Jump to content

List of language families: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
UP3~enwiki (talk | contribs)
133 edits
m interwiki
m unbalanced brackets; template ISBN
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|none}}
==Some major language families==
This article is a '''list of language families'''. This list only includes primary [[Language family|language families]] that are accepted by the current [[Scientific consensus|academic consensus]] in the field of [[linguistics]]; for language families that are not accepted by the current academic consensus in the field of linguistics, see the article "[[List of proposed language families]]".
*'''[[Afro-Asiatic]]'''
*'''[[Altaic]]'''
*'''[[Austro-Asiatic]]'''
*'''[[Austronesian]]'''
*'''[[Caucasian languages|Caucasian]]'''
*'''[[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]'''
*'''[[Eskimo-Aleut languages|Eskimo-Aleut]]'''
*'''[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]'''
*'''[[Khoisan languages|Khoisan]]'''
*'''[[Na-Dené languages|Na-Dené]]'''
*'''[[Niger-Congo]]'''
*'''[[Nilo-Saharan]]'''
*'''[[Pama-Nyungan languages|Pama-Nyungan]]'''
*'''[[Sino-Tibetan]]'''
*'''[[Tai-Kadai]]'''
*'''[[Uralic]]'''


==Largest families==
==List of language families==
===Spoken language families===
According to the numbers in [[Ethnologue]][http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp], the largest language families in terms of number of languages are:
<gallery>
File:Primary Human Languages Improved Version.png|Map of the main language families of the world
File:Africa ethnic groups 1996.jpg|The language families of Africa
File:Austronesia Map.jpg|Map of the Austronesian languages
File:Dravidian subgroups.png|Map of major Dravidian languages
File:Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia.png|Distribution of the Indo-European language family branches across Eurasia
File:Area of Papuan languages.svg|Area of the Papuan languages
File:Australian language families.png|Map of the Australian languages
File:Langs N.Amer.png|Distribution of language families and isolates north of Mexico at first contact
File:SouthAmerican families 02.png|The major South American language families
File:Ethnolinguistic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia.png|Ethnolinguistic groups of mainland Southeast Asia
File:Caucasian Peoples and Languages as of 1990-2010.gif|Caucasian languages
File:Linguistic map of the Altaic, Turkic and Uralic languages (en).png|Distribution of the Uralic, Altaic, and Yukaghir languages
</gallery>


{{Sticky header}}
#[[Niger-Congo]] (1514 languages)
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:center;"
#[[Austronesian]] (1268 languages)
|-
#[[Trans-New Guinea]] (564 languages) (validity disputed)
!Family
#[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] (449 languages)
!data-sort-type=number | Languages<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 5.0 - |url=https://glottolog.org/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=glottolog.org}}</ref>
#[[Sino-Tibetan]] (403 languages)
!data-sort-type=number | Current speakers<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/largest-families|title=What are the largest language families?|date=May 25, 2019|website=Ethnologue}}</ref>
#[[Afro-Asiatic]] (375 languages)
!Location
#[[Nilo-Saharan]] (204 languages)
!Proposed parent family
#[[Pama-Nyungan languages|Pama-Nyungan]] (178 languages)
|-
#[[Oto-Manguean]] (174 languages) (number disputed; [[Lyle Campbell]] includes only 27)
|[[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]
#[[Austro-Asiatic]] (169 languages)
|381
#[[Sepik-Ramu]] (100 languages) (validity disputed)
|499,294,669
#[[Tai-Kadai]] (76 languages)
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]], [[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
#[[Tupi languages|Tupi]] (76 languages)
|
#[[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] (73 languages)
|-
#[[Mayan languages|Mayan]] (69 languages)
|[[Aroid languages|Aroid]]
|5
|438,100
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]
|-
|[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
|1,410
|500,000,000
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
|-
|[[Berta languages|Berta]]
|6
|380,000
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Central Sudanic languages|Central Sudanic]]
|63
|9,145,280
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Daju languages|Daju]]
|7
|261,000
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Dizoid languages|Dizoid]]
|3
|88,840
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]
|-
|[[Dogon languages|Dogon]]
|20
|630,820
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
|-
|[[Eastern Jebel languages|Eastern Jebel]]
|4
|104,600
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Fur languages|Fur]]
|2
|786,900
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Bʼaga languages|Gumuz]]
|3
|253,680
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Heiban languages|Heiban]]
|10
|276,690
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
|-
|[[Ijaw languages|Ijaw]]
|9
|3,221,650
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
|-
|[[Kadu languages|Kadu]]
|6
|120,600
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Katloid languages|Katla-Tima]]
|3
|25,000
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
|-
|[[Khoe–Kwadi languages|Khoe-Kwadi]]
|14
|337,337
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|
|-
|[[Koman languages|Koman]]
|5
|94,000
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Kresh-Aja languages|Kresh-Aja]]
|3
|48,200
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Central Sudanic languages|Central Sudanic]]
|-
|[[Kru languages|Kru]]
|38
|3,800,000
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
|-
|[[Kuliak languages|Kuliak]]
|3
|14,070
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Kunama languages|Kunama]]
|2
|181,000
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Kx'a languages|Kx'a]]
|5
|104,000
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|
|-
|[[Maban languages|Maban]]
|10
|1,115,260
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Mande languages|Mande]]
|75
|27,003,000
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
|-
|[[Nilotic languages|Nilotic]]
|55
|33,306,780
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Nubian languages|Nubian]]
|13
|842,050
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Nyima languages|Nyima]]
|2
|162,000
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Rashad languages|Rashad]]
|2
|126,000
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
|-
|[[Saharan languages|Saharan]]
|10
|10,940,500
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Songhay languages|Songhay]]
|10
|3,228,000
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Surmic languages|Surmic]]
|11
|544,680
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|
|-
|[[Talodi languages|Talodi]]
|8
|112,250
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
|-
|[[Taman languages|Taman]]
|4
|128,800
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|
|-
|[[Ta-Ne-Omotic languages|Ta-Ne-Omotic]]
|23
|7,383,320
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]
|-
|[[Temein languages|Temein]]
|2
|14,400
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
|-
|[[Tuu languages|Tuu]]
|9
|2,500
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|
|-
|[[Zande languages|Zande]]
|6
|1,898,500
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]]
|
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
|586
|3,237,999,904
|[[Languages of Europe|Eurasia]]
|
|-
|[[Uralic languages|Uralic]]
|49
|20,716,457
|[[Languages of Europe|Eurasia]]
|
|-
|[[Tyrsenian languages|Tyrsenian]]
|3 or 4
|extinct
|[[Languages of Europe|Eurasia]]
|
|-
|-
|[[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
|35
|179,945,933
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[Altaic languages|Altaic]] (controversial)
|-
|[[Hurro-Urartian languages|Hurro-Urartian]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[Alarodian languages|Alarodian]]
|-
|[[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]]
|4
|1,655,000
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[North Caucasian languages|North Caucasian]]
|-
|[[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]]
|29<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/north-caucasian-1|title=North Caucasian|website=Ethnologue|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702003822/http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/north-caucasian-1|archive-date=July 2, 2016|access-date=July 17, 2016}}</ref>
|4,155,258
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[North Caucasian languages|North Caucasian]] or [[Alarodian languages|Alarodian]]
|-
|[[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]]
|5
|4,850,000
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|
|-
|[[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]
|84
|252,807,610
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|
|-
|[[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]]
|10
|3
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|
|-
|[[Ongan languages|Ongan]]
|2
|296
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|
|-
|[[Yeniseian languages|Yeniseian]]
|5
|153
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|
|-
|[[Yukaghir languages|Yukaghir]]
|4
|516
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|
|-
|[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
|514
|1,385,995,195
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|
|-
|[[Mijiic languages|Mijiic]]
|2
|29,500
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
|-
|[[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]
|43
|9,332,070
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[Miao–Dai languages|Miao–Dai]] or [[Austric languages|Austric]]
|-
|[[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai]]
|95
|81,549,828
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[Austro-Tai languages|Austro-Tai]]
|-
|[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]
|158
|116,323,040
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[Austric languages]]
|-
|[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]
|1,274
|325,862,510
|[[Languages of Africa|Africa]], [[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]], [[Languages of Oceania|Oceania]]
|[[Austro-Tai languages|Austro-Tai]]
|-
|[[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]]
|15
|55,800
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[Altaic languages|Altaic]] (controversial)
|-
|[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
|16
|7,269,480
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[Altaic languages|Altaic]] (controversial)
|-
|[[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]]
|2
|77,269,890
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[Altaic languages|Altaic]] (controversial)
|-
|[[Nivkh languages|Nivkh]]
|2
|200
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages|Nivkh–Kamchukotic]]
|-
|[[Japonic languages|Japonic]]
|13
|129,240,180
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[Altaic languages|Altaic]] (controversial)
|-
|[[Ainu languages|Ainu]]
|3
|2 <!-- 5+ (2008) at [[Ainu language]] -->
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[Altaic languages|Altaic]] (controversial)
|-
|[[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|Chukotko-Kamchatkan]]
|7
|6,875
|[[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|[[Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages|Nivkh–Kamchukotic]]
|-
|[[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea]]
|376
|3,678,184
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Torricelli languages|Torricelli]]
|57
|114,565
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Sepik languages|Sepik]]
|49
|263,404
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Lower Sepik languages|Lower Sepik]]
|6
|13,070
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|[[Ramu–Lower Sepik languages]]
|-
|[[Timor–Alor–Pantar languages|Timor–Alor–Pantar]]
|23
|380,120
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|[[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea]]
|-
|[[Lakes Plain languages|Lakes Plain]]
|20
|8,455
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Yam languages|Yam]]
|19
|7,677
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Anim languages|Anim]]
|17
|32,898
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|[[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea]]
|-
|[[Border languages (New Guinea)|Border]]
|15
|17,080
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[North Halmahera languages|North Halmahera]]
|15
|279,035
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|[[West Papuan languages|West Papuan]]
|-
|[[Angan languages|Angan]]
|13
|103,739
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|[[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea]]
|-
|[[Geelvink Bay languages|Geelvink Bay]]
|10
|8,005
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Sko languages|Sko]]
|10
|5,665
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[South Bougainville languages|South Bougainville]]
|9
|68,700
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Baining languages|Baining]]
|6
|13,800
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Strickland languages|Strickland]]
|8
|6,175
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Goilalan languages|Goilalan]]
|6
|47,330
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Kiwaian languages|Kiwaia]]
|6
|38,030
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Left May languages|Left May]]
|6
|2,005
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|[[Left May – Kwomtari languages|Left May – Kwomtari]]
|-
|[[Nuclear South Bird's Head languages|South Bird's Head]]
|6
|8,200
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Eleman languages|Eleman]]
|5
|45,240
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Foja Range languages|Foja Range]]
|26
|23,845
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Pauwasi languages|Pauwasi]]
|5
|3,880
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[West Bird's Head languages|West Bird's Head]]
|5
|20,090
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|[[West Papuan languages|West Papuan]]
|-
|[[Yuat languages|Yuat]]
|5
|7,700
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Eastern Trans-Fly languages|Eastern Trans-Fly]]
|4
|6,760
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[North Bougainville languages|North Bougainville]]
|4
|10,020
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Demta–Sentani languages|Demta–Sentani]]
|4
|36,680
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Gogodala–Suki languages|Gogodala–Suki]]
|4
|30,160
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Kikorian languages|Kikorian]]
|6
|13,510
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Walio languages|Walio]]
|4
|856
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[East Bird's Head languages|East Bird's Head]]
|3
|34,800
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|[[West Papuan languages|West Papuan]]
|-
|[[Mairasi languages|Mairasi]]
|3
|4,385
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Amto–Musan languages|Amto–Musan]]
|2
|720
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Fas languages|Baibai-Fas]]
|2
|2,840
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|[[Left May – Kwomtari languages|Left May – Kwomtari]], [[Kwomtari–Fas languages|Kwomtari–Fas]]
|-
|[[Bulaka River languages|Bulaka River]]
|3
|520
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Hatam-Mansim languages|Hatam-Mansim]]
|2
|16,000
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|[[West Papuan languages|West Papuan]]
|-
|[[Inanwatan–Duriankere languages|Inanwatan–Duriankere]]
|2
|1,130
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Kaure-Kosare languages|Kaure-Kosare]]
|2
|700
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Konda-Yahadian languages|Konda-Yahadian]]
|2
|1,000
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Senu River languages|Senu River]]
|3
|1,510
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|[[Left May – Kwomtari languages|Left May–Kwomtari]] or [[Kwomtari–Fas languages|Kwomtari–Fas]]
|-
|[[South Pauwasi languages|Lepki-Murkim-Kembra]]
|3
|840
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Namla-Tofanma languages|Namla-Tofanma]]
|2
|280
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Pahoturi languages|Pahoturi]]
|2
|4,050
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Madang-Upper Yuat languages|Madang-Upper Yuat]]
|112
|more than ten thousand
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Senagi languages|Senagi]]
|2
|2,960
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Taulil-Butam languages|Taulil-Butam]]
|2
|2,000
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Ramu languages|Ramu]]
|29
|64,730
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|[[Ramu–Lower Sepik languages|Ramu–Lower Sepik]]
|-
|[[Teberan–Pawaian languages|Teberan–Pawaian]]
|4
|37,100
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Yawa languages|Yawa-Saweru]]
|2
|10,300
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|[[West Papuan languages|West Papuan]]
|-
|[[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomon]]
|4
|14,800
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Chimbu-Wahgi languages|Chimbu-Wahgi]]
|15
|613,400
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Engan languages|Engan]]
|9
|606,930
|[[Papuan languages|New Guinea]]
|
|-
|[[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
|250
|23,539
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Gunwinyguan languages|Gunwinyguan]]
|5
|1,314
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Western Daly languages|Western Daly]]
|3
|21 <!-- thereof: [[Marrithiyel language]] "15 (2016 census)" The Marri Amu dialect is part of a language revival project -->
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Nyulnyulan languages|Nyulnyulan]]
|3
|94
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Worrorran languages|Worrorran]]
|3
|108
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Mirndi languages|Mirndi]]
|3
|261
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Iwaidjan languages|Iwaidjan]]
|4
|491
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|[[Arnhem Land languages|Arnhem]]
|-
|[[Mangarrayi-Maran languages|Mangarrayi-Maran]]
|4
|10
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Maningrida languages|Maningrida]]
|4
|1,434
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|[[Arnhem Land languages|Arnhem]]
|-
|[[Tangkic languages|Tangkic]]
|4
|73
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Jarrakan languages|Jarrakan]]
|3
|130
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Bunuban languages|Bunuban]]
|2
|100
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Eastern Daly languages|Eastern Daly]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Garrwan languages|Garrwan]]
|2
|130
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Limilngan languages|Limilngan-Wulna]]
|2
|23
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Marrku-Wurrugu languages|Marrku-Wurrugu]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Northeastern Tasmanian languages|Northeastern Tasmanian]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Northern Daly languages|Northern Daly]]
|2
|8
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Southeastern Tasmanian languages|Southeastern Tasmanian]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Western Tasmanian languages|Western Tasmanian]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Northern Tasmanian languages|Northern Tasmanian]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Indigenous Australian languages|Australia]]
|
|-
|[[Eskaleut languages|Eskaleut]]
|10
|108,705
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]], [[Languages of Asia|Eurasia]]
|
|-
|[[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dene]]
|46
|208,552
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|
|-
|[[Tsimshianic languages|Tsimshianic]]
|4
|2,910
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Penutian languages|Penutian]]
|-
|[[Wakashan languages|Wakashan]]
|6
|710
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|
|-
|[[Salishan languages|Salishan]]
|25
|1,969
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|
|-
|[[Chimakuan languages|Chimakuan]]
|2
|<!-- 3 -->extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|
|-
|[[Chinookan languages|Chinookan]]
|4
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Penutian languages|Penutian]]
|-
|[[Kalapuyan languages|Kalapuyan]]
|3
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Penutian languages|Penutian]]
|-
|[[Coosan languages|Coosan]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Penutian languages|Penutian]]
|-
|[[Sahaptian languages|Sahaptian]]
|4
|125
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Penutian languages|Penutian]]
|-
|[[Shastan languages|Shastan]]
|4
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Hokan languages|Hokan]]
|-
|[[Pakawan languages|Pakawan]]
|5
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Hokan languages|Hokan]]
|-
|[[Yuki–Wappo languages|Yuki–Wappo]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|
|-
|[[Pomoan languages|Pomoan]]
|7
|47
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Hokan languages|Hokan]]
|-
|[[Wintuan languages|Wintuan]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Penutian languages|Penutian]]
|-
|[[Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]]
|2
|10
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Hokan languages|Hokan]]
|-
|[[Maiduan languages|Maiduan]]
|4
|3<!-- Konkow was reported to have 3 elderly speakers in 2007: "three remaining elders who learned to speak it as a first language, one of whom is deaf" Since 2002, a dialect which could be called "Modern Konkow," -->
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Penutian languages|Penutian]]
|-
|[[Utian languages|Utian]]
|13
|18
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Penutian languages|Penutian]]
|-
|[[Chumashan languages|Chumashan]]
|6
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|
|-
|[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]
|58
|1,910,442
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Aztec–Tanoan languages|Aztec–Tanoan]]
|-
|[[Yuman–Cochimí languages|Yuman–Cochimí]]
|12
|3,710
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Hokan languages|Hokan]]
|-
|[[Siouan languages|Siouan]]
|14
|33,399
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Macro-Siouan languages|Macro-Siouan]]
|-
|[[Algic languages|Algic]]
|47
|214,768
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|
|-
|[[Tanoan languages|Tanoan–Kiowa]]
|6
|6,000
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Aztec–Tanoan languages|Aztec–Tanoan]]
|-
|[[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]]
|5
|46
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Macro-Siouan languages|Macro-Siouan]]
|-
|[[Totonacan languages|Totonacan]]
|12
|282,250
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Totozoquean languages|Totozoquean]]
|-
|[[Oto-Manguean languages|Oto-Manguean]]
|176
|1,678,214
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|
|-
|[[Mixe–Zoque languages|Mixe–Zoque]]
|17
|153,612
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Totozoquean languages|Totozoquean]]
|-
|[[Tequistlatecan languages|Tequistlatecan]]
|3
|5,494
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Hokan languages|Hokan]]
|-
|[[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]]
|6
|15,640
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Gulf languages|Gulf]]
|-
|[[Mayan languages|Mayan]]
|31
|6,522,182
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|
|-
|[[Xincan languages|Xincan]]
|5
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Macro-Chibchan languages|Macro-Chibchan]]
|-
|[[Jicaquean languages|Jicaquean]]
|2
|500
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Hokan languages|Hokan]]
|-
|[[Lencan languages|Lencan]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Macro-Chibchan languages|Macro-Chibchan]] or [[Hokan languages|Hokan]]
|-
|[[Misumalpan languages|Misumalpan]]
|5
|709,000
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Macro-Chibchan languages|Macro-Chibchan]]
|-
|[[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]]
|9
|14,543
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]]
|[[Macro-Siouan languages|Macro-Siouan]]
|-
|[[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]]
|77
|699,709
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]], [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Macro-Arawakan languages|Macro-Arawakan]]
|-
|[[Chibchan languages|Chibchan]]
|27
|306,267
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]], [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Macro-Chibchan languages|Macro-Chibchan]]
|-
|[[Choco languages|Chocoan]]
|9
|114,600
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]], [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Carib languages|Cariban]]
|42
|67,376
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|North America]], [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Je–Tupi–Carib languages|Je–Tupi–Carib]]
|-
|[[Barbacoan languages|Barbacoan]]
|6
|24,800
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Macro-Paesan languages|Macro-Paesan]]
|-
|[[Jivaroan languages|Chicham]]
|4
|89,630
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Quechuan languages|Quechuan]]
|45
|7,768,820
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Aymaran languages|Aymaran]]
|4
|2,808,740
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Uru–Chipaya languages|Uru–Chipaya]]
|2
|1,200
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Huarpean languages|Huarpean]]
|3
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Araucanian languages|Araucanian]]
|2
|262,000
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Chonan languages|Chonan]]
|6
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Moseten–Chonan languages|Moseten–Chonan]]
|-
|[[Alacalufan languages|Alacalufan]]
|3
|12
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Guajiboan languages|Guajiboan]]
|5
|39,290
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Macro-Arawakan languages|Macro-Arawakan]]
|-
|[[Nukak-Kakwa languages|Nukak-Kakwa]]
|2
|610
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Macro-Puinavean languages|Macro-Puinavean]]
|-
|[[Otomákoan languages|Otomákoan]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Macro-Otomákoan languages|Macro-Otomákoan]]
|-
|[[Piaroa–Saliban languages|Piaroa–Saliban]]
|3
|18,630
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Nadahup languages|Nadahup]]
|4
|2,894
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Macro-Puinavean languages|Macro-Puinavean]]
|-
|[[Yanomaman languages|Yanomaman]]
|4
|31,670
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan]]
|23
|30,308
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Boran languages|Boran]]
|2
|1,500
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Bora–Witoto languages|Bora–Witoto]]
|-
|[[Witotoan languages|Witotoan]]
|7
|17,478
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Bora–Witoto languages|Bora–Witoto]]
|-
|[[Peba–Yaguan languages|Peba–Yaguan]]
|3
|5,700
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Saparo–Yawan languages|Saparo–Yawan]]
|-
|[[Zaparoan languages|Zaparoan]]
|3
|90
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Saparo–Yawan languages|Saparo–Yawan]]
|-
|[[Hibito–Cholon languages|Hibito–Cholon]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Cahuapanan languages|Cahuapanan]]
|2
|10,370
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Ticuna–Yuri languages|Ticuna–Yuri]]
|2
|48,580
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Panoan languages|Panoan]]
|38
|48,679
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Macro-Panoan languages|Macro-Panoan]]
|-
|[[Arawan languages|Arawan]]
|6
|5,870
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Katukinan languages|Katukinan]]
|2
|10
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Macro-Puinavean languages|Macro-Puinavean]]
|-
|[[Harákmbut languages|Harákmbut]]
|2
|2,220
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Harákmbut–Katukinan languages|Harákmbut–Katukinan]] or [[Macro-Otomákoan languages|Macro-Otomákoan]]
|-
|[[Tupian languages|Tupian]]
|70
|5,026,502
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Je–Tupi–Carib languages|Je–Tupi–Carib]]
|-
|[[Chapacuran languages|Chapacuran]]
|4
|2,019
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Wamo–Chapakura languages|Wamo–Chapakura]]
|-
|[[Nambikwaran languages|Nambikwaran]]
|6
|1,068
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Bororoan languages|Bororoan]]
|3
|1,392
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Macro-Jê languages|Macro-Jê]]
|-
|[[Kariri languages|Kariri]]
|4
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Macro-Jê languages|Macro-Jê]]
|-
|[[Zamucoan languages|Zamucoan]]
|2
|5,900
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Tacanan languages|Tacanan]]
|7
|2,860
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Macro-Panoan languages]]
|-
|[[Mascoian languages|Mascoian]]
|6
|20,728
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Mataco–Guaicuru languages|Mataco–Guaicuru]]
|-
|[[Matacoan languages|Matacoan]]
|7
|60,280
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Mataco–Guaicuru languages|Mataco–Guaicuru]]
|-
|[[Guaicuruan languages|Guaicuruan]]
|4
|49,350
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Mataco–Guaicuru languages|Mataco–Guaicuru]]
|-
|[[Macro-Jê languages|Macro-Jê]]
|29
|51,093
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Je–Tupi–Carib languages|Je–Tupi–Carib]]
|-
|[[Charruan languages|Charruan]]
|3
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Mataco–Guaicuru languages|Mataco–Guaicuru]]
|-
|[[Kamakã languages|Kamakanan]]
|4
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Macro-Jê languages|Macro-Jê]]
|-
|[[Purian languages|Purian]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|[[Macro-Jê languages|Macro-Jê]]
|-
|[[Puquina language|Puquina]]
|4
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Catacaoan languages|Catacaoan]]
|3
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Jirajaran languages|Jirajaran]]
|3
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Lule-Vilela languages|Lule-Vilela]]
|2
|extinct
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Timotean languages|Timotean]]
|2
|200
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|-
|[[Tiniguan languages|Tiniguan]]
|3
|1
|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|South America]]
|
|}


== Language families (spoken) ==
===Sign language families===
{{See also|List of sign languages|Sign Language#Classification}}
In the following, each "bulleted" item is a known or suspected language family. The geographic headings over them are meant solely as a tool for grouping families into collections more comprehensible than an unstructured list of the dozen or two of independent families. Geographic relationship is convenient for that purpose, but these headings are ''not'' a suggestion of any "super-families" phylogenetically relating the families named.
The family relationships of [[sign languages]] are not well established due to a lagging in linguistic research, and many are [[:Category:Sign language isolates|isolates]] (cf. [[Henri Wittmann|Wittmann]] 1991).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wittmann|first=Henri|year=1991|title=Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement|journal=Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée|volume=10|issue=1|pages=215–288|url=http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1991a-class.pdf|language=fr}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
=== [[Africa]] and [[southwest Asia]] ===
|-
[[Image:African languages.png|right|200px]]
! scope="col" | Family Name
#[[Afro-Asiatic languages]] (formerly Hamito-Semitic)
! scope="col" | Location
#[[Niger-Congo languages]] (sometimes Niger-Kordofanian)
! scope="col" | Number of
#[[Nilo-Saharan languages]]
|-
#[[Khoe languages]] (part of the [[Khoisan languages|Khoisan]] proposal)
| [[French Sign Language family|French Sign]] || Europe, the Americas, Francophone Africa, parts of Asia || Over 50
#[[Tuu languages]] (part of Khoisan)
|-
| [[BANZSL|British Sign]] || [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]] || 4–10
|-
| [[Arab Sign Language family|Arab Sign]] || Much of the [[Arab World]] || 6–10
|-
| [[Japanese Sign Language family|Japanese Sign]] || [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Taiwan]] || 3
|-
| [[German Sign Language family|German Sign]] || [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[Israel]] || 3
|-
| [[Swedish Sign Language family|Swedish Sign]] || [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], [[Portugal]] || 3
|-
| [[Chinese Sign Language|Chinese Sign]] || [[China]] (including [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]) || 2
|}


== See also ==
=== [[Europe]], and [[North Asia|north]], [[West Asia|west]], and [[south Asia]] ===
[[Image:Europa-Lingvoj--RS2006030842.jpg|320px|right|thumb|Map showing the approximate current distribution of languages in Europe.]]
#[[Indo-European languages]]
#[[Dravidian languages]]
#[[Northwest Caucasian languages]] (often included in [[North Caucasian languages|North Caucasian]])
#[[Northeast Caucasian languages]] (often included in North Caucasian)
#[[Hurro-Urartian languages]] ([[extinct language|extinct]], perhaps related to Northeast Caucasian)
#[[South Caucasian languages|Kartvelian]] (South Caucasian)
#[[Altaic languages]]
#[[Uralic languages]]
#[[Yukaghir languages]] (perhaps related to Uralic)
#[[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages]]
#[[Yeniseian languages]] (perhaps related to Burushaski)
#[[Andamanese languages]] (perhaps two families)


* {{annotated link|Constructed language}}
=== [[East Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]] and [[the Pacific]] ===
* {{annotated link|Endangered language}}
#[[Austroasiatic languages]]
* [[Ethnologue#Language families]]
#[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) languages]]
* {{annotated link|Extinct language}}
#[[Hmong-Mien languages]]
* [[Index of language articles]]
#[[Japonic languages]] (or [[Fuyu languages]])
* {{annotated link|Intercontinental Dictionary Series}}
#[[Sino-Tibetan languages]]
* {{annotated link|International auxiliary language}}
#[[Tai-Kadai languages]]
* [[Glottolog#Language families]]
* [[Language isolate#List of language isolates by continent]]
* [[Lists of languages]]
* [[List of proposed language families]]


=== [[Papuan languages]]===
== References ==
{{reflist}}
#[[East Papuan languages|Baining languages]]
#[[Border languages (New Guinea)|Border languages]]
#[[East Papuan languages|Central Solomons languages]]
#[[East Bird's Head-Sentani languages]]
#[[Eastern Trans-Fly languages]] ''(one in Australia)''
#[[Geelvink Bay languages|East Geelvink Bay languages]]
#[[Lakes Plain languages]] ''(upper Mamberamo River)''
#[[Left May-Kwomtari languages]]
#[[Mairasi languages]]
#[[Nimboran languages]]
#[[East Papuan languages|North Bougainville languages]]
#[[Piawi languages]]
#[[Ramu-Lower Sepik languages]]
#[[Senagi languages]]
#[[Sepik languages]]
#[[Sko languages|Skou languages]]
#[[East Papuan languages|South Bougainville languages]]
#[[South-Central Papuan languages]]
#[[Tor-Kwerba languages]]
#[[Torricelli languages]]
#[[West Papuan languages]]
#[[Yuat languages]]

===[[Australian Aboriginal languages]]===
#[[Bunaban languages]]
#[[Daly languages]]
#[[Limilngan languages]]
#[[Djeragan languages]]
#[[Nyulnyulan languages]]
#[[Wororan languages]]
#[[Mindi languages]]
#[[Arnhem Land languages]] (3 families and 2 isolates)
#[[Gunwinyguan languages]]
#[[Pama-Nyungan languages]]

=== [[North America]] ===
[[Image:Langs N.Amer.png|thumb|Distribution of language families and isolates north of Mexico at first contact.]]
: '''''See main article, [[Native American languages]]'''''
#[[Algic languages]] (incl. [[Algonquian languages]]) (29)
#[[Alsean languages]] (2)
#[[Caddoan languages]] (5)
#[[Chimakuan languages]] (2)
#[[Chinookan|Chinookan languages]] (3)
#[[Chumashan languages]] (6)
#[[Comecrudan languages]] (3)
#[[Coosan languages]] (2)
#[[Eskimo-Aleut languages]] (7)
#[[Guacurian languages]] (a.k.a. Waikurian) (8)
#[[Iroquoian languages]] (11)
#[[Kalapuya|Kalapuyan languages]] (3)
#[[Kiowa-Tanoan languages]] (7)
#[[Maidu|Maiduan languages]] (4)
#[[Mayan languages]] ([[North America]] & [[Central America]]) (31)
#[[Muskogean languages]] (6)
#[[Na-Dené languages]] (40)
#[[Oto-Manguean languages]] ([[North America]] & [[Central America]]) (27)
#[[Palaihnihan languages]] (2)
#[[Plateau Penutian languages]] (a.k.a. Shahapwailutan) (4)
#[[Pomoan languages]] (7)
#[[Salishan languages]] (23)
#[[Shastan languages]] (4)
#[[Siouan languages]] (16)
#[[Tequistlatecan languages]] (3)
#[[Totonacan languages]] (2)
#[[Tsimshian|Tsimshian languages]] (2)
#[[Utian languages]] (12)
#[[Uto-Aztecan languages]] (31)
#[[Wakashan languages]] (6)
#[[Wintu|Wintuan languages]] (4)
#[[Yokutsan languages]] (3)
#[[Yukian languages]] (2)
#[[Yuman-Cochimí languages]] (11)

=== [[Central America]] and [[South America]] ===
: '''''See main article, [[Native American languages]]'''''
#[[Alacalufan languages]] ([[South America]]) (2)
#[[Algic languages]] ([[North America]]n & [[Central America]]) (29)
#[[Arauan languages]] ([[South America]]) (8)
#[[Araucanian languages]] ([[South America]]) (2)
#[[Arawakan languages]] ([[South America]], [[Caribbean]]) (73)
#[[Arutani-Sape languages]] ([[South America]]) (2)
#[[Aymaran languages]] ([[South America]]) (3)
#[[Barbacoan languages]] ([[South America]]) (7)
#[[Cahuapanan languages]] ([[South America]]) (2)
#[[Carib languages]] ([[South America]]) (29)
#[[Chapacura-Wanham languages]] ([[South America]]) (5)
#[[Chibchan languages]] ([[Central America]] & [[South America]]) (22)
#[[Choco languages]] ([[South America]]) (10)
#[[Chon languages]] ([[South America]]) (2)
#[[Comecrudan languages]] ([[North America]] & [[Central America]]) (3)
#[[Guacurian languages]] (a.k.a. Waikurian) (8)
#[[Harakmbet languages]] ([[South America]]) (2)
#[[Jicaquean languages]] ([[Central America]])
#[[Jivaroan languages]] ([[South America]]) (4)
#[[Katukinan languages]] ([[South America]]) (3)
#[[Lencan languages]] ([[Central America]])
#[[Lule-Vilela languages]] ([[South America]]) (1)
#[[Macro-Ge languages]] ([[South America]]) (32)
#[[Maku languages]] ([[South America]]) (6)
#[[Mascoian languages]] ([[South America]]) (5)
#[[Mataco-Guaicuru languages]] ([[South America]]) (11)
#[[Mayan languages]] ([[Central America]]) (31)
#[[Misumalpan languages]] ([[Central America]])
#[[Mixe-Zoquean languages]] ([[Central America]]) (19)
#[[Mosetenan languages]] ([[South America]]) (1)
#[[Mura languages]] ([[South America]]) (1)
#[[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené languages]] ([[North America]] & [[Central America]]) (40)
#[[Nambiquaran languages]] ([[South America]]) (5)
#[[Oto-Manguean languages]] ([[North America]] & [[Central America]]) (27)
#[[Paezan languages]] ([[South America]]) (1)
#[[Panoan languages]] ([[South America]]) (30)
#[[Peba-Yaguan languages]] ([[South America]]) (2)
#[[Quechuan languages]] ([[South America]]) (46)
#[[Salivan languages]] ([[South America]]) (2)
#[[Tacanan languages]] ([[South America]]) (6)
#[[Tequistlatecan languages]] ([[Central America]]) (3)
#[[Totonacan languages]] ([[Central America]]) (2)
#[[Tucanoan languages]] ([[South America]]) (25)
#[[Tupi languages]] ([[South America]]) (70)
#[[Uru-Chipaya languages]] ([[South America]]) (2)
#[[Uto-Aztecan languages]] ([[North America]] & [[Central America]]) (31)
#[[Witotoan languages]] ([[South America]]) (6)
#[[Xincan languages]] ([[Central America]])
#[[Yanomam languages]] ([[South America]]) (4)
#[[Yuman-Cochimi languages]] ([[North America]] & [[Central America]]) (11)
#[[Zamucoan languages]] ([[South America]]) (2)
#[[Zaparoan languages]] ([[South America]]) (7)

== [[Language isolate|Language isolates]] ==
===Central & South America===
#[[Aikaná language|Aikaná]] ''(Brazil: Rondônia)
#[[Andoque language|Andoque]] ''(Colombia, Peru)''
#[[Betoi language|Betoi]] ''(Colombia)''
#[[Camsá language|Camsá]] ''(Colombia)''
#[[Canichana language|Canichana]] ''(Bolivia)''
#[[Cayubaba language|Cayubaba]] ''(Bolivia)''
#[[Cofán language|Cofán]] ''(Colombia, Ecuador)''
#[[Cuitlatec language|Cuitlatec]] ''(Mexico: Guerrero)'' [extinct]
#[[Huaorani language|Huaorani]] (a.k.a. Sabela, Waorani, Waodani) ''(Ecuador, Peru)''
#[[Huave language|Huave]] ''(Mexico: Oaxaca)''
#[[Irantxe language|Irantxe]] ''(Brazil: Mato Grosso)''
#[[Itonama language|Itonama]] ''(Bolivia)''
#[[Jotí language|Jotí]] ''(Venezuela)''
#[[Koayá language|Koayá]] ''(Brazil: Rondônia)
#[[Mapudungun language|Mapudungun]] ''(Chile, Argentina)''
#[[Movima language|Movima]] ''(Bolivia)''
#[[Munichi language|Munichi]] ''(Peru)''
#[[Nambiquaran language|Nambiquaran]] ''(Brazil: Mato Grosso)''
#[[Omurano language|Omurano]] ''(Peru)''
#[[Otí language|Otí]] ''(Brazil: São Paulo)'' [extinct]
#[[Pankararú language|Pankararú]] ''(Brazil: Pernambuco)''
#[[Puelche language|Puelche]] ''(Chile)''
#[[Puinave language|Puinave]] ''(Colombia)''
#[[Puquina language|Puquina]] ''(Bolivia)'' [extinct]
#[[Seri language|Seri]] ''(Mexico: Sonora)''
#[[Tarascan language|Tarascan]] (a.k.a. Purépecha) ''(Mexico: Michoacán)''
#[[Taushiro language|Taushiro]] ''(Peru)''
#[[Tequiraca language|Tequiraca]] ''(Peru)''
#[[Ticuna language|Ticuna]] ''(Colombia, Peru, Brazil)''
#[[Warao language|Warao]] ''(Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela)''
#[[Yámana language|Yámana]] (a.k.a Yagan) ''(Chile)''
#[[Yuracare language|Yuracare]] ''(Bolivia)''
#[[Yuri language (South-America)|Yuri]] ''(Colombia, Brazil)''
#[[Yurumanguí language|Yurumanguí]] ''(Colombia)''

===North America===
#[[Chimariko language|Chimariko]] ''(US: California)''
#[[Chitimacha language|Chitimacha]] ''(US: Lousiania)''
#[[Coahuilteco language|Coahuilteco]] ''(US: Texas, northeast Mexico)''
#[[Esselen language|Esselen]] ''(US: California)''
#[[Haida language|Haida]] ''(Canada: British Columbia; US: Alaska)''
#[[Karankawa language|Karankawa]] ''(US: Texas)''
#[[Karok language|Karok]] (a.k.a. Karuk) ''(US: California)''
#[[Keres language|Keres]] ''(US: New Mexico)''
#[[Kutenai language|Kootenai]] ''(Canada: British Columbia; US: Idaho, Montana)''
#[[Natchez language|Natchez]] ''(US: Mississippi, Louisiana)'' (sometimes linked to Muskogean)
#[[Salinan]] ''(US: California)''
#[[Siuslaw]] ''(US: Oregon)''
#[[Takelma language|Takelma]] ''(US: Oregon)''
#[[Timucua language|Timucua]] ''(US: Florida, Georgia)''
#[[Tonkawa language|Tonkawa]] ''(US: Texas)''
#[[Tunica language|Tunica]] ''(US: Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas)''
#[[Washo language|Washo]] ''(US: California, Nevada)''
#[[Yana language|Yana]] ''(US: California)''
#[[Yuchi language|Yuchi]] ''(US: Georgia, Oklahoma)''
#[[Zuni language|Zuni]] (a.k.a. Shiwi) ''(US: New Mexico)''

===Australia===
#[[Enindhilyagwa language|Enindhilyagwa]] (AKA Andilyaugwa, Anindilyakwa)
#[[Laragiya language|Laragiya]]
#[[Minkin language|Minkin]] [extinct; perhaps a member of Yiwaidjan or Tankic]
#[[Ngurmbur language|Ngurmbur]] (perhaps a member of Macro-Pama-Nyungan)
#[[Tiwi language|Tiwi]] (Melville and Bathurst Islands)

===New Guinea===
#[[Abinomn language|Abinomn]] (Baso, Foia) ''(north Irian)''
#[[Anêm language|Anêm]] ''(New Britain)''
#[[Ata language|Ata]] (Pele-Ata, Wasi) ''(New Britain)''
#[[Busa language|Busa]] ''(Sandaun)''
#[[Isirawa language|Isirawa]] ''(north Irian)''
#[[Kol language (Papua New Guinea)|Kol]] ''(New Britain)''
#[[Kuot language|Kuot]] (Panaras) ''(New Ireland)''
#[[Massep language|Massep]]
#[[Kwomtari-Baibai languages|Kwotari-Baibai]] (a.k.a. Pyu)
#[[Sulka language|Sulka]] ''(New Britain)''
#[[Taiap language|Taiap]] (Gapun) ''(Sepik)''
#[[Yalë language|Yalë]] (Nagatman) ''(Sandaun)''
#[[Yawa languages|Yawa]] ''(Geelvink Bay)''
#[[Yélî Dnye language|Yélî Dnye]]'' (Yele) ''(Rennell Island)''
#[[Yuri language|Yuri]] (Karkar) ''(Sandaun)''

===Asia===
#[[Ainu language]] or languages ''(Russia, Japan)'' (like [[Arabic language|Arabic]] or [[Japanese language|Japanese]], the diversity within Ainu is large enough that some consider it to be perhaps up to a dozen languages while others consider it a single language with high dialectal diversity)
#[[Burushaski language|Burushaski]] ''(Pakistan, India)'' (sometimes linked to [[Yeniseian languages|Yeniseian]])
#[[Kalto language|Kalto]] or Nahali ''(India)'' (sometimes linked to Munda)
#[[Korean language|Korean]] ''(North & South Korea, China, USA)'' (sometimes linked to [[Altaic languages|Altaic]])
#[[Nivkh language|Nivkh]] or Gilyak ''(Russia)'' (sometimes linked to [[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|Chukchi-Kamchatkan]])
#[[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] ''(Iraq)'' [extinct]
#[[Elamite language|Elamite]] ''(Iran)'' [extinct] (sometimes linked to [[Dravidian language|Dravidian]])
#[[Hattic language|Hattic]] ''(Turkey)'' [extinct] (sometimes linked to [[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]])

===Africa===
#[[Hadza language|Hadza]] ''(Tanzania)''
#[[Sandawe language|Sandawe]] ''(Tanzania)''
#[[Ju languages|Juu]] ''(Angola, Botswana, Namibia)''
#[[‡Hõã language|ǂQhôã]] ''(Botswana)'' (may be related to Juu)
(all sometimes included under [[Khoisan languages|Khoisan]])

===Europe===
#[[Basque language|Basque]] ''(Spain, France)'' (related to extinct Aquitanian)
#[[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] ''(Italy)'' [extinct; part of the poorly attested Tyrrhenian family]

==Unclassified languages==
Languages are considered unclassified either because, for one reason or another, little effort has been made to compare them with other languages, or, more commonly, because they are too poorly documented to permit reliable classification. Most such languages are extinct and most likely will never be known well enough to classify.

===Europe===
#[[Iberian language|Iberian]] ''(Spain)'' [extinct]
#[[Tartessian language|Tartessian]] ''(Spain, Portugal)'' [extinct]

===Africa===
#[[Shabo language|Shabo]]
#[[Meroitic language|Meroitic]] [extinct]
===Asia===
#[[Quti language|Quti]] [extinct]
#[[Kaskian language|Kaskian]] [extinct]
#[[Cimmerian language|Cimmerian]] [extinct]
===Australia===
#[[Tasmanian languages]] [extinct]
===South America===
#[[Baenan language|Baenan]] ''(Brazil)'' [extinct]
#[[Culle language|Culle]] ''(Peru)'' [extinct]
#[[Cunza language|Cunza]] ''(Chile, Bolivia, Argentina)'' [extinct]
#[[Gamela language|Gamela]] ''(Brazil: Maranhão)'' [extinct]
#[[Gorgotoqui language|Gorgotoqui]] ''(Bolivia)'' [extinct]
#[[Huamoé language|Huamoé]] ''(Brazil: Pernambuco)'' [extinct]
#[[Kukurá language|Kukurá]] ''(Brazil: Mato Grosso)'' [extinct]
#[[Natú language|Natú]] ''(Brazil: Pernambuco)'' [extinct]
#[[Tarairiú language|Tarairiú]] ''(Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte)''
#[[Tuxá language|Tuxá]] ''(Brazil: Bahia, Pernambuco)'' [extinct]
#[[Xokó language|Xokó]] ''(Brazil: Alagoas, Pernambuco)'' [extinct]
#[[Xukurú language|Xukurú]] ''(Brazil: Pernambuco, Paraíba)'' [extinct]
#[[Yurumanguí language|Yurumanguí]] ''(Colombia)'' [extinct]

===North America===
#[[Adai language|Adai]] ''(US: Louisiana, Texas)'' [extinct]
#[[Alagüilac language|Alagüilac]] ''(Guatemala)''
#[[Aranama-Tamique language|Aranama-Tamique]] ''(US: Texas)'' [extinct]
#[[Atakapa language|Atakapa]] ''(US: Louisiana, Texas)'' [extinct]
#[[Beothuk language|Beothuk]] ''(Canada: Newfoundland)'' [extinct]
#[[Calusa]] ''(US: Florida)'' [extinct]
#[[Cayuse]] ''(US: Oregon, Washington)'' [extinct]
#[[Cotoname language|Cotoname]] ''(northeast Mexico; US: Texas)'' [extinct]
#[[Maratino language|Maratino]] ''(northeastern Mexico)'' [extinct]
#[[Naolan language|Naolan]] ''(Mexico: Tamaulipas)'' [extinct]
#[[Quinigua language|Quinigua]] ''(northeast Mexico)'' [extinct]
#[[Solano language|Solano]] ''(northeast Mexico; US: Texas)'' [extinct]

== Sign languages ==
:''See also [[List of sign languages]].''
Although deaf [[sign language]]s have emerged naturally in deaf communities alongside or among spoken languages, they are unrelated to spoken languages and have different grammatical structures at their core. A group of sign "languages" known as [[manually coded language]]s are more properly understood as signed ''modes'' of spoken languages, and therefore belong to the language family of the spoken language. One example of such a signed language is [[Warlpiri Sign Language]], which belongs to the family of [[Ngarrkic languages]].

There has been very little historical linguistic research on sign languages, and few attempts to determine genetic relationships between sign languages, other than simple comparison of [[lexicon|lexical data]] and some discussion about whether certain sign languages are dialects of a language or languages of a family. Languages may be spread through migration, through the establishment of deaf schools (often by foreign-trained educators), or due to political domination.

[[Language contact]] is common, making clear family classifications difficult — it is often unclear whether lexical similarity is due to borrowing or a common parent language. Contact occurs between sign languages, between signed and spoken languages ([[Contact Sign]]), and between sign languages and [[gesture|gestural systems]] used by the broader community. One author has speculated that [[Adamorobe Sign Language]] may be related to the "gestural trade jargon used in the markets throughout West Africa", in vocabulary and [[areal feature]]s including prosody and phonetics.

* [[Auslan]], [[NZSL]] and [[BSL]] are usually considered to belong to a language family known as [[BANZSL]].

* [[Japanese Sign Language]], [[Taiwanese Sign Language]] and [[Korean Sign Language]] are thought to be members of a [[Japanese Sign Language family]].

* There are a number of sign languages that emerged from [[French Sign Language]] (LSF), or were the result of language contact between local community sign languages and LSF. These include: [[French Sign Language]], [[Quebec Sign Language]], [[American Sign Language]], [[Irish Sign Language]], [[Russian Sign Language]], [[Dutch Sign Language]], [[Flemish Sign Language]], [[Belgian-French Sign Language]], [[Spanish Sign Language]], [[Mexican Sign Language]] and others.

:* A subset of this group includes languages that have been heavily influenced by American Sign Language (ASL), or are regional varieties of ASL. [[Bolivian Sign Language]] is sometimes considered a dialect of ASL. [[Thai Sign Language]] is a [[mixed language]] derived from ASL and the native sign languages of Bangkok and Chiang Mai, and may be considered part of the ASL family. Others possibly influenced by ASL include [[Ugandan Sign Language]], [[Kenyan Sign Language]], [[Philippine Sign Language]] and [[Malaysian Sign Language]].

* Anecdotal evidence suggests that [[Finnish Sign Language]], [[Swedish Sign Language]] and [[Norwegian Sign Language]] belong to a [[Scandanavian Sign Language family]].

* According to a [http://www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2005-026 SIL report], sign languages of Russia, Moldova and Ukraine share a high degree of lexical similarity and may be dialects of one language, or distinct related languages. The same report suggested a "cluster" of sign languages centered around [[Czech Sign Language]], [[Hungarian Sign Language]] and [[Slovakian Sign Language]]. This group may also include [[Romanian Sign Language|Romanian]], [[Bulgarian Sign Language|Bulgarian]], and [[Polish Sign Language|Polish]] sign languages.

* Known isolates include [[Nicaraguan Sign Language]], [[Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language]], and [[Providence Island Sign Language]].

* Sign languages of Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq (and possibly Saudi Arabia) may be part of a [[sprachbund]], or may be one dialect of a larger [[Eastern Arabic Sign Language]].

== [[Creole language]]s, [[pidgin]]s, [[mixed language]]s, and [[trade languages]] ==
*[[American Indian Pidgin English]]
*[[Basque-Algonquian Pidgin]] (a.k.a. Micmac-Basque Pidgin, Souriquois)
*[[Bislamic languages]]
**[[Australian Kriol language|Australian Creole]] (a.k.a. Kriol)
**[[Bislama]]
**[[Pijin]]
**[[Tok Pisin]]
**[[Torres Strait Creole]] (a.k.a. Broken, Cape York Creole, Lockhart Creole)
*[[Broken Oghibbeway]] (a.k.a. Broken Ojibwa)
*[[Broken Slavey]] (a.k.a. Slavey Jargon, Broken Slavé)
*[[Callahuaya]] (a.k.a. Machaj-Juyai, Kallawaya)
*[[Carib Pidgin]] (a.k.a. Ndjuka-Amerindian Pidgin, Ndjuka-Trio)
*[[Carib Pidgin-Arawak Mixed Language]]
*[[Catalangu]]
*[[Chabacano]] - A Spanish creole spoken in South of the Philippines.
*[[Chinook Jargon]]
*[[Cape_Verdean_Crioulo_languages|Creole]] (a.k.a. Capeverdian Creole, Crioulo, Kriol, Caboverdiano, Kabuverdianu)
*[[Delaware Jargon]] (a.k.a. Pidgin Delaware)
*[[Eskimo Trade Jargon]] (a.k.a. Herschel Island Eskimo Pidgin, Ship's Jargon)
*[[Greenlandic Eskimo Pidgin]]
*[[Guajiro-Spanish]]
*[[Güegüence-Nicarao]]
*[[Haida Jargon]]
*[[Haitian creole]]
*[[Hawaiian Creole English]]
*[[Hiri Motu]]
*[[Hudson Strait Pidgin]]
*[[International Sign]] or Gestuno - [[constructed language]]
*[[Inuktitut-English Pidgin]]
*[[Jargonized Powhatan]]
*[[Kutenai Jargon]]
*[[Labrador Eskimo Pidgin]] (a.k.a. Labrador Inuit Pidgin)
*[[Lingua Franca Apalachee]]
*[[Lingua Franca Creek]]
*[[Lingua franca]]
*[[Old Tupi|Língua Geral do Norte]] (a.k.a. Old Tupi, Lingua Geral Amazônica, Lingua Boa, Lingua Brasílica), and its modern descendent, [[Nheengatu]]
*[[Lingua Geral do Sul]] (a.k.a. Lingua Geral Paulista, Tupí Austral)
*[[Loucheux Jargon]] (a.k.a. Jargon Loucheux)
*[[Media Lengua]]
*[[Mednyj Aleut]] (a.k.a. Copper Island Aleut, Medniy Aleut, CIA)
*[[Michif]] (a.k.a. French Cree, Métis, Metchif, Mitchif, Métchif)
*[[Mobilian Jargon]] (a.k.a. Mobilian Trade Jargon, Chickasaw-Chocaw Trade Language, Yamá
*[[Montagnais Pidgin Basque]] (a.k.a. Pidgin Basque-Montagnais)
*[[Norfuk language|Norfuk]]
*[[Nootka Jargon]]
*[[Ocaneechi]]
*[[Papiamento]]
*[[Pitcairnese language|Pitkern]]
*[[Pidgin Massachusett]]
*[[Rusnorsk]]
*[[Sango (language)|Sango]]

== Proposed language stocks ==
{|
| valign="top" |
*[[Alarodian languages|Alarodian]]
*[[Almosan]] (= Sapir's ''Algonkin-Wakashan'')
*[[Almosan-Keresiouan]]
*[[Algonkian-Gulf]]
*[[Amerind languages|Amerind]]
**[[Central Amerind]]
*[[Andean languages]]
*[[Aztec-Tanoan]]
*[[Austric languages|Austric]]
*[[Chibchan-Paezan]]
*[[Coahuiltecan]]
*[[Dene-Caucasian languages|Dene-Caucasian]]
*[[Equatorial languages]]
*[[Eurasiatic languages|Eurasiatic]]
*[[Gulf languages]]
*[[Hokan languages]]
*[[Hokan-Siouan]]
*[[Ibero-Caucasian languages|Ibero-Caucasian]]
*[[Indo-Pacific languages|Indo-Pacific]]
| valign="top" |
*[[Keresiouan]]
*[[Kongo-Saharan languages|Kongo-Saharan]]
*[[Macro-Carib]]
*[[Macro-Ge]]
*[[Macro-Mayan]]
*[[Macro-Panoan]]
*[[Macro-Siouan languages|Macro-Siouan]]
*[[Macro-Tucanoan]]
*[[Mosan]]
*[[Na-Dene]] (Sapir's)
*[[Nostratic languages|Nostratic]]
*[[Nostratic-Amerind]]
*[[Penutian languages|Penutian]]
*[[Proto-Pontic|Pontic]]
*[[Proto-World language|Proto-World]]
*[[Quechumaran]]
*[[Ural-Altaic languages|Ural-Altaic]]
*[[Wappo-Yukian]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[Language family]]
*[[Endangered language]]
*[[Extinct language]]
*[[Constructed language]]


== External links ==
== External links ==
*[http://glottolog.org/glottolog/family Glottolog]
*http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20011005193846/http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp Ethnologue]
<!--*http://www.unilang2.org/main/families.php broken link -->
*[http://new.multitree.org/home MultiTree Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124732/http://new.multitree.org/home |date=2016-03-04 }} <!-- Updated link -->
*http://gebaren.ugent.be
*[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Comparative Swadesh list tables of various language families] (from Wiktionary)
*http://www.elanguages.info - articles, products, & info about language learning online
<!--== Bibliography ==
*[http://www.nicemice.net/amc/tmp/lang-pop.var Number of speakers by language]

== Bibliography ==
*Boas, Franz. (1911). ''Handbook of American Indian languages'' (Vol. 1). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
*Boas, Franz. (1911). ''Handbook of American Indian languages'' (Vol. 1). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
*Boas, Franz. (1922). ''Handbook of American Indian languages'' (Vol. 2). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
*Boas, Franz. (1922). ''Handbook of American Indian languages'' (Vol. 2). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
*Boas, Franz. (1933). ''Handbook of American Indian languages'' (Vol. 3). Native American legal materials collection, title 1227. Glückstadt: J.J. Augustin.
*Boas, Franz. (1933). ''Handbook of American Indian languages'' (Vol. 3). Native American legal materials collection, title 1227. Glückstadt: J.J. Augustin.
*Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
*Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
*Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). ''The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment''. Austin: University of Texas Press.
*Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). ''The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment''. Austin: University of Texas Press.
*Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). ''Languages''. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-1604-8774-9.
*Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). ''Languages''. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. {{ISBN|0-16-048774-9}}.
*Goddard, Ives. (1999). ''Native languages and language families of North America'' (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institute). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). ISBN 0-8032-9271-6.
*Goddard, Ives. (1999). ''Native languages and language families of North America'' (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). {{ISBN|0-8032-9271-6}}.
*Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). ''Ethnologue: Languages of the world'' (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
*Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). ''Ethnologue: Languages of the world'' (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. {{ISBN|1-55671-159-X}}. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
*Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966). ''The Languages of Africa'' (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University.
*Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966). ''The Languages of Africa'' (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University.
*Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
*Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23228-7}} (hbk); {{ISBN|0-521-29875-X}}.
*Ross, Malcom. (2005). ''Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages.'' In: [[Andrew Pawley]], Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, ''Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples [http://rspas.anu.edu.au/linguistics/mdr/Papuan%20Pasts%20paper.pdf]
*Ross, Malcolm. (2005). ''Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages.'' In: [[Andrew Pawley]], Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, ''Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples [http://rspas.anu.edu.au/linguistics/mdr/Papuan%20Pasts%20paper.pdf]
*Ruhlen, Merritt. (1987). ''A guide to the world's languages''. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
*Ruhlen, Merritt. (1987). ''A guide to the world's languages''. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
*Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978-present). ''Handbook of North American Indians'' (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
*Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). ''Handbook of North American Indians'' (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).
*Voegelin, C. F.; & Voegelin, F. M. (1977). ''Classification and index of the world's languages''. New York: Elsevier.
*Voegelin, C. F.; & Voegelin, F. M. (1977). ''Classification and index of the world's languages''. New York: Elsevier.
*Wittmann, Henri (1991). "Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement." Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 10:1.215-88.[http://homepage.mac.com/noula/ling/1991a-class.pdf]-->


[[Category:Language families|*]]
{{Language families}}
{{Navboxes
[[Category:Lists of languages|*]]
|list =
{{Eurasian languages|state=collapsed}}
{{Papuan languages|state=collapsed}}
{{Australian Aboriginal languages|state=collapsed}}
{{North American languages|state=collapsed}}
{{South American languages|state=collapsed}}
{{Nilo-Saharan families|state=collapsed}}
{{Niger-Congo branches|state=collapsed}}
{{Khoisan|state=collapsed}}
{{Long-range comparative linguistics|state=collapsed}}
}}


[[Category:Language families|*]]
[[cs:Seznam jazykových rodin]]
[[Category:Lists of languages|Families]]
[[de:Sprachfamilien der Welt]]

Latest revision as of 13:00, 9 November 2024

This article is a list of language families. This list only includes primary language families that are accepted by the current academic consensus in the field of linguistics; for language families that are not accepted by the current academic consensus in the field of linguistics, see the article "List of proposed language families".

List of language families

[edit]

Spoken language families

[edit]
  • Map of the main language families of the world
    Map of the main language families of the world
  • The language families of Africa
    The language families of Africa
  • Map of the Austronesian languages
    Map of the Austronesian languages
  • Map of major Dravidian languages
    Map of major Dravidian languages
  • Distribution of the Indo-European language family branches across Eurasia
    Distribution of the Indo-European language family branches across Eurasia
  • Area of the Papuan languages
    Area of the Papuan languages
  • Map of the Australian languages
    Map of the Australian languages
  • Distribution of language families and isolates north of Mexico at first contact
    Distribution of language families and isolates north of Mexico at first contact
  • The major South American language families
    The major South American language families
  • Ethnolinguistic groups of mainland Southeast Asia
    Ethnolinguistic groups of mainland Southeast Asia
  • Caucasian languages
    Caucasian languages
  • Distribution of the Uralic, Altaic, and Yukaghir languages
    Distribution of the Uralic, Altaic, and Yukaghir languages
Family Languages[1] Current speakers[2] Location Proposed parent family
Afroasiatic 381 499,294,669 Africa, Eurasia
Aroid 5 438,100 Africa Afroasiatic
Atlantic–Congo 1,410 500,000,000 Africa Niger–Congo
Berta 6 380,000 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Central Sudanic 63 9,145,280 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Daju 7 261,000 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Dizoid 3 88,840 Africa Afroasiatic
Dogon 20 630,820 Africa Niger–Congo
Eastern Jebel 4 104,600 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Fur 2 786,900 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Gumuz 3 253,680 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Heiban 10 276,690 Africa Niger–Congo
Ijaw 9 3,221,650 Africa Niger–Congo
Kadu 6 120,600 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Katla-Tima 3 25,000 Africa Niger–Congo
Khoe-Kwadi 14 337,337 Africa
Koman 5 94,000 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Kresh-Aja 3 48,200 Africa Central Sudanic
Kru 38 3,800,000 Africa Niger–Congo
Kuliak 3 14,070 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Kunama 2 181,000 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Kx'a 5 104,000 Africa
Maban 10 1,115,260 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Mande 75 27,003,000 Africa Niger–Congo
Nilotic 55 33,306,780 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Nubian 13 842,050 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Nyima 2 162,000 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Rashad 2 126,000 Africa Niger–Congo
Saharan 10 10,940,500 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Songhay 10 3,228,000 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Surmic 11 544,680 Africa
Talodi 8 112,250 Africa Niger–Congo
Taman 4 128,800 Africa
Ta-Ne-Omotic 23 7,383,320 Africa Afroasiatic
Temein 2 14,400 Africa Nilo-Saharan
Tuu 9 2,500 Africa
Zande 6 1,898,500 Africa
Indo-European 586 3,237,999,904 Eurasia
Uralic 49 20,716,457 Eurasia
Tyrsenian 3 or 4 extinct Eurasia
Turkic 35 179,945,933 Eurasia Altaic (controversial)
Hurro-Urartian 2 extinct Eurasia Alarodian
Northwest Caucasian 4 1,655,000 Eurasia North Caucasian
Northeast Caucasian 29[3] 4,155,258 Eurasia North Caucasian or Alarodian
Kartvelian 5 4,850,000 Eurasia
Dravidian 84 252,807,610 Eurasia
Great Andamanese 10 3 Eurasia
Ongan 2 296 Eurasia
Yeniseian 5 153 Eurasia
Yukaghir 4 516 Eurasia
Sino-Tibetan 514 1,385,995,195 Eurasia
Mijiic 2 29,500 Eurasia Sino-Tibetan
Hmong–Mien 43 9,332,070 Eurasia Miao–Dai or Austric
Kra–Dai 95 81,549,828 Eurasia Austro-Tai
Austroasiatic 158 116,323,040 Eurasia Austric languages
Austronesian 1,274 325,862,510 Africa, Eurasia, Oceania Austro-Tai
Tungusic 15 55,800 Eurasia Altaic (controversial)
Mongolic 16 7,269,480 Eurasia Altaic (controversial)
Koreanic 2 77,269,890 Eurasia Altaic (controversial)
Nivkh 2 200 Eurasia Nivkh–Kamchukotic
Japonic 13 129,240,180 Eurasia Altaic (controversial)
Ainu 3 2 Eurasia Altaic (controversial)
Chukotko-Kamchatkan 7 6,875 Eurasia Nivkh–Kamchukotic
Trans–New Guinea 376 3,678,184 New Guinea
Torricelli 57 114,565 New Guinea
Sepik 49 263,404 New Guinea
Lower Sepik 6 13,070 New Guinea Ramu–Lower Sepik languages
Timor–Alor–Pantar 23 380,120 New Guinea Trans–New Guinea
Lakes Plain 20 8,455 New Guinea
Yam 19 7,677 New Guinea
Anim 17 32,898 New Guinea Trans–New Guinea
Border 15 17,080 New Guinea
North Halmahera 15 279,035 New Guinea West Papuan
Angan 13 103,739 New Guinea Trans–New Guinea
Geelvink Bay 10 8,005 New Guinea
Sko 10 5,665 New Guinea
South Bougainville 9 68,700 New Guinea
Baining 6 13,800 New Guinea
Strickland 8 6,175 New Guinea
Goilalan 6 47,330 New Guinea
Kiwaia 6 38,030 New Guinea
Left May 6 2,005 New Guinea Left May – Kwomtari
South Bird's Head 6 8,200 New Guinea
Eleman 5 45,240 New Guinea
Foja Range 26 23,845 New Guinea
Pauwasi 5 3,880 New Guinea
West Bird's Head 5 20,090 New Guinea West Papuan
Yuat 5 7,700 New Guinea
Eastern Trans-Fly 4 6,760 New Guinea
North Bougainville 4 10,020 New Guinea
Demta–Sentani 4 36,680 New Guinea
Gogodala–Suki 4 30,160 New Guinea
Kikorian 6 13,510 New Guinea
Walio 4 856 New Guinea
East Bird's Head 3 34,800 New Guinea West Papuan
Mairasi 3 4,385 New Guinea
Amto–Musan 2 720 New Guinea
Baibai-Fas 2 2,840 New Guinea Left May – Kwomtari, Kwomtari–Fas
Bulaka River 3 520 New Guinea
Hatam-Mansim 2 16,000 New Guinea West Papuan
Inanwatan–Duriankere 2 1,130 New Guinea
Kaure-Kosare 2 700 New Guinea
Konda-Yahadian 2 1,000 New Guinea
Senu River 3 1,510 New Guinea Left May–Kwomtari or Kwomtari–Fas
Lepki-Murkim-Kembra 3 840 New Guinea
Namla-Tofanma 2 280 New Guinea
Pahoturi 2 4,050 New Guinea
Madang-Upper Yuat 112 more than ten thousand New Guinea
Senagi 2 2,960 New Guinea
Taulil-Butam 2 2,000 New Guinea
Ramu 29 64,730 New Guinea Ramu–Lower Sepik
Teberan–Pawaian 4 37,100 New Guinea
Yawa-Saweru 2 10,300 New Guinea West Papuan
Central Solomon 4 14,800 New Guinea
Chimbu-Wahgi 15 613,400 New Guinea
Engan 9 606,930 New Guinea
Pama–Nyungan 250 23,539 Australia
Gunwinyguan 5 1,314 Australia
Western Daly 3 21 Australia
Nyulnyulan 3 94 Australia
Worrorran 3 108 Australia
Mirndi 3 261 Australia
Iwaidjan 4 491 Australia Arnhem
Mangarrayi-Maran 4 10 Australia
Maningrida 4 1,434 Australia Arnhem
Tangkic 4 73 Australia
Jarrakan 3 130 Australia
Bunuban 2 100 Australia
Eastern Daly 2 extinct Australia
Garrwan 2 130 Australia
Limilngan-Wulna 2 23 Australia
Marrku-Wurrugu 2 extinct Australia
Northeastern Tasmanian 2 extinct Australia
Northern Daly 2 8 Australia
Southeastern Tasmanian 2 extinct Australia
Western Tasmanian 2 extinct Australia
Northern Tasmanian 2 extinct Australia
Eskaleut 10 108,705 North America, Eurasia
Na-Dene 46 208,552 North America
Tsimshianic 4 2,910 North America Penutian
Wakashan 6 710 North America
Salishan 25 1,969 North America
Chimakuan 2 extinct North America
Chinookan 4 extinct North America Penutian
Kalapuyan 3 extinct North America Penutian
Coosan 2 extinct North America Penutian
Sahaptian 4 125 North America Penutian
Shastan 4 extinct North America Hokan
Pakawan 5 extinct North America Hokan
Yuki–Wappo 2 extinct North America
Pomoan 7 47 North America Hokan
Wintuan 2 extinct North America Penutian
Palaihnihan 2 10 North America Hokan
Maiduan 4 3 North America Penutian
Utian 13 18 North America Penutian
Chumashan 6 extinct North America
Uto-Aztecan 58 1,910,442 North America Aztec–Tanoan
Yuman–Cochimí 12 3,710 North America Hokan
Siouan 14 33,399 North America Macro-Siouan
Algic 47 214,768 North America
Tanoan–Kiowa 6 6,000 North America Aztec–Tanoan
Caddoan 5 46 North America Macro-Siouan
Totonacan 12 282,250 North America Totozoquean
Oto-Manguean 176 1,678,214 North America
Mixe–Zoque 17 153,612 North America Totozoquean
Tequistlatecan 3 5,494 North America Hokan
Muskogean 6 15,640 North America Gulf
Mayan 31 6,522,182 North America
Xincan 5 extinct North America Macro-Chibchan
Jicaquean 2 500 North America Hokan
Lencan 2 extinct North America Macro-Chibchan or Hokan
Misumalpan 5 709,000 North America Macro-Chibchan
Iroquoian 9 14,543 North America Macro-Siouan
Arawakan 77 699,709 North America, South America Macro-Arawakan
Chibchan 27 306,267 North America, South America Macro-Chibchan
Chocoan 9 114,600 North America, South America
Cariban 42 67,376 North America, South America Je–Tupi–Carib
Barbacoan 6 24,800 South America Macro-Paesan
Chicham 4 89,630 South America
Quechuan 45 7,768,820 South America
Aymaran 4 2,808,740 South America
Uru–Chipaya 2 1,200 South America
Huarpean 3 extinct South America
Araucanian 2 262,000 South America
Chonan 6 extinct South America Moseten–Chonan
Alacalufan 3 12 South America
Guajiboan 5 39,290 South America Macro-Arawakan
Nukak-Kakwa 2 610 South America Macro-Puinavean
Otomákoan 2 extinct South America Macro-Otomákoan
Piaroa–Saliban 3 18,630 South America
Nadahup 4 2,894 South America Macro-Puinavean
Yanomaman 4 31,670 South America
Tucanoan 23 30,308 South America
Boran 2 1,500 South America Bora–Witoto
Witotoan 7 17,478 South America Bora–Witoto
Peba–Yaguan 3 5,700 South America Saparo–Yawan
Zaparoan 3 90 South America Saparo–Yawan
Hibito–Cholon 2 extinct South America
Cahuapanan 2 10,370 South America
Ticuna–Yuri 2 48,580 South America
Panoan 38 48,679 South America Macro-Panoan
Arawan 6 5,870 South America
Katukinan 2 10 South America Macro-Puinavean
Harákmbut 2 2,220 South America Harákmbut–Katukinan or Macro-Otomákoan
Tupian 70 5,026,502 South America Je–Tupi–Carib
Chapacuran 4 2,019 South America Wamo–Chapakura
Nambikwaran 6 1,068 South America
Bororoan 3 1,392 South America Macro-Jê
Kariri 4 extinct South America Macro-Jê
Zamucoan 2 5,900 South America
Tacanan 7 2,860 South America Macro-Panoan languages
Mascoian 6 20,728 South America Mataco–Guaicuru
Matacoan 7 60,280 South America Mataco–Guaicuru
Guaicuruan 4 49,350 South America Mataco–Guaicuru
Macro-Jê 29 51,093 South America Je–Tupi–Carib
Charruan 3 extinct South America Mataco–Guaicuru
Kamakanan 4 extinct South America Macro-Jê
Purian 2 extinct South America Macro-Jê
Puquina 4 extinct South America
Catacaoan 3 extinct South America
Jirajaran 3 extinct South America
Lule-Vilela 2 extinct South America
Timotean 2 200 South America
Tiniguan 3 1 South America

Sign language families

[edit]
See also: List of sign languages and Sign Language § Classification

The family relationships of sign languages are not well established due to a lagging in linguistic research, and many are isolates (cf. Wittmann 1991).[4]

Family Name Location Number of
French Sign Europe, the Americas, Francophone Africa, parts of Asia Over 50
British Sign United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa 4–10
Arab Sign Much of the Arab World 6–10
Japanese Sign Japan, Korea, Taiwan 3
German Sign Germany, Poland, Israel 3
Swedish Sign Sweden, Finland, Portugal 3
Chinese Sign China (including Hong Kong and Macau) 2

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Glottolog 5.0 -". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  2. ^ "What are the largest language families?". Ethnologue. May 25, 2019.
  3. ^ "North Caucasian". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  4. ^ Wittmann, Henri (1991). "Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement" (PDF). Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée (in French). 10 (1): 215–288.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_language_families&oldid=1256340655"