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{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image =Sugarcane- Eyespot (Pathogen- Bipolaris sacchari).jpg
| image =
|image_caption=''Bipolaris sacchari'' on a [[sugarcane]] leaf
| genus = Bipolaris
| genus = Bipolaris
| species = sacchari
| species = sacchari
| authority = ([[Edwin John Butler|E.J. Butler]]) Shoemaker, (1959)
| authority = ([[Edwin John Butler|E.J. Butler]]) Shoemaker, (1959)
| synonyms = ''Bipolaris sacchari'' <small>(Breda de Haan) Subram., (1971)</small><br>
| synonyms = *''Bipolaris sacchari'' <small>(Breda de Haan) Subram., (1971)</small>
''Cercospora sacchari'' <small>Breda de Haan</small><br>
*''Cercospora sacchari'' <small>Breda de Haan</small>
''Drechslera sacchari'' <small>(E.J. Butler) Subram. & B.L. Jain, (1966)</small><br>
*''Drechslera sacchari'' <small>(E.J. Butler) Subram. & B.L. Jain, (1966)</small>
''Helminthosporium sacchari'' <small>E.J. Butler, (1913)</small>
*''Helminthosporium sacchari'' <small>E.J. Butler, (1913)</small>
}}
}}


'''''Bipolaris sacchari''''' is a fungal plant pathogen in the family [[Pleosporaceae]].
'''''Bipolaris sacchari''''' is a fungal plant pathogen in the family [[Pleosporaceae]].


''Bipolaris sacchari'' is an [[Ascomycota|ascomycete]] fungal pathogen most notably affecting sugarcane. In its sexual stage, it produces spores housed in an ''ascus'' (a sac, usually with 8 spores inside). The spores are dispersed when the sac bursts. They spread to plant surfaces via wind and rain splashes, and if there is water present on the leaf, they may germinate and produce septate, walled [[Hypha|hyphae]] on the surface of the leaf. These in turn asexually produce [[Conidium|conidia]] that spread and further propagate the disease.
''Bipolaris sacchari'' is an [[Ascomycota|ascomycete]] fungal pathogen most notably affecting sugarcane. In its sexual stage, it produces spores housed in an ''ascus'' (a sac, usually with 8 spores inside). The spores are dispersed when the sac bursts. They spread to plant surfaces via wind and rain splashes, and if there is water present on the leaf, they may germinate and produce septate, walled [[hypha]]e on the surface of the leaf. These in turn asexually produce [[Conidium|conidia]] that spread and further propagate the disease.


==Hosts==
==Hosts==
This pathogen affects sugarcane (''[[saccharum officinarum]]'') and close relatives; a few members of [[Poaceae]] as well: citronella (''[[Cymbopogon citratus|Cymbopogan citratus]]''), elephant grass (''[[Pennisetum purpureum]]''), pearl millet ([[Pearl millet|''Pennisetun glaucum'']]) and barnyard grass (''[[Echinochloa]]'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pestnet.org/fact_sheets/sugarcane_eye_spot_305.htm|title=Fact sheet - Sugarcane eye spot (305)|website=www.pestnet.org|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>
This pathogen affects sugarcane (''[[Saccharum officinarum]]'') and close relatives; a few members of [[Poaceae]] as well: citronella (''[[Cymbopogon citratus|Cymbopogan citratus]]''), elephant grass (''[[Pennisetum purpureum]]''), pearl millet ([[Pearl millet|''Pennisetun glaucum'']]) and barnyard grass (''[[Echinochloa]]'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pestnet.org/fact_sheets/sugarcane_eye_spot_305.htm|title=Fact sheet – Sugarcane eye spot (305)|website=www.pestnet.org|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206053201/http://www.pestnet.org/fact_sheets/sugarcane_eye_spot_305.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>


This fungus takes most of its economic notoriety for the yield losses sustained to sugarcane in commercial agriculture. ''Bipolaris sacchari'' produces host-specific toxins, namely [[Sesquiterpene|oligosaccharide-sesquiterpene]] toxins that bind helminthosporoside.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jbc.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/256/4/1705.full.pdf?sid=43577678-05c2-4da2-900b-fbe210621bb2|title=Isolation and Characterization of Host-Specific Toxin from Helminthosporium sacchari|last=Scheffer, Livingston|first=Robert P, Robert S|date=5 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942200822542|title=Interconversions of aglycone and host-selective toxin from Helminthosporium sacchari|last=Nakajima, Scheffer|first=Hiromitsu, Robert P.|date=5 December 2018|journal=Phytochemistry|volume=26|issue=6|pages=1607–1611|doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82254-2}}</ref> It is toxic because when within the substance of the plant, it reacts to create an abundance of nitrites.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Atherton|date=April 1929|journal=Plant Physiology|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–212|issn=0032-0889|pmid=16652604|pmc=440051|doi=10.1104/pp.4.2.193|title=The Toxic Substance Produced by the Eye-Spot Fungus of Sugar Cane, Helminthosporium Sacchari Butler}}</ref> Different iterations of these toxins are specific to hosts; while sugarcane is the most economically significant, eye spot has been recorded on ferns in Florida, wheat in Iran, and banana in Brazil.<ref name=":0" />
This fungus takes most of its economic notoriety for the yield losses sustained to sugarcane in commercial agriculture. ''Bipolaris sacchari'' produces host-specific toxins, namely [[Sesquiterpene|oligosaccharide-sesquiterpene]] toxins that bind helminthosporoside.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jbc.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/256/4/1705.full.pdf?sid=43577678-05c2-4da2-900b-fbe210621bb2|title=Isolation and Characterization of Host-Specific Toxin from Helminthosporium sacchari|last=Scheffer, Livingston|first=Robert P, Robert S|date=5 December 2018|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007165211/https://patron.library.wisc.edu/authn/splash?url=http://www.jbc.org/content/256/4/1705.full.pdf?sid=43577678-05c2-4da2-900b-fbe210621bb2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942200822542|title=Interconversions of aglycone and host-selective toxin from Helminthosporium sacchari|last=Nakajima, Scheffer|first=Hiromitsu, Robert P.|date=5 December 2018|journal=Phytochemistry|volume=26|issue=6|pages=1607–1611|doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82254-2}}</ref> It is toxic because when within the substance of the plant, it reacts to create an abundance of nitrites.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Atherton|date=April 1929|journal=Plant Physiology|volume=4|issue=2|pages=193–212|issn=0032-0889|pmid=16652604|pmc=440051|doi=10.1104/pp.4.2.193|title=The Toxic Substance Produced by the Eye-Spot Fungus of Sugar Cane, Helminthosporium Sacchari Butler}}</ref> Different iterations of these toxins are specific to hosts; while sugarcane is the most economically significant, eye spot has been recorded on ferns in Florida, wheat in Iran, and banana in Brazil.<ref name=":0" />


==Symptoms==
==Symptoms==
Early in the progression of the disease, minute watery spots may be observed on plants. Crops that are six or more months old are more susceptible--younger leaves will most likely be affected first. As the disease progresses, reddish spots with yellow margins on leaves become visible. Extending from each spot are brownish streaks, called ‘runners’. These are thought to be caused by the spread of the toxin. Spots may merge as they increase in number and result in necrosis. Seedling blights may also occur.<ref name=":0" />
Early in the progression of the disease, minute watery spots may be observed on plants. Crops that are six or more months old are more susceptible—younger leaves will most likely be affected first. As the disease progresses, reddish spots with yellow margins on leaves become visible. Extending from each spot are brownish streaks, called ‘runners’. These are thought to be caused by the spread of the toxin. Spots may merge as they increase in number and result in necrosis. Seedling blights may also occur.<ref name=":0" />


==Management==
==Management==
Plant resistant varieties--most commercial varieties are already resistant, with no genetic modification. Q47 is one of these resistant varieties; conversely, varieties Q99 and Q101 are very susceptible.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/plantphysiol/67/3/408.full.pdf|website=www.plantphysiol.org|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>
Plant resistant varieties—most commercial varieties are already resistant, with no genetic modification. Q47 is one of these resistant varieties; conversely, varieties Q99 and Q101 are very susceptible.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/plantphysiol/67/3/408.full.pdf|website=www.plantphysiol.org|access-date=5 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206001642/http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/plantphysiol/67/3/408.full.pdf |title=Eyespot Disease of Sugarcane: INDUCTION OF HOST-SPECIFIC TOXIN AND ITS INTERACTION WITH LEAF CELLS}}</ref>


⚫
Depending on severity, foliar applications of fungicide (2% copper oxychloride) may be used but are not practical because resistant varieties are common and garner just as much yield and quality.
Avoid over-fertilization


⚫
In Mexico, a 33% yield loss was noted when a field of a susceptible variety having eye spot was compared with a field of a resistant variety.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/sc003|title=Sugarcane Eyespot Disease|last=P. Rott|first=J. C. Comstock|date=6 June 2017|website=edis.ifas.ufl.edu|language=English|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206002134/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/sc003|url-status=live}}</ref> These losses can be avoided in large commercial agriculture by ensuring precision in management practices.
⚫
Depending on severity, foliar applications of fungicide (2% copper oxychloride) may be used, but are not practical because resistant varieties are common and garner just as much yield and quality.


Over-fertilization is beneficial to the pathogen as it can use the excess nitrogen that the crop does not absorb.
⚫
In Mexico, a 33% yield loss was noted when a field of a susceptible variety having eye spot was compared with a field of a resistant variety.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/sc003|title=Sugarcane Eyespot Disease|last=P. Rott|first=J. C. Comstock|date=2017-06-06|website=edis.ifas.ufl.edu|language=English|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> These losses can be avoided in large commercial agriculture by ensuring precision in management practices.


==Environment==
==Environment==
''Bipolaris sacchari'' occurs all around the world. Because it is an ascomycete, it needs a film of water through which to continue disease progress. Temperate climates at elevation can encourage the conditions this pathogen finds favorable. Several days of heavy morning dew or rain may accelerate the disease progress. It likes moist, humid areas, and thrives with cooler night temperatures--these encourage production of the toxin. Extra nitrogen fertilization is beneficial to this pathogen; it (as well as many other soil and surface organisms) use the excess that the crop does not absorb.
''Bipolaris sacchari'' occurs all around the world. Because it is an ascomycete, it needs a film of water through which to continue disease progress. Temperate climates at elevation can encourage the conditions this pathogen finds favorable. Several days of heavy morning dew or rain may accelerate the disease progress. It likes moist, humid areas, and thrives with cooler night temperatures—these encourage production of the toxin.


==References==
==References==
Line 39: Line 41:


==External links==
==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19835 |title=CABI Datasheet |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206001911/https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19835 |url-status=live }}
* [http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp Index Fungorum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070130123212/http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ USDA ARS Fungal Database]
*[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19835 CABI Datasheet]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q4915497}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4915497}}
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[[Category:Wheat diseases]]
[[Category:Wheat diseases]]
[[Category:Pleosporaceae]]
[[Category:Pleosporaceae]]
[[Category:Fungus species]]


{{Pleosporales stub}}
{{plant-disease-stub}}

Latest revision as of 08:46, 9 November 2024

Bipolaris sacchari
Bipolaris sacchari on a sugarcane leaf
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Dothideomycetes
Order: Pleosporales
Family: Pleosporaceae
Genus: Bipolaris
Species:
B. sacchari
Binomial name
Bipolaris sacchari
(E.J. Butler) Shoemaker, (1959)
Synonyms
  • Bipolaris sacchari (Breda de Haan) Subram., (1971)
  • Cercospora sacchari Breda de Haan
  • Drechslera sacchari (E.J. Butler) Subram. & B.L. Jain, (1966)
  • Helminthosporium sacchari E.J. Butler, (1913)

Bipolaris sacchari is a fungal plant pathogen in the family Pleosporaceae.

Bipolaris sacchari is an ascomycete fungal pathogen most notably affecting sugarcane. In its sexual stage, it produces spores housed in an ascus (a sac, usually with 8 spores inside). The spores are dispersed when the sac bursts. They spread to plant surfaces via wind and rain splashes, and if there is water present on the leaf, they may germinate and produce septate, walled hyphae on the surface of the leaf. These in turn asexually produce conidia that spread and further propagate the disease.

Hosts

[edit]

This pathogen affects sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and close relatives; a few members of Poaceae as well: citronella (Cymbopogan citratus), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), pearl millet (Pennisetun glaucum) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa).[1]

This fungus takes most of its economic notoriety for the yield losses sustained to sugarcane in commercial agriculture. Bipolaris sacchari produces host-specific toxins, namely oligosaccharide-sesquiterpene toxins that bind helminthosporoside.[2][3] It is toxic because when within the substance of the plant, it reacts to create an abundance of nitrites.[4] Different iterations of these toxins are specific to hosts; while sugarcane is the most economically significant, eye spot has been recorded on ferns in Florida, wheat in Iran, and banana in Brazil.[1]

Symptoms

[edit]

Early in the progression of the disease, minute watery spots may be observed on plants. Crops that are six or more months old are more susceptible—younger leaves will most likely be affected first. As the disease progresses, reddish spots with yellow margins on leaves become visible. Extending from each spot are brownish streaks, called ‘runners’. These are thought to be caused by the spread of the toxin. Spots may merge as they increase in number and result in necrosis. Seedling blights may also occur.[1]

Management

[edit]

Plant resistant varieties—most commercial varieties are already resistant, with no genetic modification. Q47 is one of these resistant varieties; conversely, varieties Q99 and Q101 are very susceptible.[5]

Depending on severity, foliar applications of fungicide (2% copper oxychloride) may be used but are not practical because resistant varieties are common and garner just as much yield and quality.

In Mexico, a 33% yield loss was noted when a field of a susceptible variety having eye spot was compared with a field of a resistant variety.[6] These losses can be avoided in large commercial agriculture by ensuring precision in management practices.

Over-fertilization is beneficial to the pathogen as it can use the excess nitrogen that the crop does not absorb.

Environment

[edit]

Bipolaris sacchari occurs all around the world. Because it is an ascomycete, it needs a film of water through which to continue disease progress. Temperate climates at elevation can encourage the conditions this pathogen finds favorable. Several days of heavy morning dew or rain may accelerate the disease progress. It likes moist, humid areas, and thrives with cooler night temperatures—these encourage production of the toxin.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Fact sheet – Sugarcane eye spot (305)". www.pestnet.org. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  2. ^ Scheffer, Livingston, Robert P, Robert S (5 December 2018). "Isolation and Characterization of Host-Specific Toxin from Helminthosporium sacchari" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Nakajima, Scheffer, Hiromitsu, Robert P. (5 December 2018). "Interconversions of aglycone and host-selective toxin from Helminthosporium sacchari". Phytochemistry. 26 (6): 1607–1611. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82254-2.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Lee, Atherton (April 1929). "The Toxic Substance Produced by the Eye-Spot Fungus of Sugar Cane, Helminthosporium Sacchari Butler". Plant Physiology. 4 (2): 193–212. doi:10.1104/pp.4.2.193. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 440051. PMID 16652604.
  5. ^ "Eyespot Disease of Sugarcane: INDUCTION OF HOST-SPECIFIC TOXIN AND ITS INTERACTION WITH LEAF CELLS" (PDF). www.plantphysiol.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  6. ^ P. Rott, J. C. Comstock (6 June 2017). "Sugarcane Eyespot Disease". edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
[edit]
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