Siedlce: Difference between revisions
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| name = Siedlce |
| name = Siedlce |
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| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |
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| color = #ffffff |
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| photo1a = Siedlce, Ratusz - panoramio.jpg{{!}}Old town hall and monument of Tadeusz Kościuszko |
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| photo2a = Pałac Ogińskich w Siedlcach 2.jpg{{!}}Ogiński Palace |
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| photo2b = Siedlce. Kościół Św. Stanisława - panoramio.jpg{{!}}St. Stanislaus Church |
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| spacing = 2 |
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| border = 0 |
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| size = 266 |
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}} |
}} |
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| imagesize = 250px |
| imagesize = 250px |
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| image_flag = Flaga Siedlce.svg |
| image_flag = Flaga Siedlce.svg |
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| image_shield = Herb Siedlce.svg |
| image_shield = Herb Siedlce.svg |
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| pushpin_map |
| pushpin_map = Poland |
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| pushpin_label_position |
| pushpin_label_position = top |
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| pushpin_map_alt |
| pushpin_map_alt = |
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| coordinates = {{coord|52|9|54|N|22|16|17|E|region:PL_type:city|display=title,inline}} |
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| pushpin_map_caption = |
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| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
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| coordinates = {{coord|52|9|54|N|22|16|17|E|region:PL_type:city|display=inline,title}} |
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| subdivision_name = {{POL}} |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]] |
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| subdivision_name = Poland |
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| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Masovian Voivodeship|name=Masovian}} |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[List of Polish counties|County]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Masovian Voivodeship|name=Masovian}} |
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| subdivision_name2 = ''City county'' |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[List of Polish counties|County]] |
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| leader_party = [[Law and Justice|PiS]] |
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| subdivision_name2 = ''City county'' |
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| leader_title = |
| leader_title = City mayor |
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| leader_name = |
| leader_name = Tomasz Hapunowicz |
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| established_title = First mentioned |
| established_title = First mentioned |
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| established_date = 1448 |
| established_date = 1448 |
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| established_title3 = |
| established_title3 = City rights |
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| established_date3 = 1547 |
| established_date3 = 1547 |
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| area_total_km2 = 32 |
| area_total_km2 = 32 |
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| population_as_of = |
| population_as_of = 31 December 2021 |
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| population_total = 77,354 {{decrease}}<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=14 August 2022|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Data for territorial unit 1464000.</ref> |
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| population_total = 77,872 {{increase}} (46th) |
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| population_density_km2 = 2430 |
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| population_metro = 175,000 |
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| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
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| utc_offset = +1 |
| utc_offset = +1 |
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| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]] |
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]] |
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| blank_info = WS |
| blank_info = WS |
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| website = http://www.siedlce.pl/ }} |
| website = http://www.siedlce.pl/ |
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}} |
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'''Siedlce''' ({{IPA|pl|'ɕɛdlt͡sɛ|audio=Pl-Siedlce.ogg}}) ({{langx|yi|שעדליץ}} {{transliteration|yi|''Shedlits''}}) is a city in eastern Poland with 77,354 inhabitants ({{As of|2021|lc=on}}).<ref name="population"/> Situated in the [[Masovian Voivodeship]] (since 1999), previously the city was the capital of a separate [[Siedlce Voivodeship]] (1975–1998). The city is situated between two small rivers, the Muchawka and the Helenka, and lies along the [[European route E30]], around {{convert|90|km|mi}} east of [[Warsaw]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dystans.org/Warszawa/Siedlce |title=Dystans.org |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref> It is the fourth largest city of the Voivodeship, and the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Siedlce]]. Siedlce is a local educational, cultural and business center. |
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'''Siedlce''' [{{IPA-pl|'ɕɛdlt͡sɛ|3=Pl-Siedlce.ogg}}] ({{lang-yi|שעדליץ}} {{transl|yi|''Shedlits''}}) is a city in eastern Poland with 77,872 inhabitants ({{As of|2018|lc=on}}). Situated in the [[Masovian Voivodeship]] (since 1999), previously the city was the capital of a separate [[Siedlce Voivodeship]] (1975–1998). The city is situated between two small rivers, the Muchawka and the Helenka, and lies along the [[European route E30]], around {{convert|90|km|mi}} east of [[Warsaw]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dystans.org/Warszawa/Siedlce |title=Dystans.org |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref> It is the fourth largest city of the Voivodeship, and the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Siedlce]]. Siedlce is a local educational, cultural and business center. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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The city, which is a part of the historical province of [[Lesser Poland]], was most probably founded some time before the 15th century, and was first mentioned as ''Siedlecz'' in a document issued in 1448. In 1503, local [[szlachta|nobleman]] Daniel Siedlecki erected a new village of the same name nearby, together with a church. In 1547 the town was granted [[Magdeburg rights]] by King [[Sigismund the Old]]. Siedlce as an urban center was created after a merger of the two neighboring villages. It was a [[private town]], administratively located in the [[Lublin Voivodeship (1474–1795)|Lublin Voivodeship]] in the [[Lesser Poland Province of the |
The city, which is a part of the historical province of [[Lesser Poland]], was most probably founded some time before the 15th century, and was first mentioned as ''Siedlecz'' in a document issued in 1448. In 1503, local [[szlachta|nobleman]] Daniel Siedlecki erected a new village of the same name nearby, together with a church. In 1547 the town was granted [[Magdeburg rights]] by King [[Sigismund the Old]]. Siedlce as an urban center was created after a merger of the two neighboring villages. It was a [[private town]], administratively located in the [[Lublin Voivodeship (1474–1795)|Lublin Voivodeship]] in the [[Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Lesser Poland Province]]. In the 16th century, and until the mid-17th century, Siedlce prospered, with its population quickly growing and a number of artisans opening their shops here. |
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[[File:Odwach w Siedlcach.JPG|thumb|left|Former 18th-century guardhouse]] |
[[File:Odwach w Siedlcach.JPG|thumb|left|Former 18th-century guardhouse]] |
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The period of prosperity ended during the [[Deluge (history)|Swedish invasion of Poland]] (1655–1660), when Siedlce, together with most Lesser Poland's towns and cities, was burned by the [[Cossacks]], [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]], [[Tsardom of Russia|Muscovities]], [[Swedish Empire|Swedes]] and the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvanians]]. After these conflicts, the town belonged to the [[Czartoryski family]], as a dowry of Joanna Olędzka, who married Prince Michał Jerzy Czartoryski. In 1692 Siedlce burned again, and the destruction was used by [[Kazimierz Czartoryski]], the son of Michał Jerzy, to plan a new, modern market square, together with adjacent streets. In the first half of the 18th century, a new parish church was built. In 1775, after Aleksandra Czartoryska married [[Hetman]] [[Michał Kazimierz Ogiński]], the town passed over to the [[Ogiński family]]. At that time Siedlce emerged as one of the most important cultural centers of the nation. The ''Ogiński Palace'' was visited by several notable artists and writers, such as [[Franciszek Karpiński]], and [[Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz]]. King [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]] visited the palace twice, in 1783 and 1793. Due to efforts of Aleksandra Ogińska, several improvements took place in Siedlce. Among them, a new town hall was built, which now is one of the symbols of the city.<ref name="siedlce.pl"/> |
The period of prosperity ended during the [[Deluge (history)|Swedish invasion of Poland]] (1655–1660), when Siedlce, together with most Lesser Poland's towns and cities, was burned by the [[Cossacks]], [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]], [[Tsardom of Russia|Muscovities]], [[Swedish Empire|Swedes]] and the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvanians]]. After these conflicts, the town belonged to the [[Czartoryski family]], as a dowry of Joanna Olędzka, who married Prince Michał Jerzy Czartoryski. In 1692 Siedlce burned again, and the destruction was used by [[Kazimierz Czartoryski]], the son of Michał Jerzy, to plan a new, modern market square, together with adjacent streets. In the first half of the 18th century, a new parish church was built. In 1775, after Aleksandra Czartoryska married [[Hetman]] [[Michał Kazimierz Ogiński]], the town passed over to the [[Ogiński family]]. At that time Siedlce emerged as one of the most important cultural centers of the nation. The ''Ogiński Palace'' was visited by several notable artists and writers, such as [[Franciszek Karpiński]], and [[Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz]]. King [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]] visited the palace twice, in 1783 and 1793. Due to efforts of Aleksandra Ogińska, several improvements took place in Siedlce. Among them, a new town hall was built, which now is one of the symbols of the city.<ref name="siedlce.pl"/> |
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===Partitions of Poland=== |
===Partitions of Poland=== |
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Siedlce remained a [[private town]] until the military [[Partitions of Poland]], when it changed hands several times. During the [[third partition of Poland]] (1795), Siedlce was annexed by the [[Habsburg |
Siedlce remained a [[private town]] until the military [[Partitions of Poland]], when it changed hands several times. During the [[third partition of Poland]] (1795), Siedlce was annexed by the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]], and became the seat of ''Kreisamt'' (1795–1809) in the [[Austrian Partition]].<ref name="siedlce.pl">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140823193900/http://www.siedlce.pl/index.php?option=18&action=articles_show&art_id=4&menu_id=74&page=6 Official Siedlce website: Town history, 1448–1999] via Internet Archive. Retrieved 24 October 2015.</ref> |
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[[File:Dworzec siedlce gancwol BK.jpg|thumb|left|Siedlce train station in the early 20th century]] |
[[File:Dworzec siedlce gancwol BK.jpg|thumb|left|Siedlce train station in the early 20th century]] |
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In 1809 Siedlce became part of the Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]] established by [[Napoleon]], within which it was the capital of the [[Siedlce Department]]. Following his defeat, during the creation of the Russian-controlled [[Congress Poland]] (1815), Siedlce became the seat of a province in the [[Russian Partition]] (see [[Podlasie Governorate]]). During the [[November Uprising]] against Russian domination, the [[Battle of Iganie]] (10 April 1831) took place near the town. In the [[January Uprising]] of 1863, Siedlce was again an important center of the anti-Tsarist rebellion. In 1867 the [[Siedlce Governorate]] was created. Siedlce continued to develop with new administration buildings, a post office complex, a courthouse, and a new prison. In the late 19th century, Siedlce became an important railroad junction, with connections to [[Warsaw]] (completed 1866), [[Brest Litovsk]] (1867), [[Małkinia Górna]] (1884), and [[Czeremcha]] (1906). In the beginning of the 20th century, local students launched a protest against the ruthless [[Russification]] policies. Subsequently, in 1906 the Russian secret police organized the [[Siedlce pogrom]] in order to terrorize the locals. At that time, Siedlce was an important center of Jewish culture, with Jews making up 50% of the population.<ref name="siedlce.pl"/> |
In 1809 Siedlce became part of the Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]] established by [[Napoleon]], within which it was the capital of the [[Siedlce Department]]. Following his defeat, during the creation of the Russian-controlled [[Congress Poland]] (1815), Siedlce became the seat of a province in the [[Russian Partition]] (see [[Podlasie Governorate]]). During the [[November Uprising]] against Russian domination, the [[Battle of Iganie]] (10 April 1831) took place near the town. In the [[January Uprising]] of 1863, Siedlce was again an important center of the anti-Tsarist rebellion. In 1867 the [[Siedlce Governorate]] was created. Siedlce continued to develop with new administration buildings, a post office complex, a courthouse, and a new prison. In the late 19th century, Siedlce became an important railroad junction, with connections to [[Warsaw]] (completed 1866), [[Brest Litovsk]] (1867), [[Małkinia Górna]] (1884), and [[Czeremcha, Podlaskie Voivodeship|Czeremcha]] (1906). In the beginning of the 20th century, local students launched a protest against the ruthless [[Russification]] policies. Subsequently, in 1906 the Russian secret police organized the [[Siedlce pogrom]] in order to terrorize the locals. At that time, Siedlce was an important center of Jewish culture, with Jews making up 50% of the population.<ref name="siedlce.pl"/> |
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===Interbellum and World War II=== |
===Interbellum and World War II=== |
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In the [[Second Polish Republic]], since the return to independence in 1918, Siedlce belonged to the [[Lublin Voivodeship (1919–39)]] in the central part of the country (unlike today) with the provincial capital in [[Lublin]]. During the [[Polish–Soviet War]], the city was briefly captured by the Russians, and then recaptured by Poles on 17 August 1920.<ref name=ak>{{cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=Andrzej|year=1995|title=Miejsca pamięci związane z Bitwą Warszawską 1920 r.|journal=Niepodległość i Pamięć|language=pl|publisher=[[Museum of Independence|Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie]]|issue=2/2 (3)|page=156|issn=1427-1443}}</ref> On 19 August 1920, after the Polish victory in the [[Battle of Warsaw (1920)|Battle of Warsaw]], Marshal [[Józef Piłsudski]], Prime Minister [[Wincenty Witos]] and Minister [[Maciej Rataj]] held a meeting in the city.<ref name=ak/> Within interwar Poland, the city remained an important rail junction and was the location of a military garrison, where the [[9th Infantry Division (Poland)|9th Infantry Division]] was stationed before the German-Soviet [[invasion of Poland]], which started [[World War II]] in September 1939. |
In the [[Second Polish Republic]], since the return to independence in 1918, Siedlce belonged to the [[Lublin Voivodeship (1919–39)]] in the central part of the country (unlike today) with the provincial capital in [[Lublin]]. During the [[Polish–Soviet War]], the city was briefly captured by the Russians, and then recaptured by Poles on 17 August 1920.<ref name=ak>{{cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=Andrzej|year=1995|title=Miejsca pamięci związane z Bitwą Warszawską 1920 r.|journal=Niepodległość i Pamięć|language=pl|publisher=[[Museum of Independence|Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie]]|issue=2/2 (3)|page=156|issn=1427-1443}}</ref> On 19 August 1920, after the Polish victory in the [[Battle of Warsaw (1920)|Battle of Warsaw]], Marshal [[Józef Piłsudski]], Prime Minister [[Wincenty Witos]] and Minister [[Maciej Rataj]] held a meeting in the city.<ref name=ak/> Within interwar Poland, the city remained an important rail junction and was the location of a military garrison, where the [[9th Infantry Division (Poland)|9th Infantry Division]] was stationed before the German-Soviet [[invasion of Poland]], which started [[World War II]] in September 1939. |
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During the invasion of Poland, Germany bombed Polish civilian refugees on the road from Warsaw to Siedlce,<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=89}}</ref> and the city was captured and then [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied by Germany]] until 1944. The Polish government evacuated the Polish [[gold reserve]], part of which was stored in Siedlce, to Polish-allied France.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Szustakowski|first=January|year=2019|title=Jak uratowano skarb narodu|magazine=Polska Zbrojna|language=pl|publisher=Wojskowy Instytut Wydawniczy|page=6}}</ref> In mid-September 1939, the German ''[[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe V]]'' entered the city to commit [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|atrocities against Poles]].<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 54</ref> Siedlce was included within the Warsaw District of the [[General Government]] (German-occupied central Poland).<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 238</ref> During the war, the area of Siedlce was home to a large partisan force of the [[Home Army]] and other [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|underground organizations]], such as [[Armia Ludowa]]. Due to [[Nazi Germany|German]] terror, the town lost one-third of its population, including its entire Jewish community deported to [[extermination camp]]s during [[The Holocaust in Poland|the Holocaust]]. In late July 1944 (see [[Operation Tempest]]), Home Army units freed the town, together with the [[Red Army]]. After the war, 50% of Siedlce was in ruins, including the town hall. |
During the invasion of Poland, Germany bombed Polish civilian refugees on the road from Warsaw to Siedlce,<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=89}}</ref> and the city was captured and then [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied by Germany]] until 1944. The Polish government evacuated the Polish [[gold reserve]], part of which was stored in Siedlce, to Polish-allied France.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Szustakowski|first=January|year=2019|title=Jak uratowano skarb narodu|magazine=Polska Zbrojna|language=pl|publisher=Wojskowy Instytut Wydawniczy|page=6}}</ref> In mid-September 1939, the German ''[[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe V]]'' entered the city to commit [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|atrocities against Poles]].<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 54</ref> Siedlce was included within the Warsaw District of the [[General Government]] (German-occupied central Poland).<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 238</ref> During the war, the area of Siedlce was home to a large partisan force of the [[Home Army]] and other [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|underground organizations]], such as [[Armia Ludowa]]. Due to [[Nazi Germany|German]] terror, the town lost one-third of its population, including its entire Jewish community deported to [[extermination camp]]s during [[The Holocaust in Poland|the Holocaust]]. The Germans operated the Stalag 366 [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner-of-war camp]] for Polish, [[Italian Military Internees|Italian]], [[French prisoners of war in World War II|French]] and Soviet POWs in the city with subcamps in [[Suchożebry]] and [[Biała Podlaska]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Megargee|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Overmans|first2=Rüdiger|last3=Vogt|first3=Wolfgang|year=2022|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=370|isbn=978-0-253-06089-1}}</ref> In late July 1944 (see [[Operation Tempest]]), Home Army units freed the town, together with the [[Red Army]]. After the war, 50% of Siedlce was in ruins, including the town hall. |
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== Jewish history == |
== Jewish history == |
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[[File:Siedlce Synagogue.jpg|thumb|left |
[[File:Siedlce Synagogue.jpg|thumb|left|Siedlce Synagogue, destroyed by the Germans in December 1939]] |
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Until the [[ |
Until the [[Holocaust]], like many other cities in Europe, Siedlce had a significant Jewish population. At some times, indeed, Jews were the majority of its population. The presence of Jews at Siedlce is attested from the mid-16th century – inn keepers, merchants and artisans. A Jewish hospital existed in the town since the early 18th century. In 1794, a [[Beit Midrash]] (study hall) was founded in the town and 1798 the Jewish cemetery was extended, testifying to the increase of the community. These changes coincided with the town coming under Austrian rule with the [[Third Partition of Poland]]. Austrian rule lasted until 1809. It was passed to Russian rule in 1815 formally (in 1813 de facto), that lasted for over a hundred years. Until 1819, the Jewish community of [[Warsaw]], {{convert|90|km|0|abbr=off}} to the west, was formally subject to the authority of the Siedlce rabbis. |
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As a result of [[Pale of Settlement|Russian discriminatory policies]] for much of the 19th century – a time when the town's population steadily increased – Jews were the majority of Siedlce's population: 3,727 (71.5%) in 1839; 4,359 (65%) in 1841; 5,153 (67.5%) in 1858; 8,156 (64%) in 1878. Later on, the percentage of Jews decreased due to non-Jewish migration: according to the [[Russian census of 1897]], out of the total population of 23,700, Jews constituted 11,400 (so around 48% percent).<ref>[[Joshua D. Zimmerman]], ''Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality'', Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-299-19464-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C |
As a result of [[Pale of Settlement|Russian discriminatory policies]] for much of the 19th century – a time when the town's population steadily increased – Jews were the majority of Siedlce's population: 3,727 (71.5%) in 1839; 4,359 (65%) in 1841; 5,153 (67.5%) in 1858; 8,156 (64%) in 1878. Later on, the percentage of Jews decreased due to non-Jewish migration: according to the [[Russian census of 1897]], out of the total population of 23,700, Jews constituted 11,400 (so around 48% percent).<ref>[[Joshua D. Zimmerman]], ''Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality'', Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-299-19464-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16 Google Print, p.16]</ref> The first Polish census, in 1921, recorded 14,685 Jews living in Siedlce. Their number remained steady in the interwar period, and in 1939, on the eve of the [[Second World War]], there were some 15,000 Jews living in the town.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} |
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, secular political and cultural activity was evident among Jews in Siedlce, similar to other parts of Central and Eastern Europe. In 1900 the [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia|Bund]] started activity in the town, as did the [[Zionist]] movement, and many of the town's Jews were adherents of the [[Polish Socialist Party]]. Between 1911 and 1939, two [[Yiddish]] weeklies were published in the town, and a Jewish high school was founded during the [[First World War]]. |
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, secular political and cultural activity was evident among Jews in Siedlce, similar to other parts of Central and Eastern Europe. In 1900, the [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia|Bund]] started activity in the town, as did the [[Zionist]] movement, and many of the town's Jews were adherents of the [[Polish Socialist Party]]. Between 1911 and 1939, two [[Yiddish]] weeklies were published in the town, and a Jewish high school was founded during the [[First World War]]. |
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In the last decades of [[Tsar]]ist rule, many Siedlce activists (both Polish and Jewish) took part in the [[Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–07)|1905 Revolution]]. After a series of attacks on Russians in all of Poland on [[Bloody Wednesday (Poland)|Bloody Wednesday]] (15 August 1906) the Russian authorities [[Siedlce pogrom|organized a pogrom in Siedlce]] in reprisal on 8–10 September 1906,<ref name="Bazylow1972">{{cite book |author=Ludwik Bazylow |title=Ostatnie lata Rosji carskiej |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-9weAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 December 2011 |year=1972 |publisher=Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe |page=162}}</ref><ref name="PiłsudskiWasilewski">{{cite book |author1=Józef Piłsudski |author2=Leon Wasilewski |title=Pisma zbiorowe: wydanie prac dotychczas drukiem ogłoszonych |year=1937 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yTg7AQAAIAAJ |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher= Instytut Józefa Piłsudskiego |page=32}}</ref><ref name="(Poland)1997">{{cite book |author=Zakład Naukowo-Badawczy Archiwistyki (Poland) |title=Archeion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxvvAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 December 2011 |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Zakład Naukowo-Badawczy Archiwistyki |page=334}}</ref><ref name="Tych1990">{{cite book |author=Feliks Tych |title=Rok 1905 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0g_UAAAAMAAJ| access-date=30 December 2011 |year=1990| publisher=Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza| isbn=978-83-03-02915-7| page=81}}</ref> in which 26 Jews perished. In the wake of the [[First World War]] the town was affected by the [[Polish-Soviet War]], being occupied by the [[Red Army]] in 1920 and taken over by the Polish Army in 1921. |
In the last decades of [[Tsar]]ist rule, many Siedlce activists (both Polish and Jewish) took part in the [[Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–07)|1905 Revolution]]. After a series of attacks on Russians in all of Poland on [[Bloody Wednesday (Poland)|Bloody Wednesday]] (15 August 1906) the Russian authorities [[Siedlce pogrom|organized a pogrom in Siedlce]] in reprisal on 8–10 September 1906,<ref name="Bazylow1972">{{cite book |author=Ludwik Bazylow |title=Ostatnie lata Rosji carskiej |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-9weAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 December 2011 |year=1972 |publisher=Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe |page=162}}</ref><ref name="PiłsudskiWasilewski">{{cite book |author1=Józef Piłsudski |author2=Leon Wasilewski |title=Pisma zbiorowe: wydanie prac dotychczas drukiem ogłoszonych |year=1937 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yTg7AQAAIAAJ |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher= Instytut Józefa Piłsudskiego |page=32}}</ref><ref name="(Poland)1997">{{cite book |author=Zakład Naukowo-Badawczy Archiwistyki (Poland) |title=Archeion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxvvAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 December 2011 |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Zakład Naukowo-Badawczy Archiwistyki |page=334}}</ref><ref name="Tych1990">{{cite book |author=Feliks Tych |title=Rok 1905 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0g_UAAAAMAAJ| access-date=30 December 2011 |year=1990| publisher=Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza| isbn=978-83-03-02915-7| page=81}}</ref> in which 26 Jews perished. In the wake of the [[First World War]] the town was affected by the [[Polish-Soviet War]], being occupied by the [[Red Army]] in 1920 and taken over by the Polish Army in 1921. |
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| Line 80: | Line 78: | ||
===World War II=== |
===World War II=== |
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[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-695-0419-03A, Ostfront, Panzer.jpg|thumb|German tanks in Siedlce in 1944]] |
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-695-0419-03A, Ostfront, Panzer.jpg|thumb|German tanks in Siedlce in 1944]] |
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In 1939, Jews constituted some 37% of the town's population. Germans deported over a thousand Jews from elsewhere in Poland to Siedlce in 1940, especially from [[Łódź]], [[Kalisz]] and [[Pabianice]]. In March 1941 – still before the formal decision to implement the "[[Final Solution]]" which meant the wholesale extermination of the Jews – German [[Order Police battalions]] rampaged for three days in Siedlce, killing many of its Jewish inhabitants. In August of the same year the Jews were forced into the new [[Siedlce Ghetto]]. It consisted of several small city blocks and over a dozen walkable streets in the city centre. On 1 October 1941 the ghetto was completely cut off from the outside world. In August 1942 some 10,000 Siedlce Jews were deported to [[Treblinka]] and murdered there together with a similar number of Jews from three nearby transit ghettos: in [[Łosice]], holding local Jews and families from [[Huszlew]], [[Olszanka, Łosice County|Olszanka]], and [[Świniarów]]; in [[Sarnaki]], |
In 1939, Jews constituted some 37% of the town's population. Germans deported over a thousand Jews from elsewhere in Poland to Siedlce in 1940, especially from [[Łódź]], [[Kalisz]] and [[Pabianice]]. In March 1941, – still before the formal decision to implement the "[[Final Solution]]" which meant the wholesale extermination of the Jews – German [[Order Police battalions]] rampaged for three days in Siedlce, killing many of its Jewish inhabitants. In August of the same year, the Jews were forced into the new [[Siedlce Ghetto]]. It consisted of several small city blocks and over a dozen walkable streets in the city centre. On 1 October 1941, the ghetto was completely cut off from the outside world. In August 1942, some 10,000 Siedlce Jews were deported to [[Treblinka]] and murdered there together with a similar number of Jews from three nearby transit ghettos: in [[Łosice]], holding local Jews and families from [[Huszlew]], [[Olszanka, Łosice County|Olszanka]], and [[Świniarów]]; in [[Sarnaki]], with Jews from [[Górki, Łosice County|Górki]], [[Stara Kornica|Kornica]], [[Łysów, Masovian Voivodeship|Łysów]]; and the third transit ghetto with prisoners from [[Mordy]], [[Krzesk-Królowa Niwa]], [[Przesmyki]], [[Stok Ruski]], and [[Tarków]]. The town's remaining Jews imprisoned at the "little ghetto" were sent off to extermination on 25 November 1942.<ref name="HEART2007">[[Edward Kopówka]] with English translation by L. Biedka (2007), [http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/siedlce.html Siedlce Ghetto.] H.E.A.R.T, Holocaust Research Project.org. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</ref><ref name="Ordnungs">{{cite book |author=Wolfgang Curilla |year=2011 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xfrrAwAAQBAJ&q=Siedlce&pg=PA646 |title=Der Judenmord in Polen und die deutsche Ordnungspolizei 1939–1945 |trans-title=The murder of Jews in Poland and the German Order Police 1939–1945 |publisher=Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3506770431 |quote=Die örtliche deutsche Gendarmerie nahm an der ersten Aussiedlung der Juden aus Losice am 22.8.1942 teil. Noch am selben Tag trieb man die Juden aus ihren Häusern auf den Marktplatz von Losice, lud die Älteren auf Lastkraftwagen und brachte die Jüngeren in einer Kolonne zu Fuß nach Siedlce. Viele Juden, mindestens 100, wurden vor Ort erschossen, u.a. durch die örtliche Gendarmerie, viele während des Marsches nach Siedlce.<sup>[Note 81]</sup> |page=646}} ''Source of data:'' Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen zur Aufklärung nationalsozialistischer Verbrechen, Ludwigsburg (ZStL 11 AR 14/63 Abschlussbericht, S. 54.)</ref> |
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{{further| Siedlce Ghetto}} |
{{further| Siedlce Ghetto}} |
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The Siedlce Jewish community was not restored after the Nazi defeat, and the town's later history lacked the hitherto conspicuous Jewish component. Survivors of the town's population established an association in Israel which in 1956 published a comprehensive memorial book on the community's history.<ref>Wolf Yesni (ed.) "Memorial to the Siedlce Community – 14 Years Since its Destruction" (in |
The Siedlce Jewish community was not restored after the Nazi defeat, and the town's later history lacked the hitherto conspicuous Jewish component. Survivors of the town's population established an association in Israel which in 1956 published a comprehensive memorial book on the community's history.<ref>Wolf Yesni (ed.), "Memorial to the Siedlce Community – 14 Years Since its Destruction" (in Yiddish), 1956</ref> In 1971, Y. Kravitz, one of the survivors, published his memoirs entitled "Five Years of Living Hell under Nazi Rule in the City of Siedlce".<ref>,י.קראוויץ, "החיים בגיהנום, חמש שנים תחת שלטון הנאצים בעיר שדליץ", תשל"א</ref> |
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==Climate== |
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Siedlce has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfb'') using the {{convert|-3|C|F|0}} isotherm or a [[humid continental climate]] (Köppen climate classification: ''Dfb'') using the {{convert|0|C|F|0}} isotherm.<ref name="kottek2006">{{cite journal|last1=Kottek|first1=Markus|last2=Grieser|first2=Jürgen|last3=Beck|first3=Christoph|last4=Rudolf|first4=Bruno |last5=Rubel|first5=Franz|title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated|journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift|date=2006|volume=15|issue=3|pages=259–263|doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130|bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K|url=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/40083/metz_Vol_15_No_3_p259-263_World_Map_of_the_Koppen_Geiger_climate_classification_updated_55034.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Peel>{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |issn=1027-5606|url=https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |doi-access=free |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P }}</ref> |
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The lowest air temperature of Poland was recorded in Siedlce on January 11, 1940: -41 °C.<ref name="klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl">{{cite web |url=http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |title=Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce |language=pl |publisher=Zakład Klimatologii – [[Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], Kraków |work=Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl |access-date=20 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529040418/http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |archive-date=29 May 2010 }}</ref> |
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{{Weather box |
|||
| location = Siedlce (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) |
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| metric first = y |
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| single line = y |
|||
| Jan record high C = 12.0 |
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| Feb record high C = 16.7 |
|||
| Mar record high C = 22.2 |
|||
| Apr record high C = 30.1 |
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| May record high C = 31.8 |
|||
| Jun record high C = 33.9 |
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| Jul record high C = 35.5 |
|||
| Aug record high C = 35.2 |
|||
| Sep record high C = 33.2 |
|||
| Oct record high C = 26.0 |
|||
| Nov record high C = 18.8 |
|||
| Dec record high C = 14.8 |
|||
| year record high C = 35.5 |
|||
| Jan high C = 0.3 |
|||
| Feb high C = 1.8 |
|||
| Mar high C = 6.8 |
|||
| Apr high C = 14.0 |
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| May high C = 19.4 |
|||
| Jun high C = 22.6 |
|||
| Jul high C = 24.9 |
|||
| Aug high C = 24.4 |
|||
| Sep high C = 18.7 |
|||
| Oct high C = 12.4 |
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| Nov high C = 6.0 |
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| Dec high C = 1.6 |
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| year high C = 12.7 |
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| Jan mean C = -2.2 |
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| Feb mean C = -1.2 |
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| Mar mean C = 2.5 |
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| Apr mean C = 8.5 |
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| May mean C = 13.6 |
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| Jun mean C = 16.9 |
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| Jul mean C = 18.9 |
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| Aug mean C = 18.3 |
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| Sep mean C = 13.3 |
|||
| Oct mean C = 8.1 |
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| Nov mean C = 3.3 |
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| Dec mean C = -0.7 |
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| year mean C = 8.3 |
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| Jan low C = -4.7 |
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| Feb low C = -4.1 |
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| Mar low C = -1.3 |
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| Apr low C = 3.2 |
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| May low C = 7.7 |
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| Jun low C = 11.1 |
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| Jul low C = 13.1 |
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| Aug low C = 12.5 |
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| Sep low C = 8.4 |
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| Oct low C = 4.4 |
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| Nov low C = 0.9 |
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| Dec low C = -3.1 |
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| year low C = 4.0 |
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| Jan record low C = -33.3 |
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| Feb record low C = -32.8 |
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| Mar record low C = -21.6 |
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| Apr record low C = -7.3 |
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| May record low C = -6.0 |
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| Jun record low C = -0.9 |
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| Jul record low C = 3.9 |
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| Aug record low C = 1.0 |
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| Sep record low C = -4.2 |
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| Oct record low C = -9.8 |
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| Nov record low C = -21.5 |
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| Dec record low C = -25.4 |
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| year record low C = -33.3 |
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| precipitation colour = green |
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| Jan precipitation mm = 30.4 |
|||
| Feb precipitation mm = 26.8 |
|||
| Mar precipitation mm = 30.9 |
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| Apr precipitation mm = 36.1 |
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| May precipitation mm = 61.6 |
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| Jun precipitation mm = 43.9 |
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| Jul precipitation mm = 37.0 |
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| Aug precipitation mm = 39.0 |
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| Sep precipitation mm = 53.8 |
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| Oct precipitation mm = 39.6 |
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| Nov precipitation mm = 33.7 |
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| Dec precipitation mm = 33.4 |
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| year precipitation mm = 466.2 |
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| Jan snow depth cm = 6.7 |
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| Feb snow depth cm = 6.9 |
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| Mar snow depth cm = 5.0 |
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| Apr snow depth cm = 1.5 |
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| May snow depth cm = 0.0 |
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| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0 |
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| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0 |
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| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0 |
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| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0 |
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| Oct snow depth cm = 0.5 |
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| Nov snow depth cm = 2.4 |
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| Dec snow depth cm = 4.4 |
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| year snow depth cm = |
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| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |
|||
| Jan precipitation days = 15.23 |
|||
| Feb precipitation days = 14.04 |
|||
| Mar precipitation days = 12.97 |
|||
| Apr precipitation days = 11.33 |
|||
| May precipitation days = 12.87 |
|||
| Jun precipitation days = 13.27 |
|||
| Jul precipitation days = 13.10 |
|||
| Aug precipitation days = 11.47 |
|||
| Sep precipitation days = 11.87 |
|||
| Oct precipitation days = 12.27 |
|||
| Nov precipitation days = 14.27 |
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| Dec precipitation days = 15.10 |
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| year precipitation days = 157.77 |
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| unit snow days = 0 cm |
|||
| Jan snow days = 17.0 |
|||
| Feb snow days = 15.8 |
|||
| Mar snow days = 8.2 |
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| Apr snow days = 1.0 |
|||
| May snow days = 0.0 |
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| Jun snow days = 0.0 |
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| Jul snow days = 0.0 |
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| Aug snow days = 0.0 |
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| Sep snow days = 0.0 |
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| Oct snow days = 0.5 |
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| Nov snow days = 4.8 |
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| Dec snow days = 12.3 |
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| year snow days = 59.6 |
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| Jan humidity = 87.4 |
|||
| Feb humidity = 84.4 |
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| Mar humidity = 77.1 |
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| Apr humidity = 69.9 |
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| May humidity = 71.7 |
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| Jun humidity = 73.7 |
|||
| Jul humidity = 73.8 |
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| Aug humidity = 74.0 |
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| Sep humidity = 80.6 |
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| Oct humidity = 84.0 |
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| Nov humidity = 88.7 |
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| Dec humidity = 89.2 |
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| year humidity = 79.5 |
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| Jan sun = 46.3 |
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| Feb sun = 68.0 |
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| Mar sun = 131.2 |
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| Apr sun = 195.6 |
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| May sun = 260.8 |
|||
| Jun sun = 264.2 |
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| Jul sun = 269.0 |
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| Aug sun = 257.0 |
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| Sep sun = 172.7 |
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| Oct sun = 114.8 |
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| Nov sun = 50.6 |
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| Dec sun = 34.6 |
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| year sun = 1864.9 |
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| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg> |
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{{cite web |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE |
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| archive-date = 3 December 2021 |
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| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE |
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| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza |
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| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
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| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
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| language = pl |
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| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin> |
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{{cite web |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE |
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| archive-date = 15 January 2022 |
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| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE |
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| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza |
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| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
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| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
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| language = pl |
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| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax> |
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{{cite web |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE |
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| archive-date = 15 January 2022 |
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| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE |
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| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza |
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| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
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| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
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| language = pl |
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| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip> |
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{{cite web |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA |
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| archive-date = 9 January 2022 |
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| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA |
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| title = Miesięczna suma opadu |
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| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
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| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
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| language = pl |
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| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays> |
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{{cite web |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01 |
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| archive-date = 15 January 2022 |
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| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01 |
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| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm |
|||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
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| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
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| language = pl |
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| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth> |
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{{cite web |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB |
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| archive-date = 15 January 2022 |
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| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB |
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| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej |
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| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
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| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
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| language = pl |
|||
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays> |
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{{cite web |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0 |
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| archive-date = 21 January 2022 |
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| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0 |
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| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm |
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| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
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| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
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| language = pl |
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| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun> |
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{{cite web |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL |
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| archive-date = 15 January 2022 |
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| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL |
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| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h) |
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| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
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| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
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| language = pl |
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| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref> |
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| source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<ref name=recordhigh> |
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{{cite web |
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| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352220385&par=tmax&max_empty=3 |
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| title = Siedlce Absolutna temperatura maksymalna |
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| publisher = Meteomodel.pl |
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| language = pl |
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| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=recordlow> |
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{{cite web |
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| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352220385&par=tmin&max_empty=3 |
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| title = Siedlce Absolutna temperatura minimalna |
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| publisher = Meteomodel.pl |
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| language = pl |
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| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity> |
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{{cite web |
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| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352220385&par=rh&max_empty=3 |
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| title = Siedlce Średnia wilgotność |
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| publisher = Meteomodel.pl |
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| language = pl |
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| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref> |
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}} |
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== Points of interest == |
== Points of interest == |
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| Line 90: | Line 337: | ||
Among the historic architecture of the city are: |
Among the historic architecture of the city are: |
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*[[Ogiński family|Ogiński]] Palace complex with the Aleksandria Park, the Holy Cross Chapel (''Ogiński Chapel'') and the present-day State Archive |
*[[Ogiński family|Ogiński]] Palace complex with the Aleksandria Park, the Holy Cross Chapel (''Ogiński Chapel'') and the present-day State Archive |
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* |
*Old town hall |
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*Siedlce Cathedral |
*Siedlce Cathedral |
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*St. Stanislaus Church |
*St. Stanislaus Church |
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| Line 99: | Line 346: | ||
*District Court |
*District Court |
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*''Resursa Obywatelska'' |
*''Resursa Obywatelska'' |
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* |
*Preserved old townhouses |
||
<gallery widths=135> |
<gallery widths=135> |
||
File:Siedlce, Katedra Niepokalanego Poczęcia NMP - fotopolska.eu (202255).jpg|Siedlce Cathedral |
File:Siedlce, Katedra Niepokalanego Poczęcia NMP - fotopolska.eu (202255).jpg|Siedlce Cathedral |
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== Culture == |
== Culture == |
||
[[File:El Greco Ecstasy of St Francis.jpg|thumb|''Ecstasy of St. Francis of Assisi'', (ca.1580) by [[El Greco]] on display in the Diocesan Museum in Siedlce]] |
[[File:El Greco Ecstasy of St Francis.jpg|thumb|''Ecstasy of St. Francis of Assisi'', (ca.1580) by [[El Greco]] on display in the Diocesan Museum in Siedlce]] |
||
The city is a cultural hub for the entire province, with festivals, exhibitions, and concerts of country-wide significance. The town has three museums and three public libraries. The principal animators of culture operating in the city are the Culture and Art Center (CKiS) and the Municipal Cultural Centre (MOK). There are two movie theatres; the art-house cinema run by the CKiS, and |
The city is a cultural hub for the entire province, with festivals, exhibitions, and concerts of country-wide significance. The town has three museums and three public libraries. The principal animators of culture operating in the city are the Culture and Art Center (CKiS) and the Municipal Cultural Centre (MOK). There are two movie theatres; the art-house cinema run by the CKiS, and the multiscreen cinema ''Novekino'' network. A number of artistic groups operate in the city, including the dance companies LUZ and Caro Dance, the Choir of the City of Siedlce, and the ES Theatre. The city also has an art gallery located at the University. A painting by [[El Greco]], "The Ecstasy of St. Francis", is preserved there. It is the only El Greco painting in Poland. |
||
Among the media outlets which operate in this area are the local television (TV Siedlce) and the [[Catholic]] radio station Radio Podlasie. Siedlce is the location of the regional headquarters of the TVP Warsaw/[[TVP Info]], RDC (Radio For You) and [[Radio Eska]]. |
Among the media outlets which operate in this area are the local television (TV Siedlce) and the [[Catholic]] radio station Radio Podlasie. Siedlce is the location of the regional headquarters of the TVP Warsaw/[[TVP Info]], RDC (Radio For You) and [[Radio Eska]]. |
||
Siedlce serves as the location of ''[[The Office PL]]'', the Polish adaptation of ''[[The Office]]''. |
|||
==Sport== |
==Sport== |
||
The city's most popular sports clubs are: |
The city's most popular sports clubs are: |
||
*[[MKP Pogoń Siedlce]] – football club, currently playing |
*[[MKP Pogoń Siedlce]] – football club, currently playing in the [[I liga|second division]] |
||
*[[MKS Pogoń Siedlce (rugby union)|MKS Pogoń Siedlce]] – [[rugby union|rugby]] club, playing in the [[Rugby Ekstraliga]], finishing 2nd in 2014 and 3rd in 2017, 2018 and 2019 |
*[[MKS Pogoń Siedlce (rugby union)|MKS Pogoń Siedlce]] – [[rugby union|rugby]] club, playing in the [[Rugby Ekstraliga]], finishing 2nd in 2014 and 3rd in 2017, 2018 and 2019 |
||
*[[WKS 22 pp Siedlce]] – defunct football club, which played in the [[Ekstraklasa|top division]] in the 1930s |
*[[WKS 22 pp Siedlce]] – defunct football club, which played in the [[Ekstraklasa|top division]] in the 1930s |
||
| Line 125: | Line 374: | ||
===Higher learning=== |
===Higher learning=== |
||
* [ |
* [https://www.uws.edu.pl/ Uniwersytet w Siedlcach (University in Siedlce)] |
||
* [http://www.mazovia.edu.pl/ Collegium Mazovia Innowacyjna Szkoła Wyższa (Collegium Mazovia Innovative Higher School)] |
* [http://www.mazovia.edu.pl/ Collegium Mazovia Innowacyjna Szkoła Wyższa (Collegium Mazovia Innovative Higher School)] |
||
* [http://www.wsd.siedlce.pl/ |
* [http://www.wsd.siedlce.pl/ Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Siedleckiej (Seminary of the Diocese of Siedlce)] |
||
* [http://www.it.siedlce.pl/index.php/ Instytut Teologiczny w Siedlcach (Institute of Theology in Siedlce)] |
* [http://www.it.siedlce.pl/index.php/ Instytut Teologiczny w Siedlcach (Institute of Theology in Siedlce)] |
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|} |
|} |
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== Notable |
== Notable people == |
||
{{see also|Category:People from Siedlce}} |
{{see also|Category:People from Siedlce}} |
||
* [[Bohdan Arct]] (1914–1973) |
* [[Bohdan Arct]] (1914–1973), [[Fighter aircraft|fighter pilot]], writer |
||
* [[Artur Boruc]] (born 1980) |
* [[Artur Boruc]] (born 1980), a football goalkeeper |
||
* [[Richard Burgin (violinist)|Richard Burgin]] ( |
* [[Richard Burgin (violinist)|Richard Burgin]] (1892–1981), [[Jewish]] composer who attended [[St. Petersburg Conservatory]] and became the concert master for the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] |
||
* [[Vladimir Chelomei]] (1914–1984) |
* [[Vladimir Chelomei]] (1914–1984), Soviet Academician and scientist in the field of mechanics and control processes; designer of missiles, spacecraft, and space stations; founder and the General Constructor of OKB-52 (now NPO Mashinostroyenia). |
||
* [[Lidia Chojecka]] (born 1977) |
* [[Lidia Chojecka]] (born 1977), Polish middle-distance runner who specializes in the 1500 metres and sometimes 3000 metres |
||
* |
* {{ill|Aleksander Fogiel|pl}} (1910–1996), theatre and film actor, director, theatre director and designer |
||
* [[Izrael Hieger]] (1901–1986) |
* [[Izrael Hieger]] (1901–1986), biochemist |
||
* [[Aleksandra Klejnowska]] (born 1982) |
* [[Aleksandra Klejnowska]] (born 1982), weightlifter |
||
* [[Bolesław Prus]] (1847–1912) – writer, novelist, a leading figure in the history of [[Polish literature]] and [[Philosophy of Poland|philosophy]] |
|||
* Jacob Stodolsky, Yiddish poet and editor, member of the Introspectivist Literary group in early 20th century |
* Jacob Stodolsky, Yiddish poet and editor, member of the Introspectivist Literary group in early 20th century |
||
* [[Przemysław Truściński]] (born 1972) |
* [[Przemysław Truściński]] (born 1972), artist |
||
* [[Louis Waller]] (1935–2019), Australian law professor |
|||
* [[Leon Wyczółkowski]] (1852–1936) – painter |
|||
* [[ |
* [[Agata Wróbel]] (born 1981), [[weightlifter]], [[2000 Summer Olympics]] silver medallist |
||
* [[Maciej Rosołek]] (born 2001), footballer |
|||
* [[Agata Wróbel]] (born 1981) – [[weightlifter]], [[2000 Summer Olympics]] silver medalist |
|||
* [[Maciej Rosołek]], (born 2001) - footballer |
|||
== See also == |
== See also == |
||
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{{Masovian Voivodeship}} |
{{Masovian Voivodeship}} |
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{{Siedlce County}} |
{{Siedlce County}} |
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<br /> |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Cities and towns in Masovian Voivodeship]] |
[[Category:Cities and towns in Masovian Voivodeship]] |
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[[Category:City counties of Poland]] |
[[Category:City counties of Poland]] |
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[[Category:Lesser Poland]] |
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[[Category:Lublin Voivodeship (1474–1795)]] |
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[[Category:Siedlce Governorate]] |
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[[Category:Lublin Governorate]] |
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[[Category:Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)]] |
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[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]] |
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]] |
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Latest revision as of 14:55, 9 November 2024
Siedlce | |
|---|---|
  
| |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Siedlce | |
| Coordinates: 52°9′54″N 22°16′17″E / 52.16500°N 22.27139°E | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship |  Masovian |
| County | City county |
| First mentioned | 1448 |
| City rights | 1547 |
| Government | |
| • City mayor | Tomasz Hapunowicz (PiS) |
| Area | |
• Total | 32 km2 (12 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 155 m (509 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2021) | |
• Total | 77,354  [1] |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 08-100 to 08–119 |
| Area code | +48 25 |
| Car plates | WS |
| Website | http://www.siedlce.pl/ |
Siedlce (Polish pronunciation: ['ɕɛdlt͡sɛ] ⓘ) (Yiddish: שעדליץ Shedlits) is a city in eastern Poland with 77,354 inhabitants (as of 2021[update]).[1] Situated in the Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999), previously the city was the capital of a separate Siedlce Voivodeship (1975–1998). The city is situated between two small rivers, the Muchawka and the Helenka, and lies along the European route E30, around 90 kilometres (56 mi) east of Warsaw.[2] It is the fourth largest city of the Voivodeship, and the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Siedlce. Siedlce is a local educational, cultural and business center.
History
[edit]The city, which is a part of the historical province of Lesser Poland, was most probably founded some time before the 15th century, and was first mentioned as Siedlecz in a document issued in 1448. In 1503, local nobleman Daniel Siedlecki erected a new village of the same name nearby, together with a church. In 1547 the town was granted Magdeburg rights by King Sigismund the Old. Siedlce as an urban center was created after a merger of the two neighboring villages. It was a private town, administratively located in the Lublin Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province. In the 16th century, and until the mid-17th century, Siedlce prospered, with its population quickly growing and a number of artisans opening their shops here.
The period of prosperity ended during the Swedish invasion of Poland (1655–1660), when Siedlce, together with most Lesser Poland's towns and cities, was burned by the Cossacks, Tatars, Muscovities, Swedes and the Transylvanians. After these conflicts, the town belonged to the Czartoryski family, as a dowry of Joanna Olędzka, who married Prince Michał Jerzy Czartoryski. In 1692 Siedlce burned again, and the destruction was used by Kazimierz Czartoryski, the son of Michał Jerzy, to plan a new, modern market square, together with adjacent streets. In the first half of the 18th century, a new parish church was built. In 1775, after Aleksandra Czartoryska married Hetman Michał Kazimierz Ogiński, the town passed over to the Ogiński family. At that time Siedlce emerged as one of the most important cultural centers of the nation. The Ogiński Palace was visited by several notable artists and writers, such as Franciszek Karpiński, and Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz. King Stanisław August Poniatowski visited the palace twice, in 1783 and 1793. Due to efforts of Aleksandra Ogińska, several improvements took place in Siedlce. Among them, a new town hall was built, which now is one of the symbols of the city.[3]
Partitions of Poland
[edit]Siedlce remained a private town until the military Partitions of Poland, when it changed hands several times. During the third partition of Poland (1795), Siedlce was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, and became the seat of Kreisamt (1795–1809) in the Austrian Partition.[3]
In 1809 Siedlce became part of the Polish Duchy of Warsaw established by Napoleon, within which it was the capital of the Siedlce Department. Following his defeat, during the creation of the Russian-controlled Congress Poland (1815), Siedlce became the seat of a province in the Russian Partition (see Podlasie Governorate). During the November Uprising against Russian domination, the Battle of Iganie (10 April 1831) took place near the town. In the January Uprising of 1863, Siedlce was again an important center of the anti-Tsarist rebellion. In 1867 the Siedlce Governorate was created. Siedlce continued to develop with new administration buildings, a post office complex, a courthouse, and a new prison. In the late 19th century, Siedlce became an important railroad junction, with connections to Warsaw (completed 1866), Brest Litovsk (1867), Małkinia Górna (1884), and Czeremcha (1906). In the beginning of the 20th century, local students launched a protest against the ruthless Russification policies. Subsequently, in 1906 the Russian secret police organized the Siedlce pogrom in order to terrorize the locals. At that time, Siedlce was an important center of Jewish culture, with Jews making up 50% of the population.[3]
Interbellum and World War II
[edit].jpg)
In the Second Polish Republic, since the return to independence in 1918, Siedlce belonged to the Lublin Voivodeship (1919–39) in the central part of the country (unlike today) with the provincial capital in Lublin. During the Polish–Soviet War, the city was briefly captured by the Russians, and then recaptured by Poles on 17 August 1920.[4] On 19 August 1920, after the Polish victory in the Battle of Warsaw, Marshal Józef Piłsudski, Prime Minister Wincenty Witos and Minister Maciej Rataj held a meeting in the city.[4] Within interwar Poland, the city remained an important rail junction and was the location of a military garrison, where the 9th Infantry Division was stationed before the German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939.
During the invasion of Poland, Germany bombed Polish civilian refugees on the road from Warsaw to Siedlce,[5] and the city was captured and then occupied by Germany until 1944. The Polish government evacuated the Polish gold reserve, part of which was stored in Siedlce, to Polish-allied France.[6] In mid-September 1939, the German Einsatzgruppe V entered the city to commit atrocities against Poles.[7] Siedlce was included within the Warsaw District of the General Government (German-occupied central Poland).[8] During the war, the area of Siedlce was home to a large partisan force of the Home Army and other underground organizations, such as Armia Ludowa. Due to German terror, the town lost one-third of its population, including its entire Jewish community deported to extermination camps during the Holocaust. The Germans operated the Stalag 366 prisoner-of-war camp for Polish, Italian, French and Soviet POWs in the city with subcamps in Suchożebry and Biała Podlaska.[9] In late July 1944 (see Operation Tempest), Home Army units freed the town, together with the Red Army. After the war, 50% of Siedlce was in ruins, including the town hall.
Jewish history
[edit]
Until the Holocaust, like many other cities in Europe, Siedlce had a significant Jewish population. At some times, indeed, Jews were the majority of its population. The presence of Jews at Siedlce is attested from the mid-16th century – inn keepers, merchants and artisans. A Jewish hospital existed in the town since the early 18th century. In 1794, a Beit Midrash (study hall) was founded in the town and 1798 the Jewish cemetery was extended, testifying to the increase of the community. These changes coincided with the town coming under Austrian rule with the Third Partition of Poland. Austrian rule lasted until 1809. It was passed to Russian rule in 1815 formally (in 1813 de facto), that lasted for over a hundred years. Until 1819, the Jewish community of Warsaw, 90 kilometres (56 miles) to the west, was formally subject to the authority of the Siedlce rabbis.
As a result of Russian discriminatory policies for much of the 19th century – a time when the town's population steadily increased – Jews were the majority of Siedlce's population: 3,727 (71.5%) in 1839; 4,359 (65%) in 1841; 5,153 (67.5%) in 1858; 8,156 (64%) in 1878. Later on, the percentage of Jews decreased due to non-Jewish migration: according to the Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 23,700, Jews constituted 11,400 (so around 48% percent).[10] The first Polish census, in 1921, recorded 14,685 Jews living in Siedlce. Their number remained steady in the interwar period, and in 1939, on the eve of the Second World War, there were some 15,000 Jews living in the town.[citation needed]
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, secular political and cultural activity was evident among Jews in Siedlce, similar to other parts of Central and Eastern Europe. In 1900, the Bund started activity in the town, as did the Zionist movement, and many of the town's Jews were adherents of the Polish Socialist Party. Between 1911 and 1939, two Yiddish weeklies were published in the town, and a Jewish high school was founded during the First World War.
In the last decades of Tsarist rule, many Siedlce activists (both Polish and Jewish) took part in the 1905 Revolution. After a series of attacks on Russians in all of Poland on Bloody Wednesday (15 August 1906) the Russian authorities organized a pogrom in Siedlce in reprisal on 8–10 September 1906,[11][12][13][14] in which 26 Jews perished. In the wake of the First World War the town was affected by the Polish-Soviet War, being occupied by the Red Army in 1920 and taken over by the Polish Army in 1921.
World War II
[edit]
In 1939, Jews constituted some 37% of the town's population. Germans deported over a thousand Jews from elsewhere in Poland to Siedlce in 1940, especially from Łódź, Kalisz and Pabianice. In March 1941, – still before the formal decision to implement the "Final Solution" which meant the wholesale extermination of the Jews – German Order Police battalions rampaged for three days in Siedlce, killing many of its Jewish inhabitants. In August of the same year, the Jews were forced into the new Siedlce Ghetto. It consisted of several small city blocks and over a dozen walkable streets in the city centre. On 1 October 1941, the ghetto was completely cut off from the outside world. In August 1942, some 10,000 Siedlce Jews were deported to Treblinka and murdered there together with a similar number of Jews from three nearby transit ghettos: in Łosice, holding local Jews and families from Huszlew, Olszanka, and Świniarów; in Sarnaki, with Jews from Górki, Kornica, Łysów; and the third transit ghetto with prisoners from Mordy, Krzesk-Królowa Niwa, Przesmyki, Stok Ruski, and Tarków. The town's remaining Jews imprisoned at the "little ghetto" were sent off to extermination on 25 November 1942.[15][16]
The Siedlce Jewish community was not restored after the Nazi defeat, and the town's later history lacked the hitherto conspicuous Jewish component. Survivors of the town's population established an association in Israel which in 1956 published a comprehensive memorial book on the community's history.[17] In 1971, Y. Kravitz, one of the survivors, published his memoirs entitled "Five Years of Living Hell under Nazi Rule in the City of Siedlce".[18]
Climate
[edit]Siedlce has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm or a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm.[19][20]
The lowest air temperature of Poland was recorded in Siedlce on January 11, 1940: -41 °C.[21]
| Climate data for Siedlce (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.0 (53.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
30.1 (86.2) |
31.8 (89.2) |
33.9 (93.0) |
35.5 (95.9) |
35.2 (95.4) |
33.2 (91.8) |
26.0 (78.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
14.8 (58.6) |
35.5 (95.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) |
1.8 (35.2) |
6.8 (44.2) |
14.0 (57.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.4 (75.9) |
18.7 (65.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
1.6 (34.9) |
12.7 (54.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
2.5 (36.5) |
8.5 (47.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
16.9 (62.4) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
13.3 (55.9) |
8.1 (46.6) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
8.3 (46.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.7 (23.5) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
3.2 (37.8) |
7.7 (45.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
12.5 (54.5) |
8.4 (47.1) |
4.4 (39.9) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
4.0 (39.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −33.3 (−27.9) |
−32.8 (−27.0) |
−21.6 (−6.9) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
3.9 (39.0) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
−21.5 (−6.7) |
−25.4 (−13.7) |
−33.3 (−27.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30.4 (1.20) |
26.8 (1.06) |
30.9 (1.22) |
36.1 (1.42) |
61.6 (2.43) |
43.9 (1.73) |
37.0 (1.46) |
39.0 (1.54) |
53.8 (2.12) |
39.6 (1.56) |
33.7 (1.33) |
33.4 (1.31) |
466.2 (18.35) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 6.7 (2.6) |
6.9 (2.7) |
5.0 (2.0) |
1.5 (0.6) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.5 (0.2) |
2.4 (0.9) |
4.4 (1.7) |
6.9 (2.7) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 15.23 | 14.04 | 12.97 | 11.33 | 12.87 | 13.27 | 13.10 | 11.47 | 11.87 | 12.27 | 14.27 | 15.10 | 157.77 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) | 17.0 | 15.8 | 8.2 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 4.8 | 12.3 | 59.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 87.4 | 84.4 | 77.1 | 69.9 | 71.7 | 73.7 | 73.8 | 74.0 | 80.6 | 84.0 | 88.7 | 89.2 | 79.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 46.3 | 68.0 | 131.2 | 195.6 | 260.8 | 264.2 | 269.0 | 257.0 | 172.7 | 114.8 | 50.6 | 34.6 | 1,864.9 |
| Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[30][31][32] | |||||||||||||
Points of interest
[edit]
Among the historic architecture of the city are:
- Ogiński Palace complex with the Aleksandria Park, the Holy Cross Chapel (Ogiński Chapel) and the present-day State Archive
- Old town hall
- Siedlce Cathedral
- St. Stanislaus Church
- Polish Post Office (Classicist)
- former guardhouse (Classicist), now housing a public library
- Classicist building of the former theater
- Neoclassicist building of the National Bank of Poland (architect: Marian Lalewicz)
- District Court
- Resursa Obywatelska
- Preserved old townhouses
-
Siedlce Cathedral -
Old town hall -
Aleksandria Park -
Holy Cross Chapel -
Polish Post Office -
Polish War Cemetery
.jpg)
Culture
[edit]
The city is a cultural hub for the entire province, with festivals, exhibitions, and concerts of country-wide significance. The town has three museums and three public libraries. The principal animators of culture operating in the city are the Culture and Art Center (CKiS) and the Municipal Cultural Centre (MOK). There are two movie theatres; the art-house cinema run by the CKiS, and the multiscreen cinema Novekino network. A number of artistic groups operate in the city, including the dance companies LUZ and Caro Dance, the Choir of the City of Siedlce, and the ES Theatre. The city also has an art gallery located at the University. A painting by El Greco, "The Ecstasy of St. Francis", is preserved there. It is the only El Greco painting in Poland.
Among the media outlets which operate in this area are the local television (TV Siedlce) and the Catholic radio station Radio Podlasie. Siedlce is the location of the regional headquarters of the TVP Warsaw/TVP Info, RDC (Radio For You) and Radio Eska.
Siedlce serves as the location of The Office PL, the Polish adaptation of The Office.
Sport
[edit]The city's most popular sports clubs are:
- MKP Pogoń Siedlce – football club, currently playing in the second division
- MKS Pogoń Siedlce – rugby club, playing in the Rugby Ekstraliga, finishing 2nd in 2014 and 3rd in 2017, 2018 and 2019
- WKS 22 pp Siedlce – defunct football club, which played in the top division in the 1930s
Education
[edit].jpg)
Higher learning
[edit]- Uniwersytet w Siedlcach (University in Siedlce)
- Collegium Mazovia Innowacyjna Szkoła Wyższa (Collegium Mazovia Innovative Higher School)
- Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Siedleckiej (Seminary of the Diocese of Siedlce)
- Instytut Teologiczny w Siedlcach (Institute of Theology in Siedlce)
Notable secondary schools
[edit]- I LO im. Bolesława Prusa (Bolesław Prus High School)
- II LO im. Św. Królowej Jadwigi (St. Queen Jadwiga High School)
- I Katolickie Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Świętej Rodziny (Holy Family Catholic High School)
- IV LO im. Hetmana Stanisława Żółkiewskiego (Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski High School)
- Zespół Szkół Ponadgimnazjalnych nr 1 im. Stanisława Staszica (Stanisław Staszic High School Complex)
- Zespół Szkół Ponadgimnazjalnych nr 3 im. Stanisława Staszica (Stanisław Staszic High School Complex)
International relations
[edit]
Twin towns — Sister cities
[edit]Siedlce is twinned with:
|
|
Notable people
[edit]- Bohdan Arct (1914–1973), fighter pilot, writer
- Artur Boruc (born 1980), a football goalkeeper
- Richard Burgin (1892–1981), Jewish composer who attended St. Petersburg Conservatory and became the concert master for the Boston Symphony Orchestra
- Vladimir Chelomei (1914–1984), Soviet Academician and scientist in the field of mechanics and control processes; designer of missiles, spacecraft, and space stations; founder and the General Constructor of OKB-52 (now NPO Mashinostroyenia).
- Lidia Chojecka (born 1977), Polish middle-distance runner who specializes in the 1500 metres and sometimes 3000 metres
- Aleksander Fogiel (1910–1996), theatre and film actor, director, theatre director and designer
- Izrael Hieger (1901–1986), biochemist
- Aleksandra Klejnowska (born 1982), weightlifter
- Jacob Stodolsky, Yiddish poet and editor, member of the Introspectivist Literary group in early 20th century
- Przemysław Truściński (born 1972), artist
- Louis Waller (1935–2019), Australian law professor
- Agata Wróbel (born 1981), weightlifter, 2000 Summer Olympics silver medallist
- Maciej Rosołek (born 2001), footballer
See also
[edit]- Gdańsk-Siedlce – one of the districts of the city of Gdańsk.
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 14 August 2022. Data for territorial unit 1464000.
- ^ "Dystans.org". Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ^ a b c Official Siedlce website: Town history, 1448–1999 via Internet Archive. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
- ^ a b Kowalski, Andrzej (1995). "Miejsca pamięci związane z Bitwą Warszawską 1920 r.". Niepodległość i Pamięć (in Polish) (2/2 (3)). Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie: 156. ISSN 1427-1443.
- ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 89.
- ^ Szustakowski, January (2019). "Jak uratowano skarb narodu". Polska Zbrojna (in Polish). Wojskowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 6.
- ^ Wardzyńska, p. 54
- ^ Wardzyńska, p. 238
- ^ Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 370. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
- ^ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p.16
- ^ Ludwik Bazylow (1972). Ostatnie lata Rosji carskiej. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. p. 162. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
- ^ Józef Piłsudski; Leon Wasilewski (1937). Pisma zbiorowe: wydanie prac dotychczas drukiem ogłoszonych. Instytut Józefa Piłsudskiego. p. 32. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
- ^ Zakład Naukowo-Badawczy Archiwistyki (Poland) (1 January 1997). Archeion. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Zakład Naukowo-Badawczy Archiwistyki. p. 334. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
- ^ Feliks Tych (1990). Rok 1905. Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. p. 81. ISBN 978-83-03-02915-7. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
- ^ Edward Kopówka with English translation by L. Biedka (2007), Siedlce Ghetto. H.E.A.R.T, Holocaust Research Project.org. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- ^ Wolfgang Curilla (2011). Der Judenmord in Polen und die deutsche Ordnungspolizei 1939–1945 [The murder of Jews in Poland and the German Order Police 1939–1945]. Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh GmbH & Co KG. p. 646. ISBN 978-3506770431.
Die örtliche deutsche Gendarmerie nahm an der ersten Aussiedlung der Juden aus Losice am 22.8.1942 teil. Noch am selben Tag trieb man die Juden aus ihren Häusern auf den Marktplatz von Losice, lud die Älteren auf Lastkraftwagen und brachte die Jüngeren in einer Kolonne zu Fuß nach Siedlce. Viele Juden, mindestens 100, wurden vor Ort erschossen, u.a. durch die örtliche Gendarmerie, viele während des Marsches nach Siedlce.[Note 81]
Source of data: Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen zur Aufklärung nationalsozialistischer Verbrechen, Ludwigsburg (ZStL 11 AR 14/63 Abschlussbericht, S. 54.) - ^ Wolf Yesni (ed.), "Memorial to the Siedlce Community – 14 Years Since its Destruction" (in Yiddish), 1956
- ^ ,י.קראוויץ, "החיים בגיהנום, חמש שנים תחת שלטון הנאצים בעיר שדליץ", תשל"א
- ^ Kottek, Markus; Grieser, Jürgen; Beck, Christoph; Rudolf, Bruno; Rubel, Franz (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" (PDF). Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 15 (3): 259–263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
- ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.
- ^ "Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce". Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl (in Polish). Zakład Klimatologii – Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Siedlce Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Siedlce Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Siedlce Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siedlce.
- Jewish Community in Siedlce on Virtual Shtetl
- Siedlce, Poland at JewishGen
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