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{{Short description|Village and parish in Cornwall, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox UK place
{{Infobox UK place
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[[File:Clowance Estate - geograph.org.uk - 336982.jpg|thumb| Clowance Estate]]
[[File:Clowance Estate - geograph.org.uk - 336982.jpg|thumb|Clowance Estate]]


'''Crowan''' ({{lang-kw|Egloskrewen}})<ref>[http://www.magakernow.org.uk/default.aspx?page=520 Place-names in the Standard Written Form (SWF)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515091028/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/default.aspx?page=520 |date=May 15, 2013 }} : [http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=79ba408d-7c02-499e-8cd6-b18dd48de58d&version=-1 List of place-names agreed by the MAGA Signage Panel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515071635/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=79ba408d-7c02-499e-8cd6-b18dd48de58d&version=-1 |date=May 15, 2013 }}. [[Cornish Language Partnership]].</ref> is a village and [[civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in [[Cornwall]], United Kingdom. It is about three-and-a-half miles (6&nbsp;km) south of [[Camborne]].<ref name="autogenerated1">Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 203 ''Land's End'' {{ISBN|978-0-319-23148-7}}</ref> The [[River Hayle]] rises near Crowan and flows through the village and the [[Helston Railway|railway branch]] to [[Helston]] passed nearby.<!-- REMOVED FURTHER REFS TO RAILWAY AS IT DID NOT SERVE CROWAN-->
'''Crowan''' ({{langx|kw|Egloskrewen}} (village) or {{lang|kw|Pluw Grewen}} (parish))<ref>[http://www.magakernow.org.uk/default.aspx?page=520 Place-names in the Standard Written Form (SWF)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515091028/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/default.aspx?page=520 |date=May 15, 2013 }} : [http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=79ba408d-7c02-499e-8cd6-b18dd48de58d&version=-1 List of place-names agreed by the MAGA Signage Panel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515071635/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=79ba408d-7c02-499e-8cd6-b18dd48de58d&version=-1 |date=May 15, 2013 }}. [[Cornish Language Partnership]].</ref> is a village and [[civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in [[Cornwall]], England, United Kingdom. It is about three-and-a-half miles (6&nbsp;km) south of [[Camborne]].<ref name="autogenerated1">Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 203 ''Land's End'' {{ISBN|978-0-319-23148-7}}</ref> A former mining parish, all of the mines had shut by 1880.


==Geography==
Crowan had a population of 2,375 (2001) which had increased to 2,454 in the 2011 census.<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset.do?instanceSelection=03070&productId=779&$ph=60_61&datasetInstanceId=3070&startColumn=1&numberOfColumns=8&containerAreaId=790340 Office for National Statistics : ''Census 2011: Parish Headcounts : Cornwall''] Retrieved 2009-12-23</ref> Crowan Churchtown is not the largest settlement: there are villages at [[Praze-an-Beeble]], [[Nancegollan]], [[Bolitho]] and [[Leedstown]] and a hamlet at '''Black Rock''' (on the B3280 road four miles (6.5&nbsp;km) south of [[Camborne]] and five miles (8&nbsp;km) north of [[Helston]]).<ref name="autogenerated1"/> The hamlets of [[Carzise]], [[Clowance Wood]], [[Drym]], [[Fraddam]], [[Gwinear Downs]], [[Horsedowns]], [[Nine Maidens Downs]], [[Noonvares]], [[Paul's Green]], [[Releath]], [[Townshend, Cornwall|Townshend]] and Tremayne are also in the parish.<ref>[http://www.explorebritain.info/browse/cornwall/ Cornwall]; Explore Britain</ref>
Crowan had a population of 2,375 (2001) which had increased to 2,454 in the 2011 census.<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset.do?instanceSelection=03070&productId=779&$ph=60_61&datasetInstanceId=3070&startColumn=1&numberOfColumns=8&containerAreaId=790340 Office for National Statistics : ''Census 2011: Parish Headcounts : Cornwall''] Retrieved 2009-12-23</ref> Crowan Churchtown is not the largest settlement: there are villages at [[Praze-an-Beeble]], [[Nancegollan]], [[Bolitho]] and [[Leedstown]] and a hamlet at '''Black Rock''' (on the B3280 road four miles (6.5&nbsp;km) south of [[Camborne]] and five miles (8&nbsp;km) north of [[Helston]]).<ref name="autogenerated1"/> The hamlets of [[Carzise]], [[Clowance Wood]], [[Drym]], [[Fraddam]], [[Gwinear Downs]], [[Horsedowns]], [[Nine Maidens Downs]], [[Noonvares]], [[Paul's Green]], [[Releath]], [[Townshend, Cornwall|Townshend]] and Tremayne are also in the parish.<ref>[http://www.explorebritain.info/browse/cornwall/ Cornwall]; Explore Britain</ref>

The [[River Hayle]] rises near Crowan and flows through the village and the [[Helston Railway|railway branch]] to [[Helston]] passed nearby.<!-- REMOVED FURTHER REFS TO RAILWAY AS IT DID NOT SERVE CROWAN-->


==Notable buildings and antiquities==
==Notable buildings and antiquities==
The parish church is dedicated to St Crewenna and is built of granite. The Latin name of the saint is first given as Crewanus in 1201 though later forms are in the feminine. St Crewenna was possibly one of the Irish saints accompanying saints Germoe and Breaca.<ref> Ellis, P. B. (1992) ''The Cornish Saints''. Penryn: Tor Mark Press, p. 9</ref> The church is of the 15th century but was substantially [[Victorian restoration|restored]] in 1872. The six church bells were cast in 1729 by [[Rudhall of Gloucester]] and restored in 1881. The inscriptions are, 1st bell ″A. R. 1729″; 2nd bell ″Prosperity to this parish″; 3rd bell ″Abr. Rudhall, of Gloster, cast us all, 1729″; 4th bell ″Peace and good neighbourhood″; 5th bell ″Prosperity to the Church of England″; 6th bell ″I to the Church the living call, and to the grave do summon all″. The 5th bell was sent to Messrs Warner and Sons, London to be recast.<ref>{{cite news|title=Crowan|work=The Cornishman|issue=152|date=9 June 1881|page=5}}</ref> There are numerous monuments to members of the St Aubyn family. Sir John St Aubyn, 5th Baronet, is buried at Crowan; his monument was carved by [[William Behnes]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gunnis|first1=Rupert|title=Dictionary of British Sculptors, 1660-1851|date=196u|publisher=Abbey Library|location=London|isbn=9780685279342|edition=New rev.}}</ref> The three St Aubyn brasses (c. 1420, c. 1490 & c. 1550) are now at Clowance.<ref>Dunkin, E. (1882) ''Monumental Brasses''. London, Spottiswoode</ref><ref>Pevsner, N. (1970) ''Cornwall'', 2nd ed., revised by E. Radcliffe. Penguin Books</ref>
The parish church is dedicated to St Crewenna and is built of granite. St Crewenna was possibly one of the Irish saints accompanying saints Germoe and Breaca.<ref>Ellis, P. B. (1992) ''The Cornish Saints''. Penryn: Tor Mark Press, p. 9</ref> Crowan church was given, by [[William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester|William, Earl of Gloucester]] to [[St James' Priory, Bristol]], which was a dependency of the [[Tewkesbury Abbey|Benedictine Abbey of Tewkesbury]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Davies |authorlink1=Davies Gilbert |title=The Parochial History of Cornwall, Founded on the Manuscript Histories of Mr Hals and Mr Tonkin; with additions and various appendices |url=https://archive.org/details/parochialhistor02halsgoog |date=1838 |publisher=J B Nichols and Son |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/parochialhistor02halsgoog/page/n294 288]}}</ref> The present church is of the 15th century but was substantially [[Victorian restoration|restored]] in 1872.


In some 18th-century documents there is evidence that the parish was called Uni-Crowan and this may be connected to the fact that the parish was in two parts, one in Penwith and one in Kerrier hundred. The Kerrier portion was once a separate chapelry and may have had [[St Uny]] as its patron saint.<ref>[[Doble, G. H.]] (1960) ''The Saints of Cornwall''; part 1. Truro: Dean and Chapter; pp. 97-99</ref> Crowan feast was observed on the nearest Sunday to the eve of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary.<ref>''Cornish Church Guide'' (1925) Truro: Blackford; p. 10</ref>
In some 18th-century documents there is evidence that the parish was called Uni-Crowan and this may be connected to the fact that the parish was in two parts, one in Penwith and one in Kerrier hundred. The Kerrier portion was once a separate chapelry and may have had [[St Uny]] as its patron saint.<ref>[[Doble, G. H.]] (1960) ''The Saints of Cornwall''; part 1. Truro: Dean and Chapter; pp. 97-99</ref> Crowan feast was observed on the nearest Sunday to the eve of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary.<ref>''Cornish Church Guide'' (1925) Truro: Blackford; p. 10</ref>


The six church bells were cast in 1729 by [[Rudhall of Gloucester]] and restored in 1881. The inscriptions are,
[[File:Nine Maidens Cross.jpg|thumb|This cross once stood at the north of Nine Maidens Downs and marked the boundary between Camborne, Crowan, Wendron and Illogan parishes. It now stands in the grounds of Clowance House. The crossroads was known as Binnerton Cross; the head has a Greek cross on one side and a crude figure of Christ on the other.<ref>Langdon, A. G. (1896) ''Old Cornish Crosses''. Truro: Joseph Pollard; pp. 131-33</ref>]]
* 1st bell ″A. R. 1729″,
* 2nd bell ″Prosperity to this parish″,
* 3rd bell ″Abr. Rudhall, of Gloster, cast us all, 1729″,
* 4th bell ″Peace and good neighbourhood″,
* 5th bell ″Prosperity to the Church of England″. The 5th bell was sent to Messrs Warner and Sons, London to be recast in 1881,<ref>{{cite news|title=Crowan|work=The Cornishman|issue=152|date=9 June 1881|page=5}}</ref>
* 6th bell ″I to the Church the living call, and to the grave do summon all″.


There are numerous monuments to members of the St Aubyn family. Sir John St Aubyn, 5th Baronet, is buried at Crowan; his monument was carved by [[William Behnes]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gunnis|first1=Rupert|title=Dictionary of British Sculptors, 1660-1851|date=196u|publisher=Abbey Library|location=London|isbn=9780685279342|edition=New rev.}}</ref> The three St Aubyn brasses (c. 1420, c. 1490 & c. 1550) are now at Clowance.<ref>Dunkin, E. (1882) ''Monumental Brasses''. London, Spottiswoode</ref><ref>Pevsner, N. (1970) ''Cornwall'', 2nd ed., revised by E. Radcliffe. Penguin Books</ref>
⚫
'''Clowance House''' was the seat of the St Aubyns (from 1671 they were the [[St Aubyn Baronets]], but the legitimate line ended with [[Sir John St Aubyn, 5th Baronet]] in 1839).<ref>W. P. Courtney, ‘St Aubyn, Sir John, fifth baronet (1758–1839)’, rev. Hallie Rubenhold, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2010 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24481, accessed 30 March 2015]</ref> Three years before his death the wings of the house burnt down on 10 November 1836.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fire at Clowance Park|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wbritonad/cornwall/1836/misc/nov.html|accessdate=3 January 2013|newspaper=West Briton|date=18 November 1836}}</ref> The resort of Clowance estate offers swimming, tennis, gym and fitness facilities, a bar and an Italian restaurant.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clowance Estate|url=http://www.clowancelodges.co.uk/|publisher=Clowance Lodges|accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref>


'''Prehistoric remains''': Crowan parish has many remains of prehistoric times including barrows and stone crosses.<ref>[http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/crowan/html/ancient_crowan.html Ancient Crowan]</ref> There are four Cornish crosses in the parish; one cross is at Praze-an-Beeble and three are at Clowance. The original location of the Praze cross is unknown. Two of the Clowance crosses have a cross on one side and a crude crucifixus figure on the other; one formerly stood at Bold Gate on Clowance Down and the other at Binnerton Cross. The third cross is curiously ornamented on the front and back of the shaft; it formerly stood at the northwest corner of Nine Maidens' Down.<ref>Langdon, A. G. (1896) ''Old Cornish Crosses''. Truro: Joseph Pollard; pp. 129-33 & 328-30</ref>
[[File:Nine Maidens Cross.jpg|thumb|This cross once stood at the north of Nine Maidens Downs and marked the boundary between Camborne, Crowan, Wendron and Illogan parishes. It now stands in the grounds of Clowance House. The crossroads was known as Binnerton Cross; the head has a Greek cross on one side and a crude figure of Christ on the other.<ref>Langdon, A. G. (1896) ''Old Cornish Crosses''. Truro: Joseph Pollard; pp. 131–33</ref>]]


⚫
'''Clowance House''' was the seat of the St Aubyns (from 1671 they were the [[St Aubyn Baronets]], but the legitimate line ended with [[Sir John St Aubyn, 5th Baronet]] in 1839).<ref>W. P. Courtney, ‘St Aubyn, Sir John, fifth baronet (1758–1839)’, rev. Hallie Rubenhold, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2010 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24481, accessed 30 March 2015]</ref> Three years before his death the wings of the house burnt down on 10 November 1836.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fire at Clowance Park|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wbritonad/cornwall/1836/misc/nov.html|accessdate=3 January 2013|newspaper=West Briton|date=18 November 1836}}</ref> The resort of Clowance estate offers swimming, tennis, gym and fitness facilities, a bar and an Italian restaurant.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clowance Estate|url=http://www.clowancelodges.co.uk/|publisher=Clowance Lodges|accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref>

'''Prehistoric remains''': Crowan parish has many remains of prehistoric times including barrows and stone crosses.<ref>[http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/crowan/html/ancient_crowan.html Ancient Crowan]</ref> There are four Cornish crosses in the parish; one cross was found at Praze-an-Beeble and now stands by the parish church; three are at Clowance. The original location of the Praze cross is unknown. Two of the Clowance crosses have a cross on one side and a crude crucifixus figure on the other; one formerly stood at Bold Gate on Clowance Down and the other at Binnerton Cross. The third cross is curiously ornamented on the front and back of the shaft; it formerly stood at the northwest corner of Nine Maidens' Down.<ref>Langdon, A. G. (1896) ''Old Cornish Crosses''. Truro: Joseph Pollard; pp. 129–33 & 328–30</ref>
'''Manor Mill''' is an ancient mill used for grinding corn until 1946. It then became a pottery and later still a weaving mill.<ref>Todd, A. C. & Laws, Peter (1972) ''The Industrial Archaeology of Cornwall''. Newton Abbot: David & Charles; p. 222</ref>
'''Manor Mill''' is an ancient mill used for grinding corn until 1946. It then became a pottery and later still a weaving mill.<ref>Todd, A. C. & Laws, Peter (1972) ''The Industrial Archaeology of Cornwall''. Newton Abbot: David & Charles; p. 222</ref>


==Mining==
==Mining==
Crowan was formerly a mining parish with thousands employed. By 1880 they had all shut and Polerebo still had a steam-engine in good condition. Other mines included Binner Downs, Crenver, West Treasury, Wheal Abraham, Wheal Strawberry and Wheal Treasury.<ref>{{cite news|title=Camborne|work=The Cornishman|issue=111|date=26 August 1880|page=4}}</ref>
Crowan was formerly a mining parish with thousands employed in the mines. By 1880 all the mines had shut and Polcrebo still had a steam-engine in good condition. Other mines included Binner Downs, Crenver, West Treasury, Wheal Abraham, Wheal Strawberry and Wheal Treasury.<ref>{{cite news|title=Camborne|work=The Cornishman|issue=111|date=26 August 1880|page=4}}</ref> Financed by a London company, shafts were sunk and old levels extended at Polcrebo in 1884, with tin-ore accumulating at the surface.<ref>{{cite news |title=Polcrebo |work=The Cornishman |issue=296 |date=13 March 1884 |page=6}}</ref>

==Cornish wrestling==
[[Cornish wrestling]] tournaments, for prizes, were held at Clowance House.<ref name="C29121887">Cornishman, 29 December 1887.</ref>

Joe Williams, originally from Crowan, emigrated to mine in Australia in the mid-1800s. He won the Cornish wrestling championship of Australia, gaining the championship belt and a large gold cup.<ref name="WBCA06051954">''Helston retrospect'', West Briton and Cornwall Advertiser, 6 May 1954, p3.</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Portal|Cornwall}}
{{Commons category-inline|Crowan}}
* [https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1160230 Church of St Crewen]


{{Cornwall|state=collapsed}}
{{Cornwall|state=collapsed}}
Line 54: Line 74:


<!-- Removed paragraph about former railway station - there was no station at Crowan on the Helston branch or any other railway -->
<!-- Removed paragraph about former railway station - there was no station at Crowan on the Helston branch or any other railway -->

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Civil parishes in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cornwall]]

Latest revision as of 13:12, 9 November 2024

Crowan
Crowan parish church
Crowan is located in Cornwall
Crowan
Crowan
Location within Cornwall
Population2,581 (2011 census including Carzise )
OS grid referenceSW645345
Civil parish
  • Crowan
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townCAMBORNE
Postcode districtTR14
Dialling code01209
PoliceDevon and Cornwall
FireCornwall
AmbulanceSouth Western
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Cornwall
50°09′47″N 5°17′38″W / 50.163°N 05.294°W / 50.163; -05.294
Clowance Estate

Crowan (Cornish: Egloskrewen (village) or Pluw Grewen (parish))[1] is a village and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is about three-and-a-half miles (6 km) south of Camborne.[2] A former mining parish, all of the mines had shut by 1880.

Geography

[edit]

Crowan had a population of 2,375 (2001) which had increased to 2,454 in the 2011 census.[3] Crowan Churchtown is not the largest settlement: there are villages at Praze-an-Beeble, Nancegollan, Bolitho and Leedstown and a hamlet at Black Rock (on the B3280 road four miles (6.5 km) south of Camborne and five miles (8 km) north of Helston).[2] The hamlets of Carzise, Clowance Wood, Drym, Fraddam, Gwinear Downs, Horsedowns, Nine Maidens Downs, Noonvares, Paul's Green, Releath, Townshend and Tremayne are also in the parish.[4]

The River Hayle rises near Crowan and flows through the village and the railway branch to Helston passed nearby.

Notable buildings and antiquities

[edit]

The parish church is dedicated to St Crewenna and is built of granite. St Crewenna was possibly one of the Irish saints accompanying saints Germoe and Breaca.[5] Crowan church was given, by William, Earl of Gloucester to St James' Priory, Bristol, which was a dependency of the Benedictine Abbey of Tewkesbury.[6] The present church is of the 15th century but was substantially restored in 1872.

In some 18th-century documents there is evidence that the parish was called Uni-Crowan and this may be connected to the fact that the parish was in two parts, one in Penwith and one in Kerrier hundred. The Kerrier portion was once a separate chapelry and may have had St Uny as its patron saint.[7] Crowan feast was observed on the nearest Sunday to the eve of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary.[8]

The six church bells were cast in 1729 by Rudhall of Gloucester and restored in 1881. The inscriptions are,

  • 1st bell ″A. R. 1729″,
  • 2nd bell ″Prosperity to this parish″,
  • 3rd bell ″Abr. Rudhall, of Gloster, cast us all, 1729″,
  • 4th bell ″Peace and good neighbourhood″,
  • 5th bell ″Prosperity to the Church of England″. The 5th bell was sent to Messrs Warner and Sons, London to be recast in 1881,[9]
  • 6th bell ″I to the Church the living call, and to the grave do summon all″.

There are numerous monuments to members of the St Aubyn family. Sir John St Aubyn, 5th Baronet, is buried at Crowan; his monument was carved by William Behnes.[10] The three St Aubyn brasses (c. 1420, c. 1490 & c. 1550) are now at Clowance.[11][12]

This cross once stood at the north of Nine Maidens Downs and marked the boundary between Camborne, Crowan, Wendron and Illogan parishes. It now stands in the grounds of Clowance House. The crossroads was known as Binnerton Cross; the head has a Greek cross on one side and a crude figure of Christ on the other.[13]

Clowance House was the seat of the St Aubyns (from 1671 they were the St Aubyn Baronets, but the legitimate line ended with Sir John St Aubyn, 5th Baronet in 1839).[14] Three years before his death the wings of the house burnt down on 10 November 1836.[15] The resort of Clowance estate offers swimming, tennis, gym and fitness facilities, a bar and an Italian restaurant.[16]

Prehistoric remains: Crowan parish has many remains of prehistoric times including barrows and stone crosses.[17] There are four Cornish crosses in the parish; one cross was found at Praze-an-Beeble and now stands by the parish church; three are at Clowance. The original location of the Praze cross is unknown. Two of the Clowance crosses have a cross on one side and a crude crucifixus figure on the other; one formerly stood at Bold Gate on Clowance Down and the other at Binnerton Cross. The third cross is curiously ornamented on the front and back of the shaft; it formerly stood at the northwest corner of Nine Maidens' Down.[18] Manor Mill is an ancient mill used for grinding corn until 1946. It then became a pottery and later still a weaving mill.[19]

Mining

[edit]

Crowan was formerly a mining parish with thousands employed in the mines. By 1880 all the mines had shut and Polcrebo still had a steam-engine in good condition. Other mines included Binner Downs, Crenver, West Treasury, Wheal Abraham, Wheal Strawberry and Wheal Treasury.[20] Financed by a London company, shafts were sunk and old levels extended at Polcrebo in 1884, with tin-ore accumulating at the surface.[21]

Cornish wrestling

[edit]

Cornish wrestling tournaments, for prizes, were held at Clowance House.[22]

Joe Williams, originally from Crowan, emigrated to mine in Australia in the mid-1800s. He won the Cornish wrestling championship of Australia, gaining the championship belt and a large gold cup.[23]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Place-names in the Standard Written Form (SWF) Archived May 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine : List of place-names agreed by the MAGA Signage Panel Archived May 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Cornish Language Partnership.
  2. ^ a b Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 203 Land's End ISBN 978-0-319-23148-7
  3. ^ Office for National Statistics : Census 2011: Parish Headcounts : Cornwall Retrieved 2009-12-23
  4. ^ Cornwall; Explore Britain
  5. ^ Ellis, P. B. (1992) The Cornish Saints. Penryn: Tor Mark Press, p. 9
  6. ^ Gilbert, Davies (1838). The Parochial History of Cornwall, Founded on the Manuscript Histories of Mr Hals and Mr Tonkin; with additions and various appendices. London: J B Nichols and Son. pp. 288.
  7. ^ Doble, G. H. (1960) The Saints of Cornwall; part 1. Truro: Dean and Chapter; pp. 97-99
  8. ^ Cornish Church Guide (1925) Truro: Blackford; p. 10
  9. ^ "Crowan". The Cornishman. No. 152. 9 June 1881. p. 5.
  10. ^ Gunnis, Rupert (196u). Dictionary of British Sculptors, 1660-1851 (New rev. ed.). London: Abbey Library. ISBN 9780685279342.
  11. ^ Dunkin, E. (1882) Monumental Brasses. London, Spottiswoode
  12. ^ Pevsner, N. (1970) Cornwall, 2nd ed., revised by E. Radcliffe. Penguin Books
  13. ^ Langdon, A. G. (1896) Old Cornish Crosses. Truro: Joseph Pollard; pp. 131–33
  14. ^ W. P. Courtney, ‘St Aubyn, Sir John, fifth baronet (1758–1839)’, rev. Hallie Rubenhold, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2010 accessed 30 March 2015
  15. ^ "Fire at Clowance Park". West Briton. 18 November 1836. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  16. ^ "Clowance Estate". Clowance Lodges. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  17. ^ Ancient Crowan
  18. ^ Langdon, A. G. (1896) Old Cornish Crosses. Truro: Joseph Pollard; pp. 129–33 & 328–30
  19. ^ Todd, A. C. & Laws, Peter (1972) The Industrial Archaeology of Cornwall. Newton Abbot: David & Charles; p. 222
  20. ^ "Camborne". The Cornishman. No. 111. 26 August 1880. p. 4.
  21. ^ "Polcrebo". The Cornishman. No. 296. 13 March 1884. p. 6.
  22. ^ Cornishman, 29 December 1887.
  23. ^ Helston retrospect, West Briton and Cornwall Advertiser, 6 May 1954, p3.
[edit]
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