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{{Short description|Indian box zither}}
{{for|1997 film by the same name|Dance of the Wind}}
{{For|1997 film by the same name|Dance of the Wind}}
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{{refimprove|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox instrument
[[File:Jasraj 001.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jasraj]] with a swarmandal]]
| name = Swarmandal
⚫
The '''''swarmandal''''' ({{lang-hi|स्वरमण्डल}} {{IPA-hi|s̪ʋərmən̪ɖəl̪|}}), '''''surmandal''''' or '''Indian harp''' is a plucked [[board zither]], originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], similar to the [[Qanun (instrument)|qanun]] that is today most commonly used as an accompanying instrument for vocal [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]].<ref name=grove>{{cite encyclopedia |author = Alastair Dick |editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |entry= Swarmandal |encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 3 |page=477 |quote=}}</ref> It is part of the culture of Northern India, used in concerts to accompany vocal music.<ref name=gov>{{cite web |title=SWARMANDAL |publisher = Government of India |url= https://www.indianculture.gov.in/node/2686909}}</ref> The name combines Sanscrit words ''svara'' (notes) and ''maṇḍala'' (circle),<ref name=grove/> representing its ability to produce many notes. The instrument may be the same as the 13th century 21-string instrument called the ''mattakokilā'' (intoxicated cuckoo).<ref name=grovesurman>{{cite encyclopedia |author = |editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |entry= Surmandal|encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 3 |page=477 |quote= in...[[Sangita Ratnakara|Sangītaratnākara]], a chordophone with 21 strings...is mentioned...does not make it clear whether this was a board zither or even whether the author had actually seen one...may have been a...harp-vīnā...}}</ref> The instrument was seen as equivalent by Ā'īn-i-akbarī in the Mughal period to the [[Qanun (instrument)|qanun]].<ref name=grove/>
| image = Jasraj 001.jpg
| image_size =250
| alt =Musician Jasraj with a swarmandal
| caption =Pundit [[Jasraj]] with a swarmandal
| background =string
| names =Surmandal
|classification=([[Chordophone]]), [[String instrument]]
|hornbostel_sachs=314.122-5,6
|hornbostel_sachs_desc=Resonated [[box zither]], plucked by fingers or a [[plectrum]]
| inventors =
| developed =Probably imported with conquerors or traders in medieval period and adapted to suit Indian culture. May have roots in a native instrument called the ''mattakokilā''.
| related = {{bulleted list|[[autoharp]]|[[board zither]]|[[zither|box zither]]|[[psaltery]]|[[Qanun (instrument)|qanun]]|}}
}}


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The '''''swarmandal''''' ({{langx|hi|स्वरमण्डल}} {{IPA|hi|s̪ʋərməɳɖəl̪|}}), '''''surmandal''''', or '''Indian harp''' is a plucked [[box zither]], originating from [[India]], similar to the [[Qanun (instrument)|qanun]] that is today most commonly used as an accompanying instrument for vocal [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]].<ref name=grove>{{cite encyclopedia |author = Alastair Dick |editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |entry= Swarmandal |encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 3 |page=477 |quote=}}</ref> It is part of the culture of Northern India and is used in concerts to accompany vocal music.<ref name=gov>{{cite web |title=SWARMANDAL |publisher = Government of India |url= https://www.indianculture.gov.in/node/2686909}}</ref> The name combines [[Sanskrit]] words ''svara'' (notes) and ''maṇḍala'' (circle),<ref name=grove/> representing its ability to produce many notes. The instrument was seen as equivalent by the [[Ain-i-Akbari|Ā'īn-i-akbarī]] to the [[Qanun (instrument)|qanun]].<ref name="grove" />
⚫
Modern swarmandals are similar to European [[psaltry|psaltries]]. [[Autoharp]]s are used as an equivalent instrument in India today, especially with the chord-button mechanism taken out. Modern swarmandals are "trapezoid or semi-trapezoid", and measure about 20 inches in length and 11 in width. Instruments may have as many as 40 strings; older instruments from the 19th century were recorded as having 21 strings.<ref name=grove/><ref name=Day>{{cite book |author= Charles Russell Day |title= The music and musical instruments of southern India and the Deccan |pages= 131-134 |section= Plate VIII Svarmandala |publisher= Novello, Ewer & Company |date= 1891 |place=New York & London|url= https://archive.org/details/musicmusicalinst00dayc/page/n183/mode/2up}}</ref> The strings are hooked in a nail lodged in the right edge of the swarmandal and on the left are wound around tuning pegs which can be tightened with a special key.<ref name=grove/> Wooden pegs were used instead of metal ones in the medieval period. A sharp {{convert|1/2|in|adj=on}} ridge on both sides of the swarmandal stands a little apart from the nails on which the strings are tightened. This ridge functions as a bridge on both sides. The swarmandal is similar to the [[autoharp]] or [[zither]] in many respects.


== Construction ==
In the 19th century, a writer commented that good performances on the instrument were rare, because the instrument was difficult to play, and at the time was expensive to buy.<ref name=Day/> Today, there are modern artists who have performed with the instrument. Some of the vocalists who have used this instrument extensively are [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]] (1902–1968), [[Salamat Ali Khan]] (1934–2003), [[Jasraj]] (b. 1930), [[Kishori Amonkar]] (1932–2017), [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]] (b. 1966) and [[Ajoy Chakrabarty]] (b. 1952). Other vocalists such as [[Amir Khan (singer)|Amir Khan]] have played around with it privately but preferred the simpler, less intrusive [[Tanpura|tanpura]] for accompaniment.
⚫
Modern swarmandals are similar to European [[psaltry|psaltries]]. [[Autoharp]]s are used as an equivalent instrument in India today, especially with the chord-button mechanism taken out. Modern swarmandals are trapezoidal and measure {{Convert|51|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{Convert|28|cm|in|abbr=on}} width. Instruments may have as many as 40 strings, while older instruments from the 19th century were recorded as having 21 strings.<ref name="grove" /><ref name="Day">{{cite book |author= Charles Russell Day |title= The music and musical instruments of southern India and the Deccan |pages= 131–134 |section= Plate VIII Svarmandala |publisher= Novello, Ewer & Company |date= 1891 |place=New York & London|url= https://archive.org/details/musicmusicalinst00dayc/page/n183/mode/2up}}</ref> The strings are hooked in a nail lodged in the right edge of the swarmandal and on the left are wound around tuning pegs which can be tightened with a special key.<ref name="grove" /> Wooden pegs were used instead of metal ones in the medieval period. A sharp {{convert|1/2|in|adj=on}} ridge on both sides of the swarmandal stands a little apart from the nails on which the strings are tightened. This ridge functions as a bridge on both sides. The swarmandal is similar to the [[autoharp]] or [[zither]] in many respects.


== History ==
[[The Beatles]]' 1967 single "[[Strawberry Fields Forever]]" features a swarmandal, played by [[George Harrison]], as does "[[Within You Without You]]" (played by Indian musicians), from the band's ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' album.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= Rolling Stone Magazine |title= Paul on Drums, George on Bass: 10 Great Beatles Instrument Swaps|author= Ryan Reed |date= 31 August 2019 |url= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/paul-on-drums-george-on-bass-10-great-beatles-instrument-swaps-65353/|quote= "Strawberry Fields Forever,"... McCartney adds Mellotron and booming timpani; Lennon supplements his inquisitive acoustic guitar progression with piano and bongos; Ringo pounds home decorative drum fills; and Harrison sneaks in descending lines with the swarmandal, an Indian harp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= Richard Havers |date= 15 March 2021 |title= The Making Of George Harrison’s ‘Within You Without You’ |website=U Discover Music |url= https://www.udiscovermusic.com/stories/within-you-without-you/ |quote= George was the only Beatle in the studio that day, and it’s him and Neil Aspinall playing tamburas, with the dilruba and swarmandal played by Indian musicians...}}</ref>
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{{Expand section|date=May 2022}}
The swarmandal may be the same as {{Speculation inline}} the 13th-century instrument known as the ''mattakokilā'' (intoxicated cuckoo).<ref name="grovesurman">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1984 |encyclopedia=The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |id=Volume 3 |editor-last=Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |page=477 |quote=in...[[Sangita Ratnakara|Sangītaratnākara]], a chordophone with 21 strings...is mentioned...does not make it clear whether this was a board zither or even whether the author had actually seen one...may have been a...harp-vīnā... |author= |entry=Surmandal}}</ref> In the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]], the swarmandal was seen as equivalent by the [[Ain-i-Akbari|Ā'īn-i-akbarī]] to the [[Qanun (instrument)|qanun]].<ref name="grove" /> In the 19th century, a writer{{Who|date=May 2022}} commented that good performances on the instrument were rare, because it was difficult to play and, at the time, expensive to buy.<ref name="Day" />

== In popular culture ==
Several modern artists have performed with the instrument. Some of the vocalists who have used it extensively are [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]], [[Salamat Ali Khan]], [[Jasraj]], [[Kishori Amonkar]], [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]], and [[Ajoy Chakrabarty]]. After travelling to India in late 1966, [[George Harrison]] introduced the swarmandal into [[the Beatles]]' sound on their 1967 single "[[Strawberry Fields Forever]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Babiuk|first=Andy|author-link=Andy Babiuk|year=2002|title=Beatles Gear: All the Fab Four's Instruments, from Stage to Studio|publisher=Backbeat Books|location=San Francisco, CA|isbn=978-0-87930-731-8|page=193|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Eo743Uh2UOEC}}}}</ref> He also played it on his Indian classical-style composition "[[Within You Without You]]", from the band's ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' album.<ref name="Elwood/SFExaminer">{{cite news|first=Philip|last=Elwood|title=Last Respects to Beatles in an Album That Turns on|work=[[San Francisco Examiner]]|date=3 June 1967}} Available at [https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/the-beatles-isgt-peppers-lonely-hearts-club-bandi-capitol-smas-2653 Rock's Backpages] (subscription required).</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Clayson|first=Alan|title=George Harrison|publisher=Sanctuary|location=London|year=2003|isbn=1-86074-489-3|pages=212–13}}</ref>


<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Bade Ghulam Ali Khan 2003 stamp of India.jpg|Bad Ghulam Ali Khan featured on a Indian stamp with the swarmandala.
File:Bade Ghulam Ali Khan 2003 stamp of India.jpg|Bade Ghulam Ali Khan featured on an Indian stamp with the swarmandal
⚫
File:Ustad rashid kan bharat bhavan bhopal (4).JPG|Rashid Khan playing swarmandal
File:Sharafat Ali Khan.jpeg|Salamat Ali Khan with his swarmandala.
File:Kishori Amankar 3.jpg|Kishori Amaonkar performing with her swarmandala.
⚫
File:Ustad rashid kan bharat bhavan bhopal (4).JPG|Rashid Khan playing swarmandala.
</gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Autoharp]]
* [[Drone (music)]]
* [[Drone (music)]]
* [[Hindustani classical music]]
* [[Zither]]
* [[Zither]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Zithers}}
{{Zithers}}
{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Hindustani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Hindustani musical instruments]]

Latest revision as of 11:40, 9 November 2024

For 1997 film by the same name, see Dance of the Wind.
Swarmandal
Musician Jasraj with a swarmandal
Pundit Jasraj with a swarmandal
String instrument
Other namesSurmandal
Classification (Chordophone), String instrument
Hornbostel–Sachs classification314.122-5,6
(Resonated box zither, plucked by fingers or a plectrum)
DevelopedProbably imported with conquerors or traders in medieval period and adapted to suit Indian culture. May have roots in a native instrument called the mattakokilā.
Related instruments

The swarmandal (Hindi: स्वरमण्डल [s̪ʋərməɳɖəl̪]), surmandal, or Indian harp is a plucked box zither, originating from India, similar to the qanun that is today most commonly used as an accompanying instrument for vocal Indian classical music.[1] It is part of the culture of Northern India and is used in concerts to accompany vocal music.[2] The name combines Sanskrit words svara (notes) and maṇḍala (circle),[1] representing its ability to produce many notes. The instrument was seen as equivalent by the Ā'īn-i-akbarī to the qanun.[1]

Construction

[edit]

Modern swarmandals are similar to European psaltries. Autoharps are used as an equivalent instrument in India today, especially with the chord-button mechanism taken out. Modern swarmandals are trapezoidal and measure 51 cm (20 in) in length and 28 cm (11 in) width. Instruments may have as many as 40 strings, while older instruments from the 19th century were recorded as having 21 strings.[1][3] The strings are hooked in a nail lodged in the right edge of the swarmandal and on the left are wound around tuning pegs which can be tightened with a special key.[1] Wooden pegs were used instead of metal ones in the medieval period. A sharp 1⁄2-inch (13 mm) ridge on both sides of the swarmandal stands a little apart from the nails on which the strings are tightened. This ridge functions as a bridge on both sides. The swarmandal is similar to the autoharp or zither in many respects.

History

[edit]

The swarmandal may be the same as [speculation?] the 13th-century instrument known as the mattakokilā (intoxicated cuckoo).[4] In the Mughal period, the swarmandal was seen as equivalent by the Ā'īn-i-akbarī to the qanun.[1] In the 19th century, a writer[who?] commented that good performances on the instrument were rare, because it was difficult to play and, at the time, expensive to buy.[3]

[edit]

Several modern artists have performed with the instrument. Some of the vocalists who have used it extensively are Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan, Jasraj, Kishori Amonkar, Rashid Khan, and Ajoy Chakrabarty. After travelling to India in late 1966, George Harrison introduced the swarmandal into the Beatles' sound on their 1967 single "Strawberry Fields Forever".[5] He also played it on his Indian classical-style composition "Within You Without You", from the band's Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.[6][7]

  • Bade Ghulam Ali Khan featured on an Indian stamp with the swarmandal
    Bade Ghulam Ali Khan featured on an Indian stamp with the swarmandal
  • Rashid Khan playing swarmandal
    Rashid Khan playing swarmandal

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Alastair Dick (1984). "Swarmandal". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. p. 477. Volume 3.
  2. ^ "SWARMANDAL". Government of India.
  3. ^ a b Charles Russell Day (1891). "Plate VIII Svarmandala". The music and musical instruments of southern India and the Deccan. New York & London: Novello, Ewer & Company. pp. 131–134.
  4. ^ Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1984). "Surmandal". The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. p. 477. Volume 3. in...Sangītaratnākara, a chordophone with 21 strings...is mentioned...does not make it clear whether this was a board zither or even whether the author had actually seen one...may have been a...harp-vīnā...
  5. ^ Babiuk, Andy (2002). Beatles Gear: All the Fab Four's Instruments, from Stage to Studio. San Francisco, CA: Backbeat Books. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-87930-731-8.
  6. ^ Elwood, Philip (3 June 1967). "Last Respects to Beatles in an Album That Turns on". San Francisco Examiner. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
  7. ^ Clayson, Alan (2003). George Harrison. London: Sanctuary. pp. 212–13. ISBN 1-86074-489-3.
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