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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox saint
{{Infobox saint
| name = Virgin of Montserrat<br>“Nigra Sum Sed Formosa”<ref name="Google Arts & Culture">{{cite web | title=Virgin of Montserrat | website=Google Arts & Culture | url=https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/virgin-of-montserrat/m06gtvq | access-date=November 21, 2021}}</ref>
| name = Virgin of Montserrat<br />“La Moreneta”<ref name="Catholic Exchange 2021">{{cite web | title=The Mystery of Montserrat: A Sacred Mountain of Christianity | website=Catholic Exchange | date=November 12, 2021 | url=https://catholicexchange.com/the-mystery-of-montserrat-a-sacred-mountain-of-christianity | access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref>
| image = A Virgem de Mont Serrat.jpg
| image = A Virgem de Mont Serrat.jpg
| imagesize = 290px
| imagesize =
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption = Our Lady of Montserrat
| titles = Our Lady of Montserrat<br> Patroness of Catalonia
| titles = Our Lady of Montserrat<br /> Patroness of Catalonia
| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| birth_place =
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| death_place =
| death_place =
| venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
| venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
| beatified_date =
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| beatified_place =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| canonized_by =
| major_shrine = [[Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| major_shrine = [[Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| feast_day =
| feast_day =
| attributes = Statue painted in [[polychrome]] of Mary with the Christchild seated on the ''[[Throne of Wisdom]]'' holding an orb in her right hand<ref name="Roccosalvo"/>
| attributes = [[Blessed Virgin Mary]], golden robes, crown, Infant Jesus, orb
| patronage = [[Catalonia]]
| patronage = [[Catalonia]]
| issues =
| issues =
| suppressed_date =
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| influences =
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}}
}}
'''Our Lady of Montserrat''' or the '''Virgin of Montserrat''' ({{lang-ca|Mare de Déu de Montserrat}}) is a Marian title associated with a statue of the [[Madonna and Child]] venerated at the [[Santa Maria de Montserrat]] monastery on the [[Montserrat (mountain)|Montserrat]] Mountain in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]. She is the [[Patron Saint]] of Catalonia,<ref>[http://www.montserratvisita.com/en/spirituality/our-lady "Our Lady"], on the official "Visit Montserrat Monastery" website (in Catalan, Spanish, English, French and Russian). She was declared the [[Patron Saint]] of Catalonia by [[Pope Leo XIII]] in 1881.</ref><ref>[http://www.abadiamontserrat.net/%28S%28k5ftad3jl4ixqn5bkelvdkxv%29%29/Espiritualitat/Angles/santuari.aspx?newsid=8 "The Feast"], under "Spirituality", on the official Montserrat Monastery website (in Catalan, Spanish and English).</ref> an honour she shares with [[Saint George]] (''[[Sant Jordi]]'' in Catalan).<ref>[http://santjordi.gencat.cat/en/llegenda_i_tradicio/tradicio_a_catalunya/ "Tradition in Catalonia"], in the Sant Jordi 2014 section of the [[Catalan Government]]'s website (in Catalan, Spanish and English).</ref><ref>[http://www.arquebisbatbarcelona.cat/node/4371 "Els Patrons de Catalunya"], Archdiocese of Barcelona (text in Catalan).</ref>
'''Our Lady of Montserrat''' or the '''Virgin of Montserrat''' ({{langx|ca|Mare de Déu de Montserrat}}) is a Marian title associated with a statue of the [[Madonna and Child]] venerated at the [[Santa Maria de Montserrat]] monastery on [[Montserrat (mountain)|Montserrat]] mountain in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]. She is the [[patroness saint]] of Catalonia,<ref>[http://www.montserratvisita.com/en/spirituality/our-lady "Our Lady"], on the official "Visit Montserrat Monastery" website (in Catalan, Spanish, English, French and Russian). She was declared the [[Patron Saint]] of Catalonia by [[Pope Leo XIII]] in 1881.</ref><ref>[http://www.abadiamontserrat.net/%28S%28k5ftad3jl4ixqn5bkelvdkxv%29%29/Espiritualitat/Angles/santuari.aspx?newsid=8 "The Feast"], under "Spirituality", on the official Montserrat Monastery website (in Catalan, Spanish and English).</ref> an honour she shares with [[Saint George]] (''[[Sant Jordi]]'' in Catalan).<ref>[http://santjordi.gencat.cat/en/llegenda_i_tradicio/tradicio_a_catalunya/ "Tradition in Catalonia"], in the Sant Jordi 2014 section of the [[Catalan Government]]'s website (in Catalan, Spanish and English).</ref><ref>[http://www.arquebisbatbarcelona.cat/node/4371 "Els Patrons de Catalunya"], Archdiocese of Barcelona (text in Catalan).</ref> [[Miracles]] have been attributed to the statue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://citywonders.com/blog/Spain/Barcelona/magic-on-montserrat-spain|work=City Wonders|title=A Real-Life Miracle on Spain's Montserrat Mountain}}</ref>
[[Pope Leo XIII]] granted the image a [[Canonical coronation]] on 11 September 1881. The image is one of the [[Black Madonna]]s of Europe, hence its familiar Catalan name, ''La Moreneta'' ("the little dark-skinned one" or "the little dark one"). Believed by some to have been carved in [[Jerusalem]] in the early days of the [[Catholic Church|Church]], it is more likely a [[Romanesque art|Romanesque sculpture]] in wood from the late 12th century.<ref>Simonis, Damien. Spain, Lonely Planet, 2009 (page 367) {{ISBN|174179000X}}</ref>
[[Pope Leo XIII]] granted the image a [[canonical coronation]] on 11 September 1881. The image is one of the [[Black Madonna]]s of Europe, hence its familiar Catalan name, '''La Moreneta''' ("the little dark-skinned one" or "the little dark one"). Believed by some to have been carved in [[Jerusalem]] in the early days of the [[Catholic Church|Church]], it is more likely a [[Romanesque art|Romanesque sculpture]] in wood from the late 12th century.<ref>Simonis, Damien. Spain, Lonely Planet, 2009 (page 367) {{ISBN|174179000X}}</ref>


An 18th century polychromed statue of the same image is also displayed in [[St. Peter's Basilica|Saint Peter's]] basilica, previously stored in the [[Vatican Museum]]s which was gifted by the [[President of Brazil]], [[Joao Goulart]] on the [[Papal election]] of [[Pope Paul VI]] in 1963. The image has been on display for Papal masses since the [[Pontificate]] of [[Pope Benedict XVI]].
An 18th-century polychromed statue of the same image is also displayed in [[St. Peter's Basilica|Saint Peter's]] basilica, previously stored in the [[Vatican Museum]]s, which was gifted by [[President of Brazil]] [[João Goulart]] on the [[papal election]] of [[Pope Paul VI]] in 1963. The image has been on display for papal masses since the [[pontificate]] of [[Pope Benedict XVI]].


==History==
==History==
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By one account, the image of the Madonna was moved to Montserrat in 718, to avoid the danger posed by invading [[Saracens]].<ref name=duricy>[https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/m/montserrat-black-madonna.php Duricy, Michael P., "Black Madonnas: Our Lady of Montserrat", Marian Library, University of Dayton]</ref>
By one account, the image of the Madonna was moved to Montserrat in 718, to avoid the danger posed by invading [[Saracens]].<ref name=duricy>[https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/m/montserrat-black-madonna.php Duricy, Michael P., "Black Madonnas: Our Lady of Montserrat", Marian Library, University of Dayton]</ref>


Legend has it that the [[Benedictine monk]]s could not move the statue to construct their [[monastery]], choosing to instead build around it. The statue's sanctuary is located at the rear of the chapel, where an altar of gold surrounds the icon, and is now a site of pilgrimage.
Legend has it that the [[Benedictine monk]]s could not move the statue to construct their [[monastery]], choosing to instead build around it. The statue's sanctuary is located at the rear of the chapel, where an altar of gold surrounds the icon, and is now a site of pilgrimage.


==Description==
==Description==
The 95-cm (38-inch) statue shows evidence of Byzantine conventional and stylized form, and is painted in polychrome. The reliquary statue of [[Saint Faith|Sainte-Foy]] in [[Conques]] (southern France) may have been a model. The art historical designation for this type of pose is called "[[Throne of Wisdom]]". The body is thin, the face elongated. She holds an orb of the earth in her right hand. The Child's hand is raised in a formalized and traditional Eastern blessing.<ref>[http://www.sacredarchitecture.org/articles/elegance_personified/ Roccosalvo C.S.J., Joan L., "Elegance Personified: The Black Madonna of Montserrat", ''Sacred Architecture Journal'', Vol. 21, spring 2012]</ref>
The 95-cm (38-inch) wooden statue shows evidence of Byzantine conventional and stylized form, and is painted in [[polychrome]]. The [[reliquary]] statue of [[Saint Faith|Sainte-Foy]] in [[Conques]] (southern France) may have been a model. The art-historical designation for this type of pose is called "[[Throne of Wisdom]]". The body is thin, the face elongated. She holds an orb of the earth in her right hand. The Child's hand is raised in a formalized and traditional Eastern blessing.<ref name="Roccosalvo">{{cite web| url = http://www.sacredarchitecture.org/articles/elegance_personified| last = Roccosalvo C.S.J.| first = Joan L.| title = Elegance Personified: The Black Madonna of Montserrat| work = Sacred Architecture Journal| volume = 21| date = Spring 2012}}</ref>


In 2001 renovators working for the government observed that the black hands and face of La Moreneta had over the centuries undergone a change in colour. They attribute the change—from a lighter tone to black—either to prolonged exposure to candle smoke or a chemical reaction caused by a varnish used as a paint sealant. The statue was repainted black by successive generations of restorers. A series of tests, including X-rays, revealed the statue's original colour and also showed that the last repainting took place at the turn of the 18th century.<ref name=wilkinson>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/1316133/Montserrat-Black-Virgin-was-white-originally.html Wilkinson, Isambard. "Montserrat Black Virgin 'was white originally'", ''The Telegraph'', 13 April 2001]</ref>
In 2001, renovators working for the government observed that the black hands and face of La Moreneta had over the centuries undergone a change in colour. They attribute the change—from a lighter tone to black—either to prolonged exposure to candle smoke or a chemical reaction caused by a varnish used as a paint sealant. The statue was repainted black by successive generations of restorers. A series of tests, including X-rays, revealed the statue's original colour and also showed that the last repainting took place at the turn of the 19th century.<ref name=wilkinson>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/1316133/Montserrat-Black-Virgin-was-white-originally.html | last = Wilkinson | first = Isambard| title = Montserrat Black Virgin 'was white originally'| work = The Telegraph| date = 13 April 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Badia |first=Enric |date=2001-04-12 |title=Un examen radiológico confirma que 'La Moreneta' era blanca |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2001/04/12/cultura/987026402_850215.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |work=El País |language=es |issn=1134-6582}}</ref>


==Veneration==
==Veneration==
After making a pilgrimage to Our Lady of Montserrat around 1203, [[Peter Nolasco]] went to Barcelona where he began to practice various works of charity. Nolasco became concerned with the plight of Christians captured in Moorish raids and decided to establish a religious order to succor these unfortunates.
After making a pilgrimage to Our Lady of Montserrat around 1203, [[Peter Nolasco]] went to Barcelona where he began to practice various works of charity. Nolasco became concerned with the plight of Christians captured in Moorish raids and decided to establish the [[Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy|Merecedarians]], a religious order to succor these unfortunates.


Upon his recovery from battle wounds, [[Ignatius of Loyola]] visited the Benedictine monastery of Montserrat (on 25 March 1522), where he laid down his military accoutrements before the image.<ref name=duricy/> He then led a period of [[asceticism]] before later founding the [[Society of Jesus]].
Upon his recovery from battle wounds, [[Ignatius of Loyola]] visited the Benedictine monastery of Montserrat (on 25 March 1522), where he laid down his military accoutrements before the image.<ref name=duricy/> He then led a period of [[asceticism]] before later founding the [[Society of Jesus]].


The [[hymn]] to the Virgin of Montserrat, known as "el Virolai" and sung at noon each day by the [[Escolania de Montserrat]] [[boys' choir]], begins with the words: ''"Rosa d’abril, Morena de la serra..."'' (Rose of April, dark-skinned lady of the mountain...). Therefore, this [[Virgin Mary|virgin]] is sometimes also known as the "Rosa d'abril".<ref>[http://www.escolania.cat/index.php?md=articles&id=367&lg=1 Escolania de Montserrat – El Virolai]</ref> Her feast is kept on April 27.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2016-04-27|title=Wednesday of the Fifth Week of Easter - April 27, 2016 - Liturgical Calendar}}</ref>
The [[hymn]] to the Virgin of Montserrat, known as "el Virolai" and sung at noon each day by the [[Escolania de Montserrat]] [[boys' choir]], begins with the words: ''"Rosa d’abril, Morena de la serra..."'' (Rose of April, dark-skinned lady of the mountain...). Therefore, this [[Virgin Mary|virgin]] is sometimes also known as the "Rosa d'abril".<ref>[http://www.escolania.cat/index.php?md=articles&id=367&lg=1 Escolania de Montserrat – El Virolai]</ref> Her feast is kept on April 27.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2016-04-27|title=Wednesday of the Fifth Week of Easter - April 27, 2016 - Liturgical Calendar}}</ref>


==Patronage==
==Patronage==
The statue has always been considered one of the most celebrated images in Spain. "La Moreneta" is one of Catalonia's two patron saints, together with [[Sant Jordi]] ([[Saint George]]).<ref name=wilkinson/>
The statue has always been considered one of the most celebrated images in Spain. "La Moreneta" is one of Catalonia's two patron saints, together with [[Sant Jordi]] (Saint George).<ref name=wilkinson/>


== Given name ==
==Given name==
The name [[Montserrat (given name)|Montserrat]], traditionally abbreviated to ''Serrat'', ''Rat'', ''Rateta'', ''Tat'' or ''Tóna'', and also to ''Montse'' in recent years, is a popular girl's name in Catalonia.<ref> Ruaix, Josep. ''Català Complet 3. Curs superior de llengua'', Editorial Claret, 1998, p. 23-26 (in Catalan)</ref><ref>[http://www.elpuntavui.cat/noticia/article/5-cultura/19-cultura/736893-de-rats-i-tats.html?cca=1&tmpl=component&print=1&page= "De Rats i Tats"], Núria Puyuelo, ''[[Avui|El Punt / Avui]]'', 2 May 2014 (in Catalan) [consulted 7 April 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.ara.cat/premium/llegim/Montserrat_0_946705372.html "Montserrat"], Sílvia Soler, ''[[Ara (newspaper)|Ara]]'', 29 June 2013 (in Catalan) [consulted 7 April 2015]</ref><ref>[https://pepvalsalobre.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/catalanot-ii-noves-tendencies-en-la-tradicio-catalana-de-pronunciar-els-noms-de-fonts/ "Catalanot II. Noves tendències en la tradició catalana d'escurçar els noms de font"], ''Melancholia'', 21 November 2010 (in Catalan) [consulted 7 April 2015]</ref>
The name [[Montserrat (given name)|Montserrat]], traditionally abbreviated to ''Serrat'', ''Rat'', ''Rateta'', ''Tat'' or ''Tóna'', and also to ''Montse'' in recent years, is a popular girl's name in Catalonia.<ref>Ruaix, Josep. ''Català Complet 3. Curs superior de llengua'', Editorial Claret, 1998, p. 23-26 (in Catalan)</ref><ref>[http://www.elpuntavui.cat/noticia/article/5-cultura/19-cultura/736893-de-rats-i-tats.html?cca=1&tmpl=component&print=1&page= "De Rats i Tats"], Núria Puyuelo, ''[[Avui|El Punt / Avui]]'', 2 May 2014 (in Catalan) [consulted 7 April 2015]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soler |first=Sílvia |date=2013-06-29 |title=Montserrat |url=https://llegim.ara.cat/llegim/montserrat_1_2270938.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927104217/https://llegim.ara.cat/llegim/montserrat_1_2270938.html |archive-date=2021-09-27 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Ara.cat |language=ca}}</ref><ref>[https://pepvalsalobre.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/catalanot-ii-noves-tendencies-en-la-tradicio-catalana-de-pronunciar-els-noms-de-fonts/ "Catalanot II. Noves tendències en la tradició catalana d'escurçar els noms de font"], ''Melancholia'', 21 November 2010 (in Catalan) [consulted 7 April 2015]</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Catalan folklore|Montserrat]]
[[Category:Catalan folklore|Montserrat]]
[[Category:Titles of Mary]]
[[Category:Titles of Mary, mother of Jesus]]
[[Category:Shrines to the Virgin Mary]]
[[Category:Shrines to the Virgin Mary]]
[[Category:Statues of the Madonna and Child]]
[[Category:Statues of the Madonna and Child]]

Latest revision as of 20:08, 9 November 2024

Virgin of Montserrat
“La Moreneta”[1]
Our Lady of Montserrat
Our Lady of Montserrat
Patroness of Catalonia
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Major shrineSanta Maria de Montserrat Abbey, Catalonia, Spain
AttributesStatue painted in polychrome of Mary with the Christchild seated on the Throne of Wisdom holding an orb in her right hand[2]
PatronageCatalonia

Our Lady of Montserrat or the Virgin of Montserrat (Catalan: Mare de Déu de Montserrat) is a Marian title associated with a statue of the Madonna and Child venerated at the Santa Maria de Montserrat monastery on Montserrat mountain in Catalonia, Spain. She is the patroness saint of Catalonia,[3][4] an honour she shares with Saint George (Sant Jordi in Catalan).[5][6] Miracles have been attributed to the statue.[7]

Pope Leo XIII granted the image a canonical coronation on 11 September 1881. The image is one of the Black Madonnas of Europe, hence its familiar Catalan name, La Moreneta ("the little dark-skinned one" or "the little dark one"). Believed by some to have been carved in Jerusalem in the early days of the Church, it is more likely a Romanesque sculpture in wood from the late 12th century.[8]

An 18th-century polychromed statue of the same image is also displayed in Saint Peter's basilica, previously stored in the Vatican Museums, which was gifted by President of Brazil João Goulart on the papal election of Pope Paul VI in 1963. The image has been on display for papal masses since the pontificate of Pope Benedict XVI.

History

[edit]
"La Moreneta"

The mountain of Montserrat has been of religious significance since pre-Christian times, when the Romans built a temple to honor the Roman goddess Venus.[9]

By one account, the image of the Madonna was moved to Montserrat in 718, to avoid the danger posed by invading Saracens.[10]

Legend has it that the Benedictine monks could not move the statue to construct their monastery, choosing to instead build around it. The statue's sanctuary is located at the rear of the chapel, where an altar of gold surrounds the icon, and is now a site of pilgrimage.

Description

[edit]

The 95-cm (38-inch) wooden statue shows evidence of Byzantine conventional and stylized form, and is painted in polychrome. The reliquary statue of Sainte-Foy in Conques (southern France) may have been a model. The art-historical designation for this type of pose is called "Throne of Wisdom". The body is thin, the face elongated. She holds an orb of the earth in her right hand. The Child's hand is raised in a formalized and traditional Eastern blessing.[2]

In 2001, renovators working for the government observed that the black hands and face of La Moreneta had over the centuries undergone a change in colour. They attribute the change—from a lighter tone to black—either to prolonged exposure to candle smoke or a chemical reaction caused by a varnish used as a paint sealant. The statue was repainted black by successive generations of restorers. A series of tests, including X-rays, revealed the statue's original colour and also showed that the last repainting took place at the turn of the 19th century.[11][12]

Veneration

[edit]

After making a pilgrimage to Our Lady of Montserrat around 1203, Peter Nolasco went to Barcelona where he began to practice various works of charity. Nolasco became concerned with the plight of Christians captured in Moorish raids and decided to establish the Merecedarians, a religious order to succor these unfortunates.

Upon his recovery from battle wounds, Ignatius of Loyola visited the Benedictine monastery of Montserrat (on 25 March 1522), where he laid down his military accoutrements before the image.[10] He then led a period of asceticism before later founding the Society of Jesus.

The hymn to the Virgin of Montserrat, known as "el Virolai" and sung at noon each day by the Escolania de Montserrat boys' choir, begins with the words: "Rosa d’abril, Morena de la serra..." (Rose of April, dark-skinned lady of the mountain...). Therefore, this virgin is sometimes also known as the "Rosa d'abril".[13] Her feast is kept on April 27.[14]

Patronage

[edit]

The statue has always been considered one of the most celebrated images in Spain. "La Moreneta" is one of Catalonia's two patron saints, together with Sant Jordi (Saint George).[11]

Given name

[edit]

The name Montserrat, traditionally abbreviated to Serrat, Rat, Rateta, Tat or Tóna, and also to Montse in recent years, is a popular girl's name in Catalonia.[15][16][17][18]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Mystery of Montserrat: A Sacred Mountain of Christianity". Catholic Exchange. 12 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Roccosalvo C.S.J., Joan L. (Spring 2012). "Elegance Personified: The Black Madonna of Montserrat". Sacred Architecture Journal.
  3. ^ "Our Lady", on the official "Visit Montserrat Monastery" website (in Catalan, Spanish, English, French and Russian). She was declared the Patron Saint of Catalonia by Pope Leo XIII in 1881.
  4. ^ "The Feast", under "Spirituality", on the official Montserrat Monastery website (in Catalan, Spanish and English).
  5. ^ "Tradition in Catalonia", in the Sant Jordi 2014 section of the Catalan Government's website (in Catalan, Spanish and English).
  6. ^ "Els Patrons de Catalunya", Archdiocese of Barcelona (text in Catalan).
  7. ^ "A Real-Life Miracle on Spain's Montserrat Mountain". City Wonders.
  8. ^ Simonis, Damien. Spain, Lonely Planet, 2009 (page 367) ISBN 174179000X
  9. ^ "Montserrat monastery", Barcelona
  10. ^ a b Duricy, Michael P., "Black Madonnas: Our Lady of Montserrat", Marian Library, University of Dayton
  11. ^ a b Wilkinson, Isambard (13 April 2001). "Montserrat Black Virgin 'was white originally'". The Telegraph.
  12. ^ Badia, Enric (12 April 2001). "Un examen radiológico confirma que 'La Moreneta' era blanca". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  13. ^ Escolania de Montserrat – El Virolai
  14. ^ "Wednesday of the Fifth Week of Easter - April 27, 2016 - Liturgical Calendar".
  15. ^ Ruaix, Josep. Català Complet 3. Curs superior de llengua, Editorial Claret, 1998, p. 23-26 (in Catalan)
  16. ^ "De Rats i Tats", Núria Puyuelo, El Punt / Avui, 2 May 2014 (in Catalan) [consulted 7 April 2015]
  17. ^ Soler, Sílvia (29 June 2013). "Montserrat". Ara.cat (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  18. ^ "Catalanot II. Noves tendències en la tradició catalana d'escurçar els noms de font", Melancholia, 21 November 2010 (in Catalan) [consulted 7 April 2015]
[edit]
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