Gertrude Rachel Levy: Difference between revisions

Gertrude Rachel Levy
Gertrude Rachel Levy
	Photograph of Gertrude Rachel Levy, former librarian, classical scholar and archaeologist, circa 1900
Born	5 November 1883; Aliwal North, Cape Colony
Died	10 October 1966 (aged 82); Hendon, London, England
Pen name	G. Rachel Levy
Occupation	writer, archaeologist
Language	English
Notable awards	Fellow, Society of Antiquaries of London, 1947

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Gertrude Rachel Levy FSA (5 November 1883 – 10 October 1966) was a British author and cultural historian writing about comparative mythology, matriarchy, epic poetry and archaeology. She published many of her works under the name "G. Rachel Levy".^[5]

Early life and education

Levy was born in Aliwal North, Cape Colony, to Jewish parents Benjamin Levy, a German emigrant, and his wife, Florence Beaver, from Manchester.^[6] Her father was a bead and glass merchant born in Posen.^[7] Her maternal grandfather, Louis Beaver, emigrated from Prussia and married Staffordshire-born Rachel Mayer. The family moved to England when she was young and she grew up in Kensington.^[8]

Levy earned an M.A. in Classics in 1924 from the University of London,^[9] and worked from 1926 to 1928 with the Department of Antiquities in Mandatory Palestine.

Career

From 1930 to 1936, Levy was associated with an expedition to Iraq, sponsored by the University of Chicago. Later in life she lived in London,^[5] where from 1939 to 1949 she was the librarian of the Joint Library of the Hellenic and Roman Societies.^[10] The Society of Antiquaries of London elected her as a Fellow in 1947.^[11]

As did Alexander Marshack, but earlier, Levy made an observation to the effect that in the earliest known representations of humans and animals together, the humans are shown without weapons.^[12] To the theory of hero archetypes, she contributed in The Sword from the Rock a three-phase evolutionary pattern, considered neglected by Brown and Fishwick: creation narratives, then quest pattern, then fraternal conflict.^[13] Theodore Ziolkowski states that Levy included much of ancient epic in the works that can be traced back to ritual.^[14] Eleazar M. Meletinsky^[15] writes

[...] the monumental epics of agrarian civilizations undoubtedly use models linked to seasonal rites [...] On this point, Levy's work is interesting, despite its exaggerations, and goes beyond Murray's pioneering efforts.

Levy was an influence on Northrop Frye, as he himself acknowledged, and references to her work are common in his "Third Book" and "Late" notebooks.^[16]

Works

Library resources about
Gertrude Rachel Levy

By Gertrude Rachel Levy

The Gate of Horn: A Study of the Religious Concepts of the Stone Age, and Their Influence upon European Thought (1948; republished 1963, Faber & Faber, ISBN 978-0571056606)^[17]
The Sword from the Rock: An Investigation into the Origins of Epic Literature and the Development of the Hero (1953)^[18]
The Violet Crown: An Athenian Autobiography (1954)^[19]
Plato in Sicily (1956)^[20]
The Phoenix' Nest: A Study in Religious Transformations (1961)^[21]

Levy also edited The Myths of Plato (1905) by John Alexander Stewart for a 1960 edition, with revisions, translation of Greek text, and an introduction.^[22]

References

^ 1939 England and Wales Register
^ 1901, 1911 England Census
^ "Miss Rachel Levy". The Times. 20 October 1966. p. 14.
^ England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1995
^ ^a ^b Dolman, Bernard, ed. (1954), Who's who in Art, Volume 7, Art Trade Press, Limited, p. 427, LEVY, Gertrude Rachel, M.A. (1924), F.S.A. (1947); Dept. of Antiquities, Palestine (1926-28); University of Chicago's Expeditions to Iraq (artist to expeditions) (1930-36); ... Address: 40 Rotherwick Rd., N.W.11. Club: University Women's Club. Signs work: "G. Rachel Levy."
^ 1891 England Census
^ UK, Naturalisation Certificates and Declarations, 1870–1916
^ 1851 England Census; 1871 England Census
^ Calendar. University of London. 1925. p. 513. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
^ Joint Library of the Hellenic & Roman Societies/Institute of Classical Studies Library, blogpost 14 July 2017, Former Librarian: Gertrude Rachel Levy
^ "Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries". The Antiquaries Journal. 27 (3–4): 209–215. 1947. doi:10.1017/S0003581500016978. S2CID 246048173.
^ Govaerts, Robert (29 August 2012). Cosmic Prayer and Guided Transformation: Key Elements of the Emergent Christian Cosmology. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 96. ISBN 9781630875909. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
^ Browne, Ray Broadus; Fishwick, Marshall William (1983). The Hero in Transition. Popular Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780879722388. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
^ Ziolkowski, Theodore (18 November 2011). Gilgamesh among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic. Cornell University Press. p. 169. ISBN 9780801463426. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
^ The Poetics of Myth, English translation p. 74
^ Frye, Northrop (2004). Northrop Frye's Notebooks on Romance. University of Toronto Press. pp. 461 note 29. ISBN 9780802039477. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
^
Reviews of The Gate of Horn:
- Renard, Marcel (1949). "Review". Latomus. 8: 88–89. JSTOR 41516737.
- Myres, John L. (1949). "Review". Man. 49: 21–22. doi:10.2307/2792536. JSTOR 2792536.
- Wheelwright, Philip (1951). "Review: If the Lost Word Be Lost...". The Sewanee Review. 59: 348–362. JSTOR 27538080.
- White, Victor (1949). "Review". Blackfriars. 30 (349): 179–181. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.1949.tb00413.x. JSTOR 43812748.
- Smith, Sidney (27 August 1949). "Review". Nature. 164: 333–334. doi:10.1038/164333a0. S2CID 4073391.
- Garrod, D. A. E. (October 1949). "Review". The Antiquaries Journal. 29 (3–4): 213. doi:10.1017/S0003581500017339. S2CID 161295420.
- Raglan (September 1949). "Review". Folklore. 60 (3): 356. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1949.9717922. JSTOR 1256659.
- den Boer, W. (1949). "Review". Mnemosyne. Fourth Series. 2 (3): 259–262. JSTOR 4427191.
- Layard, John (1948). "Review". Hibbert Journal. 47: 200.
- Dain, Alphonse (1948). "Review". Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé. 6: 130–131.
- Picard, Charles (1950). "Review". Journal des Savants. 2: 87–90.
^
Reviews of The Sword from the Rock:
- Norwood, Frances (1955). "Review". Classical Philology. 50: 51–53. doi:10.1086/363863. JSTOR 266124.
- Knight, W. F. J. (1957). "Review". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 77 (Part 2): 318–319. doi:10.2307/629380. JSTOR 629380. S2CID 162496648.
- Rose, H. J. (August 1953). "Review". Man. 53. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 124–125. JSTOR 2795642.
- van der Valk, M. H. A. L. H. (1956). "Review". Mnemosyne. Fourth Series. 9 (2): 160–161. JSTOR 4427832.
- Jameson, R. D. (July 1957). "Review". Western Folklore. 16 (3): 223–225. doi:10.2307/1497659. JSTOR 1497659.
- Le Breton, Louis (1955). "Review". Syria. 32 (1–2): 131–134. JSTOR 4196897.
- Eissfeldt, O. (1 January 1957). "Review". Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. 52: 108. ProQuest 1299183958.
- Barnett, R. D. (January 1954). "Review". The Antiquaries Journal. 34 (1–2): 86. doi:10.1017/S0003581500073315. S2CID 162494769.
- Myres, John L. (December 1953). "Review". Antiquity. 27 (108): 248–249. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00025138. S2CID 163679410.
- Falkenstein, Adam (1954). "Review". Gnomon. 26 (6): 424–426. JSTOR 27680984.
- Bérard, Jean (1954). "Review". Revue des Études Anciennes. 56 (1–2): 167–168.
^
Review of The Violet Crown:
- White, M. E. (Summer 1956). "Review". Phoenix. 10 (2): 91–92. doi:10.2307/1086449. JSTOR 1086449.
^
Reviews of Plato in Sicily:
- Kerferd, G. B. (1957). "Review". The Classical Review. 7: 256–257. doi:10.1017/S0009840X00177327. JSTOR 702022. S2CID 170201545.
- I. D. (May 1957). "Review". Il Politico. 22 (1): 232. JSTOR 43204545.
^
Review of The Phoenix' Nest:
- Scaligero, Massimo (March–June 1963). "Review". East and West. 14 (1–2): 118–119. JSTOR 29754740.
^ Wynne-Tyson, Jon (2004). Finding the Words: A Publishing Life. Michael Russell. p. 57. ISBN 9780859552875.

External links

The Dying God and the Beginnings of Epic Literature, BBC Third Programme, 7 May 1952 18.45
Missing archaeological artefacts linking Malta to ancient world, Times of Malta, June 16, 2002 by Natalino Fenech, discusses theories of Levy and Henri Frankfort on the culture of ancient Malta
Interview comments from John Heath-Stubbs

[1] 1939 England and Wales Register

[2] 1901, 1911 England Census

[times-3] "Miss Rachel Levy". The Times. 20 October 1966. p. 14.

[4] England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1995

[wwa-5] Dolman, Bernard, ed. (1954), Who's who in Art, Volume 7, Art Trade Press, Limited, p. 427, LEVY, Gertrude Rachel, M.A. (1924), F.S.A. (1947); Dept. of Antiquities, Palestine (1926-28); University of Chicago's Expeditions to Iraq (artist to expeditions) (1930-36); ... Address: 40 Rotherwick Rd., N.W.11. Club: University Women's Club. Signs work: "G. Rachel Levy."

[1891census-6] 1891 England Census

[7] UK, Naturalisation Certificates and Declarations, 1870–1916

[8] 1851 England Census; 1871 England Census

[9] Calendar. University of London. 1925. p. 513. Retrieved 30 December 2019.

[10] Joint Library of the Hellenic & Roman Societies/Institute of Classical Studies Library, blogpost 14 July 2017, Former Librarian: Gertrude Rachel Levy

[11] "Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries". The Antiquaries Journal. 27 (3–4): 209–215. 1947. doi:10.1017/S0003581500016978. S2CID 246048173.

[12] Govaerts, Robert (29 August 2012). Cosmic Prayer and Guided Transformation: Key Elements of the Emergent Christian Cosmology. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 96. ISBN 9781630875909. Retrieved 8 May 2018.

[13] Browne, Ray Broadus; Fishwick, Marshall William (1983). The Hero in Transition. Popular Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780879722388. Retrieved 8 May 2018.

[14] Ziolkowski, Theodore (18 November 2011). Gilgamesh among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic. Cornell University Press. p. 169. ISBN 9780801463426. Retrieved 8 May 2018.

[15] The Poetics of Myth, English translation p. 74

[Frye2004-16] Frye, Northrop (2004). Northrop Frye's Notebooks on Romance. University of Toronto Press. pp. 461 note 29. ISBN 9780802039477. Retrieved 8 May 2018.

[17] Reviews of The Gate of Horn:
Renard, Marcel (1949). "Review". Latomus. 8: 88–89. JSTOR 41516737.

Myres, John L. (1949). "Review". Man. 49: 21–22. doi:10.2307/2792536. JSTOR 2792536.

Wheelwright, Philip (1951). "Review: If the Lost Word Be Lost...". The Sewanee Review. 59: 348–362. JSTOR 27538080.

White, Victor (1949). "Review". Blackfriars. 30 (349): 179–181. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.1949.tb00413.x. JSTOR 43812748.

Smith, Sidney (27 August 1949). "Review". Nature. 164: 333–334. doi:10.1038/164333a0. S2CID 4073391.

Garrod, D. A. E. (October 1949). "Review". The Antiquaries Journal. 29 (3–4): 213. doi:10.1017/S0003581500017339. S2CID 161295420.

Raglan (September 1949). "Review". Folklore. 60 (3): 356. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1949.9717922. JSTOR 1256659.

den Boer, W. (1949). "Review". Mnemosyne. Fourth Series. 2 (3): 259–262. JSTOR 4427191.

Layard, John (1948). "Review". Hibbert Journal. 47: 200.

Dain, Alphonse (1948). "Review". Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé. 6: 130–131.

Picard, Charles (1950). "Review". Journal des Savants. 2: 87–90.

[18] Renard, Marcel (1949). "Review". Latomus. 8: 88–89. JSTOR 41516737.

[19] Myres, John L. (1949). "Review". Man. 49: 21–22. doi:10.2307/2792536. JSTOR 2792536.

[20] Wheelwright, Philip (1951). "Review: If the Lost Word Be Lost...". The Sewanee Review. 59: 348–362. JSTOR 27538080.

[21] White, Victor (1949). "Review". Blackfriars. 30 (349): 179–181. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.1949.tb00413.x. JSTOR 43812748.

[22] Smith, Sidney (27 August 1949). "Review". Nature. 164: 333–334. doi:10.1038/164333a0. S2CID 4073391.

[23] Garrod, D. A. E. (October 1949). "Review". The Antiquaries Journal. 29 (3–4): 213. doi:10.1017/S0003581500017339. S2CID 161295420.

[24] Raglan (September 1949). "Review". Folklore. 60 (3): 356. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1949.9717922. JSTOR 1256659.

[25] Boer, W. (1949). "Review". Mnemosyne. Fourth Series. 2 (3): 259–262. JSTOR 4427191.

[26] Layard, John (1948). "Review". Hibbert Journal. 47: 200.

[27] Dain, Alphonse (1948). "Review". Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé. 6: 130–131.

[28] Picard, Charles (1950). "Review". Journal des Savants. 2: 87–90.

[18] Reviews of The Sword from the Rock:
Norwood, Frances (1955). "Review". Classical Philology. 50: 51–53. doi:10.1086/363863. JSTOR 266124.

Knight, W. F. J. (1957). "Review". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 77 (Part 2): 318–319. doi:10.2307/629380. JSTOR 629380. S2CID 162496648.

Rose, H. J. (August 1953). "Review". Man. 53. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 124–125. JSTOR 2795642.

van der Valk, M. H. A. L. H. (1956). "Review". Mnemosyne. Fourth Series. 9 (2): 160–161. JSTOR 4427832.

Jameson, R. D. (July 1957). "Review". Western Folklore. 16 (3): 223–225. doi:10.2307/1497659. JSTOR 1497659.

Le Breton, Louis (1955). "Review". Syria. 32 (1–2): 131–134. JSTOR 4196897.

Eissfeldt, O. (1 January 1957). "Review". Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. 52: 108. ProQuest 1299183958.

Barnett, R. D. (January 1954). "Review". The Antiquaries Journal. 34 (1–2): 86. doi:10.1017/S0003581500073315. S2CID 162494769.

Myres, John L. (December 1953). "Review". Antiquity. 27 (108): 248–249. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00025138. S2CID 163679410.

Falkenstein, Adam (1954). "Review". Gnomon. 26 (6): 424–426. JSTOR 27680984.

Bérard, Jean (1954). "Review". Revue des Études Anciennes. 56 (1–2): 167–168.

[30] Norwood, Frances (1955). "Review". Classical Philology. 50: 51–53. doi:10.1086/363863. JSTOR 266124.

[31] Knight, W. F. J. (1957). "Review". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 77 (Part 2): 318–319. doi:10.2307/629380. JSTOR 629380. S2CID 162496648.

[32] Rose, H. J. (August 1953). "Review". Man. 53. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 124–125. JSTOR 2795642.

[33] van der Valk, M. H. A. L. H. (1956). "Review". Mnemosyne. Fourth Series. 9 (2): 160–161. JSTOR 4427832.

[34] Jameson, R. D. (July 1957). "Review". Western Folklore. 16 (3): 223–225. doi:10.2307/1497659. JSTOR 1497659.

[35] Le Breton, Louis (1955). "Review". Syria. 32 (1–2): 131–134. JSTOR 4196897.

[36] Eissfeldt, O. (1 January 1957). "Review". Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. 52: 108. ProQuest 1299183958.

[37] Barnett, R. D. (January 1954). "Review". The Antiquaries Journal. 34 (1–2): 86. doi:10.1017/S0003581500073315. S2CID 162494769.

[38] Myres, John L. (December 1953). "Review". Antiquity. 27 (108): 248–249. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00025138. S2CID 163679410.

[39] Falkenstein, Adam (1954). "Review". Gnomon. 26 (6): 424–426. JSTOR 27680984.

[40] Bérard, Jean (1954). "Review". Revue des Études Anciennes. 56 (1–2): 167–168.

[19] Review of The Violet Crown:
White, M. E. (Summer 1956). "Review". Phoenix. 10 (2): 91–92. doi:10.2307/1086449. JSTOR 1086449.

[42] White, M. E. (Summer 1956). "Review". Phoenix. 10 (2): 91–92. doi:10.2307/1086449. JSTOR 1086449.

[20] Reviews of Plato in Sicily:
Kerferd, G. B. (1957). "Review". The Classical Review. 7: 256–257. doi:10.1017/S0009840X00177327. JSTOR 702022. S2CID 170201545.

I. D. (May 1957). "Review". Il Politico. 22 (1): 232. JSTOR 43204545.

[44] Kerferd, G. B. (1957). "Review". The Classical Review. 7: 256–257. doi:10.1017/S0009840X00177327. JSTOR 702022. S2CID 170201545.

[45] I. D. (May 1957). "Review". Il Politico. 22 (1): 232. JSTOR 43204545.

[21] Review of The Phoenix' Nest:
Scaligero, Massimo (March–June 1963). "Review". East and West. 14 (1–2): 118–119. JSTOR 29754740.

[47] Scaligero, Massimo (March–June 1963). "Review". East and West. 14 (1–2): 118–119. JSTOR 29754740.

[22] Wynne-Tyson, Jon (2004). Finding the Words: A Publishing Life. Michael Russell. p. 57. ISBN 9780859552875.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|British writer and archaeologist (1883–1966)}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
 {{Infobox writer
 | embed            =
@@ Line 13: / Line 15: @@
 | birth_date       = 5 November 1883<ref>''1939 England and Wales Register''</ref>
 | birth_place      = [[Aliwal North]], [[Cape Colony]]<ref>''1901, 1911 England Census''</ref>
-| death_date       = 10 October 1966 (aged 82)<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=Miss Rachel Levy |work=[[The Times]] |publisher=The Times Digital Archive |page=14 |date= 20 October 1966}}</ref><ref>''England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1995''</ref>
+| death_date       = 10 October 1966 (aged 82)<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=Miss Rachel Levy |work=[[The Times]] |page=14 |date= 20 October 1966}}</ref><ref>''England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1995''</ref>
 | death_place      = [[Hendon]], London, England
 | occupation       = writer, archaeologist
@@ Line 32: / Line 34: @@
 Levy was born in [[Aliwal North]], [[Cape Colony]], to Jewish parents Benjamin Levy, a German emigrant, and his wife, Florence Beaver, from Manchester.<ref name="1891census">''1891 England Census''</ref> Her father was a bead and glass merchant born in [[Province of Posen|Posen]].<ref>''UK, Naturalisation Certificates and Declarations, 1870–1916''</ref> Her maternal grandfather, Louis Beaver, emigrated from Prussia and married Staffordshire-born Rachel Mayer. The family moved to England when she was young and she grew up in [[Kensington]].<ref>''1851 England Census''; ''1871 England Census''</ref>
-Levy earned an M.A. in Classics in 1924 from the [[University of London]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Calendar |date=1925 |publisher=University of London |page=513 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gQcAQAAIAAJ&q=Gertrude+Rachel+Levy+1924+m.a.&dq=Gertrude+Rachel+Levy+1924+m.a.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&ppis=_e&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjp5-7jldzmAhW5Ap0JHcOwC7gQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg |accessdate=30 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and worked from 1926 to 1928 with the [[Department of Antiquities (Mandatory Palestine)|Department of Antiquities]] in [[Mandatory Palestine]].
+Levy earned an M.A. in Classics in 1924 from the [[University of London]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Calendar |date=1925 |publisher=University of London |page=513 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gQcAQAAIAAJ&q=Gertrude+Rachel+Levy+1924+m.a. |access-date=30 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and worked from 1926 to 1928 with the [[Department of Antiquities (Mandatory Palestine)|Department of Antiquities]] in [[Mandatory Palestine]].
 ==Career==
 From 1930 to 1936, Levy was associated with an expedition to Iraq, sponsored by the [[University of Chicago]]. Later in life she lived in London,<ref name=wwa/> where from 1939 to 1949 she was the librarian of the Joint Library of the Hellenic and Roman Societies.<ref>[http://joliheroics.blogspot.co.uk/2017/07/former-librarian-gertrude-rachel-levy.html Joint Library of the Hellenic & Roman Societies/Institute of Classical Studies Library, blogpost 14 July 2017, ''Former Librarian: Gertrude Rachel Levy'']</ref>
-The [[Society of Antiquaries of London]] elected her as a Fellow in 1947.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries |journal=The Antiquaries Journal |year=1947 |volume=27 |pages=209&ndash;215 |doi=10.1017/S0003581500016978}}</ref>
+The [[Society of Antiquaries of London]] elected her as a Fellow in 1947.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries |journal=The Antiquaries Journal |year=1947 |volume=27 |issue=3–4 |pages=209&ndash;215 |doi=10.1017/S0003581500016978|s2cid=246048173 }}</ref>
-As did [[Alexander Marshack]], but earlier, Levy made an observation to the effect that in the earliest known representations of humans and animals together, the humans are shown without weapons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Govaerts|first=Robert|title=Cosmic Prayer and Guided Transformation: Key Elements of the Emergent Christian Cosmology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0hgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|accessdate=8 May 2018|date=2012-08-29|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=9781630875909|page=96}}</ref> To the theory of [[hero archetypes]], she contributed in ''The Sword from the Rock'' a three-phase evolutionary pattern, considered neglected by Brown and Fishwick: creation narratives, then quest pattern, then fraternal conflict.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Browne|first1=Ray Broadus|last2=Fishwick|first2=Marshall William|title=The Hero in Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eP1y6zjqWucC&pg=PA53|accessdate=8 May 2018|year=1983|publisher=Popular Press|isbn=9780879722388|page=53}}</ref> [[Theodore Ziolkowski]] states that Levy included much of ancient epic in the works that can be traced back to ritual.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ziolkowski|first=Theodore|title=Gilgamesh among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snz_Wle6zvgC&pg=PA169|accessdate=8 May 2018|date=2011-11-18|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801463426|page=169}}</ref> [[Eleazar M. Meletinsky]]<ref>''The Poetics of Myth'', English translation p.&nbsp;74</ref> writes
+As did [[Alexander Marshack]], but earlier, Levy made an observation to the effect that in the earliest known representations of humans and animals together, the humans are shown without weapons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Govaerts|first=Robert|title=Cosmic Prayer and Guided Transformation: Key Elements of the Emergent Christian Cosmology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0hgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|access-date=8 May 2018|date=2012-08-29|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=9781630875909|page=96}}</ref> To the theory of [[hero archetypes]], she contributed in ''The Sword from the Rock'' a three-phase evolutionary pattern, considered neglected by Brown and Fishwick: creation narratives, then quest pattern, then fraternal conflict.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Browne|first1=Ray Broadus|last2=Fishwick|first2=Marshall William|title=The Hero in Transition|url=https://archive.org/details/herointransition00brow|url-access=registration|access-date=8 May 2018|year=1983|publisher=Popular Press|isbn=9780879722388|page=[https://archive.org/details/herointransition00brow/page/53 53]}}</ref> [[Theodore Ziolkowski]] states that Levy included much of ancient epic in the works that can be traced back to ritual.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ziolkowski|first=Theodore|title=Gilgamesh among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic|url=https://archive.org/details/gilgameshamongus00ziol|url-access=registration|access-date=8 May 2018|date=2011-11-18|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801463426|page=[https://archive.org/details/gilgameshamongus00ziol/page/169 169]}}</ref> [[Eleazar M. Meletinsky]]<ref>''The Poetics of Myth'', English translation p.&nbsp;74</ref> writes
 <blockquote>[...] the monumental epics of agrarian civilizations undoubtedly use models linked to seasonal rites [...] On this point, Levy's work is interesting, despite its exaggerations, and goes beyond [[Gilbert Murray|Murray]]'s pioneering efforts.</blockquote>
-Levy was an influence on [[Northrop Frye]], as he himself acknowledged, and references to her work are common in his "Third Book" and "Late" notebooks.<ref name="Frye2004">{{cite book|last=Frye|first=Northrop|title=Northrop Frye's Notebooks on Romance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcAhaEQ0J48C&pg=PA461|accessdate=8 May 2018|year=2004|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=9780802039477|pages=461 note 29}}</ref>
+Levy was an influence on [[Northrop Frye]], as he himself acknowledged, and references to her work are common in his "Third Book" and "Late" notebooks.<ref name="Frye2004">{{cite book|last=Frye|first=Northrop|title=Northrop Frye's Notebooks on Romance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcAhaEQ0J48C&pg=PA461|access-date=8 May 2018|year=2004|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=9780802039477|pages=461 note 29}}</ref>
 ==Works==
@@ Line 48: / Line 50: @@
 *''The Gate of Horn: A Study of the Religious Concepts of the Stone Age, and Their Influence upon European Thought'' (1948; republished 1963, Faber & Faber, {{ISBN|978-0571056606}})<ref>Reviews of ''The Gate of Horn'':
 *{{cite journal|last=Renard |first=Marcel |journal=Latomus |title=Review |year=1949 |pages=88&ndash;89| volume=8 |jstor=41516737}}
-*{{cite journal|last=Myres |first=John L. |title=Review |year=1949 |journal=Man |volume=49 |pages=21&ndash;22 |jstor=2792536}}
+*{{cite journal|last=Myres |first=John L. |title=Review |year=1949 |journal=Man |volume=49 |pages=21&ndash;22 |jstor=2792536|doi=10.2307/2792536 }}
 *{{cite journal|last=Wheelwright |first=Philip |title=Review: If the Lost Word Be Lost... |journal=The Sewanee Review |year=1951 |pages=348&ndash;362 |volume=59 |jstor=27538080}}
-*{{cite journal|last=White |first=Victor |title=Review |journal=Blackfriars |volume=30 |year=1949 |pages=179&ndash;181 |jstor=43812748}}
+*{{cite journal|last=White |first=Victor |title=Review |journal=Blackfriars |volume=30 |issue=349 |year=1949 |pages=179&ndash;181 |jstor=43812748|doi=10.1111/j.1741-2005.1949.tb00413.x }}
-*{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Sidney|title=Review|journal=Nature|volume=164|pages=333–334|date=27 August 1949|doi=10.1038/164333a0}}
+*{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Sidney|title=Review|journal=Nature|volume=164|pages=333–334|date=27 August 1949|doi=10.1038/164333a0|s2cid=4073391}}
-*{{cite journal|journal=The Antiquaries Journal|volume=29|issue=3–4|date=October 1949|page=213|title=Review|first=D. A. E.|last=Garrod|doi=10.1017/S0003581500017339}}
+*{{cite journal|journal=The Antiquaries Journal|volume=29|issue=3–4|date=October 1949|page=213|title=Review|first=D. A. E.|last=Garrod|doi=10.1017/S0003581500017339|s2cid=161295420 }}
-*{{cite journal|author=Raglan|journal=Folklore|volume=60|issue=3|date=September 1949|page=356|jstor=1256659|title=Review}}
+*{{cite journal|author=Raglan|journal=Folklore|volume=60|issue=3|date=September 1949|page=356|jstor=1256659|title=Review|doi=10.1080/0015587X.1949.9717922}}
 *{{cite journal|first=W.|last=den Boer|journal=Mnemosyne|series=Fourth Series|volume=2|issue=3|year=1949|pages=259–262|jstor=4427191|title=Review}}
 *{{cite journal|first=John|last=Layard|journal=Hibbert Journal|volume=47|page=200|year=1948|title=Review|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/LAYGRL}}
@@ Line 60: / Line 62: @@
 </ref>
 *''The Sword from the Rock: An Investigation into the Origins of Epic Literature and the Development of the Hero'' (1953)<ref>Reviews of ''The Sword from the Rock'':
-*{{cite journal|last=Norwood |first=Frances |journal=Classical Philology |year=1955 |pages=51&ndash;53 |volume=50 |jstor=266124 |title=Review}}
+*{{cite journal|last=Norwood |first=Frances |journal=Classical Philology |year=1955 |pages=51&ndash;53 |volume=50 |jstor=266124 |title=Review|doi=10.1086/363863 }}
-*{{cite journal|first=W. F. J.|last=Knight|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=77|issue=Part 2|year=1957|pages=318–319|title=Review|doi=10.2307/629380}}
+*{{cite journal|first=W. F. J.|last=Knight|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=77|issue=Part 2|year=1957|pages=318–319|title=Review|doi=10.2307/629380|jstor=629380|s2cid=162496648 }}
 *{{cite journal|first=H. J.|last=Rose|journal=Man|volume=53|date=August 1953|pages=124–125|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|jstor=2795642|title=Review}}
 *{{cite journal|first=M. H. A. L. H.|last=van der Valk|journal=Mnemosyne|series=Fourth Series|volume=9|issue=2|year=1956|pages=160–161|jstor=4427832|title=Review}}
-*{{cite journal|first=R. D.|last=Jameson|journal=Western Folklore|volume=16|issue=3|date=July 1957|pages=223–225|doi=10.2307/1497659|title=Review}}
+*{{cite journal|first=R. D.|last=Jameson|journal=Western Folklore|volume=16|issue=3|date=July 1957|pages=223–225|doi=10.2307/1497659|title=Review|jstor=1497659}}
 *{{cite journal|first=Louis|last=Le Breton|journal=Syria|volume=32|issue=1–2|year=1955|pages=131–134|jstor=4196897|title=Review}}
-*{{cite journal|last=Eissfeldt|first=O.|journal=Orientalistische Literaturzeitung|volume=52|date=January 1, 1957|page=108|url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1299183958|title=Review}}
+*{{cite journal|last=Eissfeldt|first=O.|journal=Orientalistische Literaturzeitung|volume=52|date=January 1, 1957|page=108|title=Review|id={{ProQuest|1299183958}}}}
-*{{cite journal|journal=The Antiquaries Journal|volume=34|issue=1-2|date=January 1954|page=86|title=Review|first=R. D.|last=Barnett|doi=10.1017/S0003581500073315}}
+*{{cite journal|journal=The Antiquaries Journal|volume=34|issue=1–2|date=January 1954|page=86|title=Review|first=R. D.|last=Barnett|doi=10.1017/S0003581500073315|s2cid=162494769 }}
-*{{cite journal|journal=Antiquity|volume=27|issue=108|date=December 1953|pages=248–249|title=Review|first=John L.|last=Myres|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00025138}}
+*{{cite journal|journal=Antiquity|volume=27|issue=108|date=December 1953|pages=248–249|title=Review|first=John L.|last=Myres|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00025138|s2cid=163679410 }}
 *{{cite journal|first=Adam|last=Falkenstein|journal=Gnomon|volume=26|issue=6|year=1954|pages=424–426|jstor=27680984|title=Review}}
 *{{cite journal|last=Bérard|first=Jean|journal=Revue des Études Anciennes|year=1954|volume=56|issue=1–2|pages=167–168|title=Review|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1954_num_56_1_3506_t1_0167_0000_2}}
 </ref>
 *''The Violet Crown: An Athenian Autobiography'' (1954)<ref>Review of ''The Violet Crown'':
-*{{cite journal|first=M. E.|last=White|journal=Phoenix|volume=10|issue=2|date=Summer 1956|pages=91–92|doi=10.2307/1086449|title=Review}}
+*{{cite journal|first=M. E.|last=White|journal=Phoenix|volume=10|issue=2|date=Summer 1956|pages=91–92|doi=10.2307/1086449|title=Review|jstor=1086449}}
 </ref>
 *''Plato in Sicily'' (1956)<ref>Reviews of ''Plato in Sicily'':
-*{{cite journal|last=Kerferd |first=G. B. |year=1957 |volume=7 |journal=The Classical Review |pages=256&ndash;257 |doi=10.1017/S0009840X00177327|jstor= 702022 |title=Review}}
+*{{cite journal|last=Kerferd |first=G. B. |year=1957 |volume=7 |journal=The Classical Review |pages=256&ndash;257 |doi=10.1017/S0009840X00177327|jstor= 702022 |title=Review|s2cid=170201545 }}
 *{{cite journal|author=I. D.|journal=Il Politico|volume=22|issue=1|date=May 1957|page=232|jstor=43204545|title=Review}}
 </ref>
@@ Line 101: / Line 103: @@
 [[Category:British non-fiction writers]]
 [[Category:Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London]]
-[[Category:British expatriates in Mandatory Palestine]]
+[[Category:British people in Mandatory Palestine]]
 [[Category:British expatriates in Iraq]]
 [[Category:British Jews]]
 [[Category:British people of German-Jewish descent]]
 [[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
+[[Category:20th-century British non-fiction writers]]
+[[Category:Cape Colony emigrants to the United Kingdom]]

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