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{{About|the river in Sudan|Arabian Sea (Bahr al-'Arab)|Arabian Sea}} |
{{About|the river in Sudan and South Sudan|Arabian Sea (Bahr al-'Arab)|Arabian Sea}} |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox river |
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| name = Bahr al-Arab |
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| native_name ={{native name|ar|بحر العرب}} |
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| image_name = |
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| image = Bahr al Gazal OSM.png |
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| caption = |
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| image_caption = |
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| source1_location = [[Bongo Massif]] |
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| elevation = |
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| source1_elevation = |
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| mouth_location = [[Bahr el Ghazal River]] |
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| basin_countries = [[Southern Sudan|Southern]] [[Sudan]] |
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| subdivision_type1 = Country |
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| length = 800 km |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Sudan]], [[South Sudan]] |
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| discharge = |
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|length_km=800 |
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| watershed = |
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| discharge1_avg = |
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'''Bahr al-Arab''' ( |
The '''Bahr al-Arab''' ({{langx|ar|بحر العرب}}) or '''Kiir River''' ([[Dinka language|Dinka]]) is a [[river]] which flows approximately {{convert|800|km|mi|abbr=on}} through the southwest of [[Sudan]] and marks part of its international border with [[South Sudan]]. It is part of the [[Nile]] river system, being a [[tributary]] of [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]], which is a tributary of the [[White Nile]]. |
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The river flows through Sudan's [[Kurdufan]] and [[Darfur]] regions and forms part of the border between Darfur and [[ |
The river flows through Sudan's [[Kurdufan]] and [[Darfur]] regions and forms part of the border between Darfur and the [[Subdivisions of South Sudan|region]] of [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]] in northwestern South Sudan. For centuries the Bahr al-Arab has marked the boundary between the [[Dinka people|Dinka]] and [[Baggara]] ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite book |last= Burr |first= Millard |author2=Robert O. Collins |title= Requiem for the Sudan: War, Drought, and Disaster Relief on the Nile |year= 1995 |publisher= Westview Press |isbn= 0-8133-2121-2 |pages= 18}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=3ARVU8TdWCQC Google Books]</ref> The river has served as a frontier and zone of conflict between the Baggara and Dinka peoples since their oral traditions began.<ref>{{cite book |last= Collins |first= Robert O.Millard |title= The Nile |year= 2002 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 0-300-09764-6 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/63 63–64] |url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/63 }}; online at [https://archive.org/details/nile00robe Internet Archive]</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
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The name "Bahr al-Arab" is [[Arabic language|Arabic]] for "River of the Arabs". The [[Dinka people|Dinka]] people call it the "Kiir River". The river has served as a frontier and zone of conflict between the Baggara and Dinka peoples as long as their oral traditions remember.<ref>{{cite book |last= Collins |first= Robert O.Millard |title= The Nile |year= 2002 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 0300097646 |pages= 63–64}}; online at [http://books.google.com/books?id=cql8L7mF11MC Google Books]</ref> |
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The name "Bahr al-Arab" is [[Arabic language|Arabic]] for "Sea of the Arabs" (possibly from "Nahr al-Arab", Arabic for "River of the Arabs"). The [[Dinka people|Dinka]] people call it the "Kiir River". |
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==Course== |
==Course== |
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The Bahr al-Arab arises from several tributaries that drain the [[Bongo Massif]] and [[Marrah Mountains]] in Darfur, close to Sudan's border with [[Chad]] and the [[Central African Republic]]. The Adda and Umbelasha flow east from the Bongo Massif to join the Ibrah (Wadi Ibra), which flows south from the Marrah Mountains. Formed from these tributaries, the Bahr al-Arab flows east along the border of the [[Darfur]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal]] regions, then through a southern part of the [[Kurdufan]] region. |
The Bahr al-Arab arises from several tributaries that drain the [[Bongo Massif]] and [[Marrah Mountains]] in Darfur, close to Sudan's border with [[Chad]] and the [[Central African Republic]]. The [[Adda River (South Sudan)|Adda]] and Umbelasha flow east from the Bongo Massif to join the Ibrah (Wadi Ibra), which flows south from the Marrah Mountains. Formed from these tributaries, the Bahr al-Arab flows east along the border of the [[Darfur]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]] regions, then through a southern part of the [[Kurdufan]] region. |
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According to some sources, the Bahr al-Arab's [[confluence]] with the [[Jur River]] marks the source of the [[Bahr el Ghazal River]]. Other sources say the Jur joins the Bahr el Ghazal before the Bahr al-Arab does. The Bahr |
According to some sources, the Bahr al-Arab's [[confluence]] with the [[Jur River]] marks the source of the [[Bahr el Ghazal River]]. Other sources say the Jur joins the Bahr el Ghazal before the Bahr al-Arab does. The Bahr el Ghazal flows a short distance east to join the White Nile in the [[Sudd]] wetlands. The [[Lol River]] joins the Bahr al-Arab from the south, just above the Jur River confluence.<ref>Course info mainly from: {{cite book |title= Illustrated Atlas of the World |publisher= [[Rand McNally]] |year=1992 |edition= 1994 Revised |isbn= 0-528-83492-4 |pages= 184 (Map 35: East-Central Africa}}; and {{cite book |last= Shahin |first= Mamdouh |title= Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |year= 2002 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 1-4020-0866-X |pages= 276}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC Google Books]</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The Bahr al-Arab has the largest [[drainage basin]] of any river in the [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]] region. But compared to the rivers to the south, the Bahr al-Arab has very little water and it flows sluggishly.<ref>{{cite book |last= Collins |first= Robert O.Millard |title= The Nile |year= 2002 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 0-300-09764-6 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/63 63] |url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/63 }}; online at [https://archive.org/details/nile00robe Internet Archive]</ref> |
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==Natural history== |
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| ⚫ | The Bahr al-Arab has the largest drainage basin of any river in the Bahr el Ghazal region. But compared to the rivers to the south, the Bahr al-Arab has very little water and it flows sluggishly.<ref>{{cite book |last= Collins |first= Robert O.Millard |title= The Nile |year= 2002 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= |
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==History== |
==History== |
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During the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] Bahr al-Arab's location on the border of Northern and [[Southern Sudan]] made it a military front and an area of conflict. In the early 1980s western Sudan suffered several droughts and crop failures. As various peoples shifted southward the [[Baggara]] moved south of the Bahr al-Arab and came into conflict with the [[Dinka]]. The Baggara were supported by the Sudanese military in an attempt to make headway against the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]] (SPLA). The Baggara militias, known as ''murahileen'',<ref>{{cite book |last= Cohen |first= Roberta |title= The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced |year= 1998 |publisher= Brookings Institution Press |isbn= |
During the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] Bahr al-Arab's location on the border of Northern and [[South Sudan|Southern Sudan]] made it a military front and an area of conflict. In the early 1980s western Sudan suffered several droughts and crop failures. As various peoples shifted southward the [[Baggara]] moved south of the Bahr al-Arab and came into conflict with the [[Dinka]]. The Baggara were supported by the Sudanese military in an attempt to make headway against the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]] (SPLA). The Baggara militias, known as ''murahileen'',<ref>{{cite book |last= Cohen |first= Roberta |title= The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced |year= 1998 |publisher= Brookings Institution Press |isbn= 0-8157-1513-7 |pages= 144}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=hEAK9vLEcjYC Google Books]</ref> battled the SPLA throughout the 1980s. By the end of the decade the land along the Bahr al-Arab was devastated and the population decimated.<ref>{{cite book |last= Burr |first= Millard |author2=Robert O. Collins |title= Requiem for the Sudan: War, Drought, and Disaster Relief on the Nile |year= 1995 |publisher= Westview Press |isbn= 0-8133-2121-2 |pages= 17–19, 81}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=3ARVU8TdWCQC Google Books]</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[List of rivers of Sudan]] |
*[[List of rivers of Sudan]] |
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*[[List of rivers of South Sudan]] |
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*[[Biem, South Sudan]] |
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{{Rivers of South Sudan}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Rivers of Sudan]] |
[[Category:Rivers of Sudan]] |
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[[Category:Nile basin]] |
[[Category:Nile basin]] |
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[[Category:Darfur]] |
[[Category:Darfur]] |
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[[Category:Kurdufan]] |
[[Category:Kurdufan]] |
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[[Category:South Sudan–Sudan border]] |
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[[Category:International rivers of Africa]] |
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[[de:Bahr al-Arab]] |
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[[es:Río al-Arab]] |
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[[it:Bahr al-Arab]] |
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[[pl:Bahr al-Arab]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:10, 9 November 2024
| Bahr al-Arab | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Native name | بحر العرب (Arabic) |
| Location | |
| Country | Sudan, South Sudan |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Bongo Massif |
| Mouth | |
• location | Bahr el Ghazal River |
| Length | 800 km (500 mi) |
The Bahr al-Arab (Arabic: بحر العرب) or Kiir River (Dinka) is a river which flows approximately 800 km (500 mi) through the southwest of Sudan and marks part of its international border with South Sudan. It is part of the Nile river system, being a tributary of Bahr el Ghazal, which is a tributary of the White Nile.
The river flows through Sudan's Kurdufan and Darfur regions and forms part of the border between Darfur and the region of Bahr el Ghazal in northwestern South Sudan. For centuries the Bahr al-Arab has marked the boundary between the Dinka and Baggara ethnic groups.[1] The river has served as a frontier and zone of conflict between the Baggara and Dinka peoples since their oral traditions began.[2]
Etymology
[edit]The name "Bahr al-Arab" is Arabic for "Sea of the Arabs" (possibly from "Nahr al-Arab", Arabic for "River of the Arabs"). The Dinka people call it the "Kiir River".
Course
[edit]The Bahr al-Arab arises from several tributaries that drain the Bongo Massif and Marrah Mountains in Darfur, close to Sudan's border with Chad and the Central African Republic. The Adda and Umbelasha flow east from the Bongo Massif to join the Ibrah (Wadi Ibra), which flows south from the Marrah Mountains. Formed from these tributaries, the Bahr al-Arab flows east along the border of the Darfur and Bahr el Ghazal regions, then through a southern part of the Kurdufan region.
According to some sources, the Bahr al-Arab's confluence with the Jur River marks the source of the Bahr el Ghazal River. Other sources say the Jur joins the Bahr el Ghazal before the Bahr al-Arab does. The Bahr el Ghazal flows a short distance east to join the White Nile in the Sudd wetlands. The Lol River joins the Bahr al-Arab from the south, just above the Jur River confluence.[3]
The Bahr al-Arab has the largest drainage basin of any river in the Bahr el Ghazal region. But compared to the rivers to the south, the Bahr al-Arab has very little water and it flows sluggishly.[4]
History
[edit]During the Second Sudanese Civil War Bahr al-Arab's location on the border of Northern and Southern Sudan made it a military front and an area of conflict. In the early 1980s western Sudan suffered several droughts and crop failures. As various peoples shifted southward the Baggara moved south of the Bahr al-Arab and came into conflict with the Dinka. The Baggara were supported by the Sudanese military in an attempt to make headway against the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). The Baggara militias, known as murahileen,[5] battled the SPLA throughout the 1980s. By the end of the decade the land along the Bahr al-Arab was devastated and the population decimated.[6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Burr, Millard; Robert O. Collins (1995). Requiem for the Sudan: War, Drought, and Disaster Relief on the Nile. Westview Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-8133-2121-2.; online at Google Books
- ^ Collins, Robert O.Millard (2002). The Nile. Yale University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 0-300-09764-6.; online at Internet Archive
- ^ Course info mainly from: Illustrated Atlas of the World (1994 Revised ed.). Rand McNally. 1992. pp. 184 (Map 35: East-Central Africa. ISBN 0-528-83492-4.; and Shahin, Mamdouh (2002). Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa. Springer. p. 276. ISBN 1-4020-0866-X.; online at Google Books
- ^ Collins, Robert O.Millard (2002). The Nile. Yale University Press. pp. 63. ISBN 0-300-09764-6.; online at Internet Archive
- ^ Cohen, Roberta (1998). The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced. Brookings Institution Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-8157-1513-7.; online at Google Books
- ^ Burr, Millard; Robert O. Collins (1995). Requiem for the Sudan: War, Drought, and Disaster Relief on the Nile. Westview Press. pp. 17–19, 81. ISBN 0-8133-2121-2.; online at Google Books