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{{Short description|Autonomous councils}}
{{Short description|Autonomous councils}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Politics of India}}
[[File:Autonomous divisions of India.svg|301x301px|right|thumb|Autonomous councils in India]]
[[File:Autonomous divisions of India.svg|301x301px|right|thumb|Autonomous councils in India]]
[[File:NE Autonomous divisions of India.svg|266x266px|right|thumb|Autonomous councils in North East India]]
[[File:NE Autonomous divisions of India.svg|266x266px|right|thumb|Autonomous councils in North East India]]
{{Politics of India}}
In India, there are autonomously administered territories for [[Scheduled Tribes]], administered by representatives of those tribes. The [[Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Sixth Schedule]] of the [[Constitution of India]] allows for the formation of '''Autonomous District Councils''' and '''Autonomous Regional Councils''' in [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], and [[Tripura]], granting them autonomy within their respective territories. Currently, there are 10 Autonomous District Councils across these four states. In these areas, Acts of Parliament and state legislation do not apply.<ref name=COIS6>{{cite web| url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf| title=Sixth Schedule of The Constitution of India| access-date=27 October 2019| archive-date=27 October 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027170935/https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.firstpost.com/india/union-cabinet-approves-amendment-in-sixth-schedule-to-strengthen-10-north-east-autonomous-councils-5951561.html|title = Union Cabinet approves amendment in Sixth Schedule to strengthen 10 North East autonomous councils|date = 24 January 2019|access-date = 3 November 2019|archive-date = 28 October 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201028091638/https://www.firstpost.com/india/union-cabinet-approves-amendment-in-sixth-schedule-to-strengthen-10-north-east-autonomous-councils-5951561.html|url-status = live}}</ref>


Additionally, other autonomous councils, created by individual states through state legislation, exist in [[Northeast India]], [[Ladakh]], and [[West Bengal]]. Unlike those under the Sixth Schedule, these councils are subject to parliamentary and state laws.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
The Sixth Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]] allows for the formation of '''autonomous administrative divisions''' which have been given autonomy within their respective [[States and union territories of India|states]].<ref name=COIS6>{{cite web| url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf| title=Sixth Schedule of The Constitution of India}}</ref> Most of these autonomous district councils are located in [[North East India]] with the exception of two in [[Ladakh]] and one in [[West Bengal]]. Presently, 10 Autonomous Councils in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura are formed by virtue of the Sixth Schedule<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/union-cabinet-approves-amendment-in-sixth-schedule-to-strengthen-10-north-east-autonomous-councils-5951561.html|title = Union Cabinet approves amendment in Sixth Schedule to strengthen 10 North East autonomous councils-India News , Firstpost|date = 24 January 2019}}</ref> with the rest being formed as a result of other legislation.


==Powers and competencies==
==Powers and competencies==
===Executive and legislative powers===
===Executive and legislative powers===
Under the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India, autonomous district councils can make laws, rules and regulations in the following areas:<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf| title=Sixth Schedule of The Constitution of India}}</ref>
Under the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India, autonomous district councils can make laws, rules and regulations in the following areas:<ref name="COIS6"/>


*Land management
*Land management
Line 27: Line 28:


===Judicial powers===
===Judicial powers===
Autonomous district councils have powers to form courts to hear cases where both parties are members of [[Scheduled Tribes]] and the maximum sentence is less than 5 years in prison.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf| title=Sixth Schedule of The Constitution of India}}</ref>
Autonomous district councils have powers to form courts to hear cases where both parties are members of [[Scheduled Tribes]] and the maximum sentence is less than 5 years in prison.<ref name="COIS6"/>


===Taxation and revenue===
===Taxation and revenue===
Autonomous district councils have powers to levy taxes, fees and tolls on: building and land, animals, vehicles, boats, entry of goods into the area, roads, ferries, bridges, employment and income and general taxes for the maintenance of schools and roads.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf| title=Sixth Schedule of The Constitution of India}}</ref>
Autonomous district councils have powers to levy taxes, fees and tolls on: building and land, animals, vehicles, boats, entry of goods into the area, roads, ferries, bridges, employment and income and general taxes for the maintenance of schools and roads.<ref name="COIS6"/>


==List of autonomous administrative divisions==
==Constitutional autonomous councils==
Autonomous district councils operating under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India are shown in '''bold'''.
There are 10 Autonomous District Councils created by the [[Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India]]:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid black"
{{static row numbers}}
|-
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"
! State/UT
|-
! Autonomous Council
! State
! Autonomous District Council
! Headquarters
! Headquarters
! Formation
! Formation
! Chief Executive Member
<noinclude>
|-
! Last Election
| rowspan="3" | [[Assam]]|| [[Bodoland Territorial Council]]|| [[Kokrajhar]]|| 2003
! Chief Executive Member<!-- Don't add Chairperson of the council -->
|[[Pramod Boro]]
! Party of Chief Executive Member
|-
! Current Party Position</noinclude>
|| [[North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council]]|| [[Haflong]]|| 1952
|-
|Debolal Gorlosa
| rowspan="13" | [[Assam]]|| '''[[Bodoland Territorial Council]]'''|| [[Kokrajhar]]|| 2003<noinclude>
|-
||2020
|| [[Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council]]
|[[Pramod Boro]]|| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| [[Diphu]]|| 1952
<small>([[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]])</small>
|Tuliram Ronghang
|Total-40
|-
[[Government|Govt]]:- [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]-15 [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-12 [[Heera Saraniya|GSP]]-1
| rowspan="3" | [[Meghalaya]]|| [[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council]]
| [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]]|| 1973
| Benedick R Marak
|-
|| [[Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Jowai]]|| 1973
|T Shiwat
|-
|| [[Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Shillong]]|| 1973
|Titosstarwell Chyne
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Mizoram]]|| [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Kamalanagar, Mizoram|Kamalanagar]]|| 1972
|[[Rasik Mohan Chakma]]
|-
|| [[Lai Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Lawngtlai]]|| 1972
|V. Zirsanga
|-
|| [[Mara Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Siaha]]|| 1972
|M Laikaw
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Tripura]]|| [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Khumulwng]]|| 1982
|[[Purna Chandra Jamatia]]
|}


==Statutory autonomous councils==
Opp:- [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]-12 </noinclude>
Some states have created autonomous councils by an Act of their state legislatures. The two autonomous councils in the [[union territory]] of [[Ladakh]] was created by the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]] (1952 – 2019).
|-
|| '''[[North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council|North Cachar Hills (Dima Hasao) Autonomous Council]]'''|| [[Haflong]]|| 1951<noinclude>
|| 2019
|Debolal Gorlosa|| [[Bhartiya Janata Party |BJP]]
<small>([[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]])</small>
|Total-28
Govt:- BJP-19


{{static row numbers}}
Opp:- [[Indian National Congress|INC]]-2 [[Independent politician|IND]]-6 [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]-1 </noinclude>
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"
|-
|| [[Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council|'''Karbi Anglong''' '''Autonomous Council''']]
| [[Diphu]]|| 1952<noinclude>
|| 2022
|Tuliram Ronghang|| [[Bhartiya Janata Party |BJP]]
<small>([[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]])</small>
|Total-26
Govt:- BJP-26

Opp:- 0 </noinclude>
|-
| [[Tiwa Autonomous Council]]
| [[Morigaon]] || 1995<noinclude>
|| 2020
| Jiban Chandra Konwar|| [[Bhartiya Janata Party |BJP]]
<small>([[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]])</small>
|Total-36
Govt:- BJP-33 [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]-2

Opp:- INC-1 </noinclude>
|-
|| [[Mising Autonomous Council]]|| [[Dhemaji]]|| 1995<noinclude>
|| 2019
|Ranoj Pegu|| SGS
|Total-35
Govt:- SGS-29 BJP-5

Opp:- [[Independent politician|IND]]-1 </noinclude>
|-
|| [[Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council]]|| [[Dudhnoi]]|| 1995<noinclude>
|| 2019
|Tankeswar Rabha|| [[Bhartiya Janata Party |BJP]]
<small>([[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]])</small>
|Total-36
Govt:- BJP+RHJMC-34

Opp:- INC-1 AGP-1 </noinclude>
|-
|| [[Sonowal Kachari Autonomous Council]]|| [[Dibrugarh]] || 2005<noinclude>
|| 2019
|Dipu ranjan Markari || [[Bhartiya Janata Party |BJP]]
<small>([[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]])</small>
|Total-26
Govt:- BJP-20

Opp:- INC-5 IND-1 </noinclude>
|-
|| [[Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council]]|| [[Titabar]] || 2005<noinclude>
|| 2022
|Kumud Ch Kachari|| [[Bhartiya Janata Party |BJP]]
<small>([[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]])</small>
|Total-22
Govt:- BJP-14 AGP-3

Opp:- INC-4 IND-1 </noinclude>
|-
|| [[Deori Autonomous Council]]|| [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]] || 2005<noinclude>
|| 2022
|Madhav Deori|| [[Bhartiya Janata Party |BJP]]
<small>([[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]])</small>
|Total-22
Govt:- BJP-11 AGP-1

Opp:- IND-8 INC-2 </noinclude>
|-
|| [[Moran Autonomous Council]]|| [[Tinsukia]] || 2020<noinclude>
|| –
| Dipon Moran ||
|</noinclude>
|-
|[[Matak Autonomous Council]]
| Chring Gaon
|2020<noinclude>
| –
|
|
|</noinclude>
|-
|[[Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council]]
| Simen Chapori
|2020<noinclude>
| –
| Mihiniswar Basumatary
|
|</noinclude>
|-
|[[Kamatapur Autonomous Council]]
| [[Abhayapuri]]
|2020<noinclude>
| –
|Gokul Barman
|
|</noinclude>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ladakh]]|| [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil]]|| [[Kargil]]|| 2003<noinclude>
|| 2018
|Feroz Ahmad Khan|| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |JKNC]]
|Total-30
Govt:- [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]-10 INC-8

Opp:- IND-5 BJP-3 </noinclude>
|-
|| [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh]]|| [[Leh]]|| 1995<noinclude>
|| 2020
|Tashi Gyalson|| [[Bhartiya Janata Party |BJP]]
|Total-30
Govt:- BJP-16

Opp:- INC-9 IND-1 </noinclude>
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Manipur]]|| [[Chandel Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Chandel, Manipur|Chandel]]|| 1971<ref name=":0k">{{Cite web |title=Autonomous District Councils Manipur in brief By Haokholal Hangshing |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Politics_and_Governance.Autonomous_District_Councils_Manipur_in_brief_By_Haokholal_Hangshing |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><noinclude>
|| 2015
|Ksh. Siddharth, MCS
|
|</noinclude>
|-
|| [[Churachandpur Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Churachandpur]] || 1971<ref name=":0k" /><noinclude>
|| 2015
| Lalthazam, MCS||
|</noinclude>
|-
|| [[Sadar Hills Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Kangpokpi]] || 1971<ref name=":0k" /><noinclude>
|| 2015
| James Doujapao Haokip, MCS||
|</noinclude>
|-
|| Manipur North Autonomous District Council|| [[Senapati (Tahamzam)|Senapati]] || 1971<ref name=":0k" /><noinclude>
|| 2015
|H L Jain, MCS
|
|</noinclude>
|-
|| Tamenglong Autonomous District Council|| [[Tamenglong]] || 1971<ref name=":0k" /><noinclude>
|| 2015
| Ningreingam Leisan<ref>{{Cite web |title=MCS, MPS officers transferred : 16th jul22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=49..160722.jul22 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>||
|</noinclude>
|-
|| Ukhrul Autonomous District Council|| [[Ukhrul]] || 1971<ref name=":0k" /><noinclude>
|| 2015
|David Kashungnao, MCS
|
|</noinclude>
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Meghalaya]]|| [[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council|'''Garo Hills Autonomous''' '''District Council''']]
| [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]]|| 1973<noinclude>
|| 2021
| Benedick R Marak|| [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
<small>([[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]])</small>
|Total-29
Govt:- [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]-11 BJP-2 [[Garo National Council|GNC]]-1 IND-3

Opp:- [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]-12 </noinclude>
|-
|| '''[[Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council]]'''|| [[Jowai]]|| 1973<noinclude>
|| 2019
|T Shiwat||[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
<small>([[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]])</small>
|Total-29
Govt:- NPP-12 [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]]-10

Opp:- INC-4 AITC-3 </noinclude>
|-
|| '''[[Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council]]'''|| [[Shillong]]|| 1973<noinclude>
|| 2019
|Titosstarwell Chyne|| [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
<small>([[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]])</small>
|Total-29
Govt:- NPP-7 UDP-6 [[Hill State People's Democratic Party|HSPDP]]-2 [[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|PDF]]-1

Opp:- INC-10
Oth:- AITC-3 </noinclude>
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Mizoram]]|| '''[[Chakma Autonomous District Council]]'''|| [[Kamalanagar, Mizoram|Kamalanagar]]|| 1972<noinclude>
|| 2018
|[[Rasik Mohan Chakma]]|| [[Mizo National Front |MNF]]
|Total-20
Govt:- [[Mizo National Front |MNF]]-19

Opp:- BJP-1 </noinclude>
|-
|| '''[[Lai Autonomous District Council]]'''|| [[Lawngtlai]]|| 1972<noinclude>
|| 2020
|V. Zirsanga|| [[Mizo National Front |MNF]]
|Total-25
Govt:- MNF-20

Opp:- IND-3 BJP-1 INC-1 </noinclude>
|-
|| '''[[Mara Autonomous District Council]]'''|| [[Siaha]]|| 1972<noinclude>
|| 2022
|H Malvina|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Total-25
Govt:- INC-4 MNF-9

Opp:- BJP-12 </noinclude>
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Tripura]]|| '''[[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]'''|| [[Khumulwng]]|| 1982<noinclude>
|| 2021
|[[Purna Chandra Jamatia]]|| |[[The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance|TIPRA]]
|Total-30
Govt:- [[The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance|TIPRA]]-18 IND-1

Opp:- BJP-9 </noinclude>
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[West Bengal]]|| [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]]|| [[Darjeeling]]|| 2012<noinclude>
|| [[2022 Gorkhaland Territorial Administration election|2022]]
|Anit Thapa
|[[Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha|BGPM]]
|Govt:- [[Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha|BGPM]]-27 AITC-5 IND-3

Opp:- [[Hamro Party|HP]]-8 IND-2 </noinclude>
|}

<noinclude>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! colspan="3" |Legends
|-
|-
! State/UT
! colspan="2" |Party
! Autonomous Council
!ECI Recognition<ref>{{Cite web|title=ECI|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13711-list-of-political-parties-symbol-main-notification-dated23092021/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927090250/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13711-list-of-political-parties-symbol-main-notification-dated23092021/ |archive-date=2021-09-27 }}</ref>
! Headquarters
! Formation
! Chief Executive Member
|-
|-
| rowspan="10" | [[Assam]]
|AKRSU(K)
| [[Tiwa Autonomous Council]]
|All Koch-Rajbanshi Students’ Union
| [[Morigaon]] || 1995
|N/A
| Jiban Chandra Konwar
|-
|-
|| [[Mising Autonomous Council]]|| [[Dhemaji]]|| 1995
|AITC
|[[Ranoj Pegu]]
|All India Trinamool Congress
|National Party
|-
|-
|| [[Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council]]|| [[Dudhnoi]]|| 1995
|AGP
|Tankeswar Rabha
|Asom Gana Parishad
|State Party
|-
|-
|| [[Sonowal Kachari Autonomous Council]]|| [[Dibrugarh]] || 2005
|BJP
|Dipu ranjan Markari
|Bhartiya Janta Party
|National Party
|-
|-
|| [[Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council]]|| [[Titabar]] || 2005
|BPF
|Kumud Ch Kachari
|Bododland People's Front
|State Party
|-
|-
|| [[Deori Autonomous Council]]|| [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]] || 2005
|GNC
|Madhav Deori
|Garo National Council
|Registered Unrecognized Party
|-
|-
|| [[Moran Autonomous Council]]|| [[Tinsukia]] || 2020
|GSP
| Dipon Moran
|Gana Suraksha Party
|Registered Unrecognized Party
|-
|-
|[[Matak Autonomous Council]]
|HSPDP
| Chring Gaon
|Hill State People's Democratic Party
|2020
|State Party
|
|-
|-
|[[Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council]]
|INC
| Simen Chapori
|Indian National Congress
|2020
|National Party
| Mihiniswar Basumatary
|-
|-
|[[Kamtapur Autonomous Council]]
|JKNC
| [[Abhayapuri]]
|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|2020
|State Party
|Jibesh Roy
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Manipur]]|| [[Chandel Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Chandel, Manipur|Chandel]]|| 1971<ref name=":0k">{{Cite web |title=Autonomous District Councils Manipur in brief By Haokholal Hangshing |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Politics_and_Governance.Autonomous_District_Councils_Manipur_in_brief_By_Haokholal_Hangshing |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=e-pao.net |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170349/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Politics_and_Governance.Autonomous_District_Councils_Manipur_in_brief_By_Haokholal_Hangshing |url-status=live }}</ref>
|KADF
|Ksh. Siddharth, MCS
|Karbi Anglong Democratic Forum
|N/A
|-
|-
|| [[Churachandpur Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Churachandpur]] || 1971<ref name=":0k" />
|MNF
| Lalthazam, MCS
|Mizo National Front
|State Party
|-
|-
|| [[Sadar Hills Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Kangpokpi]] || 1971<ref name=":0k" />
|NPP
| James Doujapao Haokip, MCS
|National People's Party
|National Party
|-
|-
|| [[Manipur North Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Senapati (Tahamzam)|Senapati]] || 1971<ref name=":0k" />
|PDF
|H L Jain, MCS
|People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)
|State Party
|-
|-
|| [[Tamenglong Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Tamenglong]] || 1971<ref name=":0k" />
|RHJMC
| Ningreingam Leisan<ref>{{Cite web |title=MCS, MPS officers transferred : 16th jul22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=49..160722.jul22 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=e-pao.net |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407171527/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=49..160722.jul22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Rabha Hasong Joint Movement Committee
|N/A
|-
|-
|| [[Ukhrul Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Ukhrul]] || 1971<ref name=":0k" />
|SGS
|David Kashungnao, MCS
|Sanmilita Gana Shakti
|Registered Unrecognized Party
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ladakh]]|| [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil]]|| [[Kargil]]|| 2003
|TIPRI
|Mohammad Jaffer Akhone
|The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance
|State Party
|-
|-
|| [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh]]|| [[Leh]]|| 1995
|UDP
|Tashi Gyalson
|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)
|State Party
|-
|-
| [[West Bengal]]|| [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]]|| [[Darjeeling]]|| 2012
|UPPL
|Anit Thapa
|United People's Party Liberal
|State Party
|}
|}
</noinclude>


==''De facto'' self-governing areas==
==''De facto'' self-governing areas==
Line 365: Line 160:
[[North Sentinel Island]] is situated in the island chain of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] which is a [[union territory]] of India. It is home to the [[Sentinelese people]], who are among some of the world's last [[uncontacted peoples]]. They reject any contact with other people and are among the last people to remain virtually untouched by modern civilization. There has never been any treaty with the people of the island nor any record of a physical occupation.
[[North Sentinel Island]] is situated in the island chain of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] which is a [[union territory]] of India. It is home to the [[Sentinelese people]], who are among some of the world's last [[uncontacted peoples]]. They reject any contact with other people and are among the last people to remain virtually untouched by modern civilization. There has never been any treaty with the people of the island nor any record of a physical occupation.


The Andaman and Nicobar Administration has stated<ref>[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#sentineli The Sentineli] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302021552/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#sentineli |date=March 2, 2009 }}.</ref> that they have no intention of interfering with the Sentinelese's lifestyle or habitat. Although the island is likely to have suffered seriously from the effects of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|December 2004 tsunami]], the survival of the Sentinelese was confirmed when, some days after the event, an Indian government helicopter observed several of them, who shot arrows at the hovering aircraft to repel it.
The Andaman and Nicobar Administration has stated<ref>[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#sentineli The Sentineli] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302021552/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#sentineli |date=2 March 2009 }}.</ref> that they have no intention of interfering with the Sentinelese's lifestyle or habitat. Although the island is likely to have suffered seriously from the effects of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|December 2004 tsunami]], the survival of the Sentinelese was confirmed when, some days after the event, an [[Indian government]] helicopter observed several of them, who shot arrows at the hovering aircraft to repel it.


Although this has not been done with any formal treaty, the official policy of minimal interference has ensured that they have ''[[de facto]]'' autonomy and sovereignty over their island under the framework of the central and local governments.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thewe.cc/contents/more/archive2005/january/jarwas_onges_shompens_sentinelese_great_andamanese.htm |title=Administration in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands has finally decided upon a policy of minimal interference |access-date=2008-08-21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914105121/http://www.thewe.cc/contents/more/archive2005/january/jarwas_onges_shompens_sentinelese_great_andamanese.htm |archive-date=2012-09-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Although this has not been done with any formal treaty, the official policy of minimal interference has ensured that they have ''[[de facto]]'' autonomy and sovereignty over their island under the framework of the central and local governments.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thewe.cc/contents/more/archive2005/january/jarwas_onges_shompens_sentinelese_great_andamanese.htm |title=Administration in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands has finally decided upon a policy of minimal interference |access-date=2008-08-21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914105121/http://www.thewe.cc/contents/more/archive2005/january/jarwas_onges_shompens_sentinelese_great_andamanese.htm |archive-date=2012-09-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[States and territories of India]]
*[[Administrative divisions of India]]
*[[States and union territories of India]]
*[[List of autonomous areas by country]]
*[[List of autonomous areas by country]]


Line 387: Line 183:
[[Category:Administrative divisions of India]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions of India]]
[[Category:Autonomous regions of India]]
[[Category:Autonomous regions of India]]
[[Category:Lands reserved for indigenous peoples]]

Latest revision as of 04:52, 9 November 2024

Autonomous councils in India
Autonomous councils in North East India
This article is part of a series on the
Politics of India
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In India, there are autonomously administered territories for Scheduled Tribes, administered by representatives of those tribes. The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India allows for the formation of Autonomous District Councils and Autonomous Regional Councils in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura, granting them autonomy within their respective territories. Currently, there are 10 Autonomous District Councils across these four states. In these areas, Acts of Parliament and state legislation do not apply.[1][2]

Additionally, other autonomous councils, created by individual states through state legislation, exist in Northeast India, Ladakh, and West Bengal. Unlike those under the Sixth Schedule, these councils are subject to parliamentary and state laws.[citation needed]

Powers and competencies

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Executive and legislative powers

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Under the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India, autonomous district councils can make laws, rules and regulations in the following areas:[1]

  • Land management
  • Forest management
  • Water resources
  • Agriculture and cultivation
  • Formation of village councils
  • Public health
  • Sanitation
  • Village and town level policing
  • Appointment of traditional chiefs and headmen
  • Inheritance of property
  • Marriage and divorce
  • Social customs
  • Money lending and trading
  • Mining and minerals

Judicial powers

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Autonomous district councils have powers to form courts to hear cases where both parties are members of Scheduled Tribes and the maximum sentence is less than 5 years in prison.[1]

Taxation and revenue

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Autonomous district councils have powers to levy taxes, fees and tolls on: building and land, animals, vehicles, boats, entry of goods into the area, roads, ferries, bridges, employment and income and general taxes for the maintenance of schools and roads.[1]

Constitutional autonomous councils

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There are 10 Autonomous District Councils created by the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India:

State Autonomous District Council Headquarters Formation Chief Executive Member
Assam Bodoland Territorial Council Kokrajhar 2003 Pramod Boro
North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council Haflong 1952 Debolal Gorlosa
Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council Diphu 1952 Tuliram Ronghang
Meghalaya Garo Hills Autonomous District Council Tura 1973 Benedick R Marak
Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council Jowai 1973 T Shiwat
Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council Shillong 1973 Titosstarwell Chyne
Mizoram Chakma Autonomous District Council Kamalanagar 1972 Rasik Mohan Chakma
Lai Autonomous District Council Lawngtlai 1972 V. Zirsanga
Mara Autonomous District Council Siaha 1972 M Laikaw
Tripura Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council Khumulwng 1982 Purna Chandra Jamatia

Statutory autonomous councils

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Some states have created autonomous councils by an Act of their state legislatures. The two autonomous councils in the union territory of Ladakh was created by the state of Jammu and Kashmir (1952 – 2019).

State/UT Autonomous Council Headquarters Formation Chief Executive Member
Assam Tiwa Autonomous Council Morigaon 1995 Jiban Chandra Konwar
Mising Autonomous Council Dhemaji 1995 Ranoj Pegu
Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council Dudhnoi 1995 Tankeswar Rabha
Sonowal Kachari Autonomous Council Dibrugarh 2005 Dipu ranjan Markari
Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council Titabar 2005 Kumud Ch Kachari
Deori Autonomous Council Narayanpur 2005 Madhav Deori
Moran Autonomous Council Tinsukia 2020 Dipon Moran
Matak Autonomous Council Chring Gaon 2020
Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council Simen Chapori 2020 Mihiniswar Basumatary
Kamtapur Autonomous Council Abhayapuri 2020 Jibesh Roy
Manipur Chandel Autonomous District Council Chandel 1971[3] Ksh. Siddharth, MCS
Churachandpur Autonomous District Council Churachandpur 1971[3] Lalthazam, MCS
Sadar Hills Autonomous District Council Kangpokpi 1971[3] James Doujapao Haokip, MCS
Manipur North Autonomous District Council Senapati 1971[3] H L Jain, MCS
Tamenglong Autonomous District Council Tamenglong 1971[3] Ningreingam Leisan[4]
Ukhrul Autonomous District Council Ukhrul 1971[3] David Kashungnao, MCS
Ladakh Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil Kargil 2003 Mohammad Jaffer Akhone
Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh Leh 1995 Tashi Gyalson
West Bengal Gorkhaland Territorial Administration Darjeeling 2012 Anit Thapa

De facto self-governing areas

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North Sentinel Island

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North Sentinel Island is situated in the island chain of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands which is a union territory of India. It is home to the Sentinelese people, who are among some of the world's last uncontacted peoples. They reject any contact with other people and are among the last people to remain virtually untouched by modern civilization. There has never been any treaty with the people of the island nor any record of a physical occupation.

The Andaman and Nicobar Administration has stated[5] that they have no intention of interfering with the Sentinelese's lifestyle or habitat. Although the island is likely to have suffered seriously from the effects of the December 2004 tsunami, the survival of the Sentinelese was confirmed when, some days after the event, an Indian government helicopter observed several of them, who shot arrows at the hovering aircraft to repel it.

Although this has not been done with any formal treaty, the official policy of minimal interference has ensured that they have de facto autonomy and sovereignty over their island under the framework of the central and local governments.[6]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d "Sixth Schedule of The Constitution of India" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  2. ^ "Union Cabinet approves amendment in Sixth Schedule to strengthen 10 North East autonomous councils". 24 January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Autonomous District Councils Manipur in brief By Haokholal Hangshing". e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  4. ^ "MCS, MPS officers transferred : 16th jul22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  5. ^ The Sentineli Archived 2 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ^ "Administration in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands has finally decided upon a policy of minimal interference". Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
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