision as of 04:47, 9 November 2024

This article is about the genus of bacteria. For the genus of praying mantids, see Amelidae.

Yersinia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacterales
Family: Yersiniaceae
Genus: Yersinia
van Loghem, 1944
Species

Yersinia is a genus of bacteria in the family Yersiniaceae.[1] Yersinia species are Gram-negative, coccobacilli bacteria, a few micrometers long and fractions of a micrometer in diameter, and are facultative anaerobes.[2] Some members of Yersinia are pathogenic in humans; in particular, Y. pestis is the causative agent of the plague. Rodents are the natural reservoirs of Yersinia; less frequently, other mammals serve as the host. Infection may occur either through blood (in the case of Y. pestis) or in an alimentary fashion, occasionally via consumption of food products (especially vegetables, milk-derived products, and meat) contaminated with infected urine or feces.

Speculations exist as to whether or not certain Yersinia can also be spread by protozoonotic mechanisms, since Yersinia species are known to be facultative intracellular parasites; studies and discussions of the possibility of amoeba-vectored (through the cyst form of the protozoan) Yersinia propagation and proliferation are now in progress.[3]

Microbial physiology

[edit]

An interesting feature peculiar to some of the Yersinia bacteria is the ability to not only survive, but also to actively proliferate at temperatures as low as 1–4 °C (e.g., on cut salads and other food products in a refrigerator).[4] Yersinia bacteria are relatively quickly inactivated by oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate solutions.

Genetics

[edit]

Database

[edit]

The creation of YersiniaBase, a data and tools collection for the reporting and comparison of Yersinia species genome sequence data, was reported in January 2015.[5] The provisional representation of species addressed by the resource has been indicated in the TaxBox on this page by a superscript 'yb' beside the species name.[5] Development of YersiniaBase was funded by the University of Malaya and the Ministry of Education, Malaysia.[5]

Pathogenesis

[edit]

Y. pestis is the causative agent of plague. The disease caused by Y. enterocolitica is called yersiniosis.

Yersinia may be associated with Crohn's disease, an inflammatory autoimmune condition of the gut. Iranian people with Crohn's disease were more likely to have had earlier exposure to refrigerators at home,[6] consistent with its unusual ability to thrive at low temperatures.

Yersinia is implicated as one of the causes of reactive arthritis worldwide.[7]

Also, the genus is associated with pseudoappendicitis, which is an incorrect diagnosis of appendicitis due to a similar presentation.[8]

History

[edit]
For other genera named after people, see List of bacterial genera named after personal names.
See also: Bacterial taxonomy

Y. pestis, the first known species, was identified in 1894[9] by A.E.J. Yersin, a Swiss bacteriologist, and Kitasato Shibasaburō, a Japanese bacteriologist.[10] It was formerly described as Pasteurella pestis (known trivially as the plague-bacillus) by Lehmann and Neumann in 1896.[10][11] In 1944, van Loghem reclassified the species P. pestis and P. rondentium into a new genus, Yersinia.[10][11] Following the introduction of the bacteriological code, it was accepted as valid in 1980.[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Adeolu, Mobolaji; et al. (1 December 2016). "Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the 'Enterobacteriales': proposal for Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov., Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (12): 5575–5599. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001485. PMID 27620848.
  2. ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 368–70. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
  3. ^ Bichai, F.; Payment, P.; Barbeau, B. (2008). "Protection of waterborne pathogens by higher organisms in drinking water: a review". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 54 (7): 509–524. doi:10.1139/W08-039. PMID 18641697. S2CID 1528556.
  4. ^ Karlsson, Philip A.; Tano, Eva; Jernberg, Cecilia; Hickman, Rachel A.; Guy, Lionel; Järhult, Josef D.; Wang, Helen (2021-05-13). "Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Yersinia enterocolitica From Foodborne Outbreaks in Sweden". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12: 664665. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.664665. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 8155512. PMID 34054769.
  5. ^ a b c Tan, Shi Yang; Dutta, Avirup; Jakubovics, Nick S.; et al. (16 January 2015). "YersiniaBase: a genomic resource and analysis platform for comparative analysis of Yersinia". BMC Bioinformatics. 16 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/s12859-014-0422-y. PMC 4384384. PMID 25591325.
  6. ^ Malekzadeh, F.; Alberti, C.; Nouraei, M.; Vahedi, H.; Zaccaria, I.; Meinzer, U.; Nasseri-Moghaddam, S.; Sotoudehmanesh, R.; Momenzadeh, S.; Khaleghnejad, R.; Rashtak, S.; Olfati, G.; Malekzadeh, R.; Hugot, J. P. (2009). Timmer, Antje (ed.). "Crohn's disease and early exposure to domestic refrigeration" (Free full text). PLOS ONE. 4 (1): e4288. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4288M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004288. PMC 2629547. PMID 19177167.
  7. ^ Nikkari, S.; Merilahti-Palo, R.; Saario, R.; Söderstrom, K. O.; Granfors, K.; Skurnik, M.; Toivanen, P. (1992). "Yersinia-triggered reactive arthritis. use of polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical staining in the detection of bacterial components from synovial specimens". Arthritis & Rheumatism. 35 (6): 682–687. doi:10.1002/art.1780350613. PMID 1599522.
  8. ^ "EMedicine". Retrieved 2010-07-22.
  9. ^ Rebecca Maki from University of Pittsburghby. "Discovery of Yersinia pestis".
  10. ^ a b c Loghem, J. J. (1944). "The classification of the plague-bacillus". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 10 (1–2): 15–16. doi:10.1007/BF02272779. PMID 20990853. S2CID 9690694.
  11. ^ a b c Yersinia in LPSN; Parte, Aidan C.; Sardà Carbasse, Joaquim; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Reimer, Lorenz C.; Göker, Markus (1 November 2020). "List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5607–5612. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004332.
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