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{{Short description|Puerto Rican physician and public servant (1907–1954)}}
{{Distinguish|Raúl Gándara-Cartagena}}
{{Distinguish|Raúl Gándara Cartagena}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. José N. Gándara Cartagena
| name = Dr. José Nicolás Gándara Cartagena
| image =
| image =
| imagesize = 200px
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Dr. José N. Gándara
| caption = Dr. José N. Gándara
| birth_date = 26 August 1907<ref name="album"/>
| birth_date = 26 August 1907<ref name="album"/>
| birth_place = [[Ponce, Puerto Rico]]
| birth_place = [[Ponce, Puerto Rico]]
| death_date = 11 October 1954<ref name="album">{{cite book|first=Luis|last=Fortuño Janeiro|title=Album histórico de Ponce: 1692-1963 : contentivo de los más importantes datos históricos y de una exposición gráfica de su cultura y progreso|date=1963|publisher=Imprenta Fortuno}}</ref><br/>[[Ponce, Puerto Rico]]
| death_date = 12 October 1954<ref name="album">{{cite book|first=Luis|last=Fortuño Janeiro|title=Album histórico de Ponce: 1692-1963 : contentivo de los más importantes datos históricos y de una exposición gráfica de su cultura y progreso|date=1963|publisher=Imprenta Fortuno}}</ref><br/>[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]<ref>Armando Torres Leon. ''Los Municipios de Puerto Rico y Su Historia y Su Cultura: PONCE, La Perla del Sur.'' Santurce, Puerto Rico: Departamento de Educación de Puerto Rico. Programa Regular de Educación. Programa Editorial. Celeste Benitez, Secretaria de Educación. 1992. p. 142.</ref>
| nationality = [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]]
| nationality = [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]]
| alma_mater = [[SUNY Downstate Medical Center|Long Island College of Medicine]] ([[Doctor of Medicine|MD]])
| occupation = [[Physician]], [[public servant]]
| occupation = [[Physician]], [[public servant]]
| salary =
| networth =
| spouse =
| spouse =
| children =
| children =
| signature =
| signature =
| website =
| website =
}}
}}


'''Dr. José Narciso Gándara Cartagena'''<ref group=note>{{Spanish name|'''Gándara'''|'''Cartagena'''}}</ref> (1907–1954) was a [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] [[physician]] and [[public servant]]. He led medical personnel in the treatment of the hundreds of wounded of the [[Ponce Massacre]] that occurred on [[Palm Sunday]], 1937, in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico]], at the hands of the [[U.S. Department of the Interior|Insular]] [[Police]], under orders of the American colonial governor [[Blanton Winship]]. He also provided [[expert witness]] testimony regarding the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party|Puerto Rican Nationalists]] victims being shot on their backs while they ran away from the police, and that many were wounded by the police using their clubs and bare fists.<ref>{{cite news|author=A. Castro, Jr.|title=Once Muertos Y Mas De Ciento Cincuenta Heridos En Ponce.|newspaper=El Mundo|date=22 March 1937|pages=1,5.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Federico Robes|last=Tovar|title=Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary|publisher=Plus Ultra Educational Publishers|year=1971|page=84}}</ref>
'''Dr. José Nicolás Gándara Cartagena'''<ref name="Nicolás">{{cite news |last1=DJENANA |title=Ecos Sociales |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/elmundo/?a=d&d=mndo19260828-01.1.9 |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=El Mundo |issue=2478 |publisher=Puerto Rico Ilustrado, Inc. |date=28 August 1926 |ref=El Mundo}}</ref><ref group=note>{{family name hatnote|'''Gándara'''|'''Cartagena'''|lang=Spanish}}</ref> (August 26, 1907 – October 12, 1954) was a [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] [[physician]] and [[public servant]]. He led medical personnel in the treatment of the hundreds of wounded of the [[Ponce massacre]] that occurred on [[Palm Sunday]], 1937, in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico]], at the hands of the [[U.S. Department of the Interior|Insular]] [[Police]], under orders of the American colonial governor [[Blanton Winship]]. He also provided [[expert witness]] testimony regarding the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party|Puerto Rican Nationalists]] victims being shot on their backs while they ran away from the police, and that many were wounded by the police using their clubs and bare fists.<ref>{{cite news|author=A. Castro, Jr.|title=Once Muertos Y Mas De Ciento Cincuenta Heridos En Ponce.|newspaper=El Mundo|date=22 March 1937|pages=1, 5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Federico Robes|last=Tovar|title=Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary|publisher=Plus Ultra Educational Publishers|year=1971|page=84}}</ref>


==Early years==
==Early years==
José N. Gándara Cartagena was born in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico]], on 26 August 1907.<ref name="album"/> He was the son of Manuel Gándara and Mercedes Cartagena<ref name="album"/> Gandara graduated from [[Ponce High School]] in 1925.<ref name="album"/> After this, he went to college graduating from the [[SUNY Downstate Medical Center|Long Island College of Medicine]] in 1933 and did his intership in the [[Hospital San Lucas|Ponce Presbyterian Hospital]] the next year. In 1934-1936 he worked as a resident physician at the [[Hospital Dr. Pila|Clinica Quirurgia del Dr. Pila]]. He continued his medical lifelong training at the New York Policlinic Medical Hospital. In 1949, he also studied at the Instituto de Cardiología de México.<ref name="mientras">''Mientras en Filadelfia: Sorprende Muerte Dr. Gándara.'' El Mundo. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Vol. XXXV. Number 286. October 13, 1954, pp.1,16.</ref>
José N. Gándara Cartagena was born in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico]], on 26 August 1907.<ref name="album"/> He was the son of Manuel Gándara and Mercedes Cartagena<ref name="album"/> Gandara graduated from [[Ponce High School]] in 1925.<ref name="album"/> After this, he went to college graduating from the [[SUNY Downstate Medical Center|Long Island College of Medicine]] in 1933 and did his internship in the [[Hospital San Lucas|Ponce Presbyterian Hospital]] the next year. In 1934-1936 he worked as a resident physician at the [[Hospital Dr. Pila|Clinica Quirurgica del Dr. Pila]]. He continued his medical lifelong training at the New York Polyclinic Medical Hospital. In 1949, he also studied at the Instituto de Cardiología de México.<ref name="mientras">''Mientras en Filadelfia: Sorprende Muerte Dr. Gándara.'' El Mundo. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Vol. XXXV. Number 286. October 13, 1954, pp.1,16.</ref>


==Career==
==Career==

===Medical===
===Medical===
As a physician, Gándara specialized in [[internal medicine]], [[radiology]] and [[cardiology]]. He practiced in Ponce from 1933 to 1942.<ref name="mientras"/> Gándara was a member of the [[Puerto Rico Medical Association]], the [[American Medical Association]] and the [[American Diabetes Association|American Society Against Diabetes]], in addition to holding membership in other numerous civic and professional organizations in Puerto Rico.<ref name="mientras"/>
As a physician, Gándara specialized in [[internal medicine]], [[radiology]] and [[cardiology]]. He practiced in Ponce from 1933 to 1942.<ref name="mientras"/> Gándara was a member of the [[Puerto Rico Medical Association]], the [[American Medical Association]] and the [[American Diabetes Association|American Society Against Diabetes]], in addition to holding membership in other numerous civic and professional organizations in Puerto Rico.<ref name="mientras"/>


===Public service===
===Public service===
Dr. Gandara held over a dozen different public servant positions in Puerto Rico, not only in health field but also in public housing and other areas. He was also Deputy Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth from 1943 to 1945.<ref>[http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/s1-25/3/271 Chemotherapy of Human Filariasis by the Administration of Neostibosan]</ref> He was also one of the founders of the [[Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico]].<ref name="mientras"/>
Dr. Gandara held over a dozen different public servant positions in Puerto Rico, not only in health field but also in public housing and other areas. He was also Deputy Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth from 1943 to 1945.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1945.s1-25.271|title=Chemotherapy of Human Filariasis by the Administration of Neostibosan1|first1=James T.|last1=Culbertson|first2=Harry M.|last2=Rose|first3=José|last3=Oliver-Gonzalez|date=May 1, 1945|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=s1-25|issue=3|pages=271–274|via=www.ajtmh.org|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1945.s1-25.271}}</ref> He was also one of the founders of the [[Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico]].<ref name="mientras"/>


He was a radiologist for the Puerto Rico Department of Health (1946–1952); consulting physician for Puerto Rico's ''Fondo del Seguro del Estado'' (1950–1952); physician for the Puerto Rico Teachers Association (1945–1952); member of the Board of Regents of the [[University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine]] (1942–1950); president of the Board of Commissioners of the Puerto Rico Housing Authority 1946.<ref name="mientras"/>
He was a radiologist for the Puerto Rico Department of Health (1946–1952); consulting physician for Puerto Rico's ''Fondo del Seguro del Estado'' (1950–1952); physician for the Puerto Rico Teachers Association (1945–1952); member of the Board of Regents of the [[University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine]] (1942–1950); president of the Board of Commissioners of the Puerto Rico Housing Authority 1946.<ref name="mientras"/>


===Political===
===Political===
In 1942, he was appointed by governor [[Luis Muñoz Marín]] as a member of Puerto Rico's ''Consejo Superior de Enseñanza'' (later, Consejo de Educacion Superior) at a time when he was public welfare director in the municipality of Ponce (1941–1943).<ref name="mientras"/> He was one of the founders of the [[Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico]], but declined various other political positions due to his various other responsibilities in his gubernamental positions.<ref name="mientras"/>
In 1942, he was appointed by governor [[Luis Muñoz Marín]] as a member of Puerto Rico's ''Consejo Superior de Enseñanza'' (later, Consejo de Educación Superior) at a time when he was public welfare director in the municipality of Ponce (1941–1943).<ref name="mientras"/> He was one of the founders of the [[Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico]], but declined various other political positions due to his various other responsibilities in his gubernamental positions.<ref name="mientras"/>


==Death==
==Death==
In 1954, Dr. Gándara was in the midst of a major government initiative for the creation of [[public housing in Puerto Rico]] in order to eliminate [[ghettos]] in the Island. At that time, while in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], he suffered a [[coronary thrombosis]] that killed him. He died on 12 October 1954; he was 47 years old. [[Jaime Benítez]], said this about Dr. Gándara:
In 1954, Dr. Gándara was in the midst of a major government initiative for the creation of [[public housing in Puerto Rico]] in order to eliminate [[ghettos]] in the Island. At that time, while in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], he suffered a [[coronary thrombosis]] that killed him. He died on 12 October 1954; he was 47 years old. [[Jaime Benítez]], said this about Dr. Gándara:
“The death of José Gándara leaves a void in the first row of the people of our generation dedicated to public service and particularly dedicated to harnessing science for the service of those who cannot afford medical care. He consecrated with integrity the resources of his intelligence, his education and his care in order to provide service far beyond the call of duty. He leaves us an enduring memory and example of dedication and love for his fellow men.”<ref>El Mundo. Pages 1 and 16. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 3 November 1954. </ref>
"The death of José Gándara leaves a void in the first row of the people of our generation dedicated to public service and particularly dedicated to harnessing science for the service of those who cannot afford medical care. He consecrated with integrity the resources of his intelligence, his education and his care in order to provide service far beyond the call of duty. He leaves us an enduring memory and example of dedication and love for his fellow men."<ref>El Mundo. Pages 1 and 16. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 13 October 1954.</ref>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
On 2 November 1954, the then Secretary of Education, [[Mariano Villaronga]], stated that an [[middle school]] would be built in [[Río Piedras]] to honor his memory. He used these words: “Doctor Gándara dedicated his time and effort to urban renewal, to the elimination of poor housing and to the construction of public housing. In his private life he raised an examplary home. He was a man like God wants men to be: with human warmth, generous in his service to others, fully given to those things of a valuable character. He was thoroughly dedicated to those things he believed in. No one knew the existence in him of rencor, hate, or resentment. Whenever he had prejuidice it was unvariably in favor of something or someone that deserved it.” <ref>El Mundo. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 3 November 1954. Page 4.</ref>
On 2 November 1954, the then Secretary of Education, [[Mariano Villaronga]], stated that a [[middle school]] would be built in [[Río Piedras]] to honor his memory. He used these words: "Doctor Gándara dedicated his time and effort to urban renewal, to the elimination of poor housing and to the construction of public housing. In his private life he raised an exemplary home. He was a man like God wants men to be: with human warmth, generous in his service to others, fully given to those things of a valuable character. He was thoroughly dedicated to those things he believed in. No one knew the existence in him of rancor, hate, or resentment. Whenever he had prejudice it was invariably in favor of something or someone that deserved it."<ref>El Mundo. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 3 November 1954. Page 4.</ref>


In addition, there are [[Public housing in Puerto Rico|public housing]] developments in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.pr.gov/agencias/avp/listadoresidenciales/Pages/Ponce.aspx|title=Listado de Residenciales}}</ref> and [[Moca, Puerto Rico|Moca]] named after Dr. Gandara. There is a high school in [[Aibonito, Puerto Rico]] named in his memory.<ref>[http://www.de.gobierno.pr/escuela-dr-jose-n-gandara ''Escuela Dr. José N. Gándara.''] Puerto Rico DOE.</ref>He is recognized as a distinguished illustrious citizens in the field of Medicine at the [[Tricentennial Park (Ponce, Puerto Rico)|Park of the Illustrious Ponce Citizens]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelponce.com/Medicine.html|title=Medicine|publisher=travelponce.com|accessdate={{date|2014-01-09}}}}</ref>
In addition, there are [[Public housing in Puerto Rico|public housing]] developments in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.pr.gov/agencias/avp/listadoresidenciales/Pages/Ponce.aspx|title=Listado de Residenciales|access-date=2014-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109034554/http://www2.pr.gov/agencias/avp/listadoresidenciales/Pages/Ponce.aspx|archive-date=2014-01-09|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-pr/pr/50-individuals-charged-drug-trafficking-puerto-rico-part-organized-crime-drug-enforcement|title=50 Individuals Charged With Drug Trafficking In Puerto Rico As Part Of The Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF)|date=September 26, 2019|website=www.justice.gov}}</ref> and [[Moca, Puerto Rico|Moca]] named after Dr. Gandara. There is a high school in [[Aibonito, Puerto Rico]] named in his memory.<ref>[http://www.de.gobierno.pr/escuela-dr-jose-n-gandara ''Escuela Dr. José N. Gándara.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112020834/http://www.de.gobierno.pr/escuela-dr-jose-n-gandara |date=2014-01-12 }} Puerto Rico DOE.</ref> He is recognized as a distinguished illustrious citizens in the field of Medicine at the [[Tricentennial Park (Ponce, Puerto Rico)|Park of the Illustrious Ponce Citizens]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelponce.com/Medicine.html|title=Medicine|publisher=travelponce.com|accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref>


Also, the once Hospital de Distrito de Ponce, since privatized and renamed [[Hospital Episcopal San Lucas]], was named Hospital de Distrito Jose N. Gándara was it first opened in May 1955. The then modern 4-story facility was built to replace the 2-story Hospital de Distrito de Ponce on Victoria and Distrito streets built in 1929.<ref name="album"/>
Also, the once Hospital de Distrito de Ponce, since privatized and renamed [[Hospital Episcopal San Lucas]], was named Hospital de Distrito Jose N. Gándara was it first opened in May 1955.<ref>Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, et al. ''Brevario Sobre la Historia de Ponce y Sus Principales Lugares de Interes.'' First Edition. 1991. Ponce Municipal Government. Ponce, Puerto Rico. page 78.</ref> The then-ultramodern 4-story facility was built to replace the 2-story Hospital de Distrito de Ponce on Victoria and Distrito streets built in 1929.<ref name="album"/>

In [[Massachusetts]], there is a community support agency named after Dr. Gándara, the Gándara Center, which offers a range of services in the cities of Springfield and Holyoke. The services offered include education and support to youths, mental health counseling, respite, adult foster care, substance abuse rehabilitation, STARR program, in-home therapy, care coordination (for children and adults), and other medical services.<ref>[https://gandaracenter.org/ ''Gándara Center.''] Gándara Center. Accessed 16 May 2018.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 50: Line 53:
* [[List of Puerto Ricans]]
* [[List of Puerto Ricans]]


==External links==
==Notes==
⚫
{{Reflist|group=note}}
⚫
* [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/biblioteca_jngandara/Historia.htm&date=2009-10-25+13:32:40 ''Historia del Dr. José N. Gándara y de la escuela que lleva su nombre.'' Biblioteca J. N. Gandara.]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references/>


==Notes==
==External links==
⚫
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040608174101/http://www.geocities.com/biblioteca_jngandara/Historia.htm ''Historia del Dr. José N. Gándara y de la escuela que lleva su nombre.'' Biblioteca J. N. Gandara.]
⚫
<references group=note/>


{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandara, Jose N.}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandara, Jose N.}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths from coronary thrombosis]]
[[Category:Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico) politicians]]
[[Category:Ponce High School alumni]]
[[Category:Physicians from Ponce]]
[[Category:Physicians from Ponce]]
[[Category:20th-century Puerto Rican physicians]]
[[Category:SUNY Downstate Medical Center alumni]]
[[Category:SUNY Downstate Medical Center alumni]]

Latest revision as of 21:28, 9 November 2024

Not to be confused with Raúl Gándara Cartagena.
Dr. José Nicolás Gándara Cartagena
Born26 August 1907[1]
Ponce, Puerto Rico
Died12 October 1954[1]
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[2]
NationalityPuerto Rican
Alma materLong Island College of Medicine (MD)
Occupation(s)Physician, public servant

Dr. José Nicolás Gándara Cartagena[3][note 1] (August 26, 1907 – October 12, 1954) was a Puerto Rican physician and public servant. He led medical personnel in the treatment of the hundreds of wounded of the Ponce massacre that occurred on Palm Sunday, 1937, in Ponce, Puerto Rico, at the hands of the Insular Police, under orders of the American colonial governor Blanton Winship. He also provided expert witness testimony regarding the Puerto Rican Nationalists victims being shot on their backs while they ran away from the police, and that many were wounded by the police using their clubs and bare fists.[4][5]

Early years

[edit]

José N. Gándara Cartagena was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, on 26 August 1907.[1] He was the son of Manuel Gándara and Mercedes Cartagena[1] Gandara graduated from Ponce High School in 1925.[1] After this, he went to college graduating from the Long Island College of Medicine in 1933 and did his internship in the Ponce Presbyterian Hospital the next year. In 1934-1936 he worked as a resident physician at the Clinica Quirurgica del Dr. Pila. He continued his medical lifelong training at the New York Polyclinic Medical Hospital. In 1949, he also studied at the Instituto de Cardiología de México.[6]

Career

[edit]

Medical

[edit]

As a physician, Gándara specialized in internal medicine, radiology and cardiology. He practiced in Ponce from 1933 to 1942.[6] Gándara was a member of the Puerto Rico Medical Association, the American Medical Association and the American Society Against Diabetes, in addition to holding membership in other numerous civic and professional organizations in Puerto Rico.[6]

Public service

[edit]

Dr. Gandara held over a dozen different public servant positions in Puerto Rico, not only in health field but also in public housing and other areas. He was also Deputy Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth from 1943 to 1945.[7] He was also one of the founders of the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico.[6]

He was a radiologist for the Puerto Rico Department of Health (1946–1952); consulting physician for Puerto Rico's Fondo del Seguro del Estado (1950–1952); physician for the Puerto Rico Teachers Association (1945–1952); member of the Board of Regents of the University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine (1942–1950); president of the Board of Commissioners of the Puerto Rico Housing Authority 1946.[6]

Political

[edit]

In 1942, he was appointed by governor Luis Muñoz Marín as a member of Puerto Rico's Consejo Superior de Enseñanza (later, Consejo de Educación Superior) at a time when he was public welfare director in the municipality of Ponce (1941–1943).[6] He was one of the founders of the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico, but declined various other political positions due to his various other responsibilities in his gubernamental positions.[6]

Death

[edit]

In 1954, Dr. Gándara was in the midst of a major government initiative for the creation of public housing in Puerto Rico in order to eliminate ghettos in the Island. At that time, while in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he suffered a coronary thrombosis that killed him. He died on 12 October 1954; he was 47 years old. Jaime Benítez, said this about Dr. Gándara: "The death of José Gándara leaves a void in the first row of the people of our generation dedicated to public service and particularly dedicated to harnessing science for the service of those who cannot afford medical care. He consecrated with integrity the resources of his intelligence, his education and his care in order to provide service far beyond the call of duty. He leaves us an enduring memory and example of dedication and love for his fellow men."[8]

Legacy

[edit]

On 2 November 1954, the then Secretary of Education, Mariano Villaronga, stated that a middle school would be built in Río Piedras to honor his memory. He used these words: "Doctor Gándara dedicated his time and effort to urban renewal, to the elimination of poor housing and to the construction of public housing. In his private life he raised an exemplary home. He was a man like God wants men to be: with human warmth, generous in his service to others, fully given to those things of a valuable character. He was thoroughly dedicated to those things he believed in. No one knew the existence in him of rancor, hate, or resentment. Whenever he had prejudice it was invariably in favor of something or someone that deserved it."[9]

In addition, there are public housing developments in Ponce[10][11] and Moca named after Dr. Gandara. There is a high school in Aibonito, Puerto Rico named in his memory.[12] He is recognized as a distinguished illustrious citizens in the field of Medicine at the Park of the Illustrious Ponce Citizens.[13]

Also, the once Hospital de Distrito de Ponce, since privatized and renamed Hospital Episcopal San Lucas, was named Hospital de Distrito Jose N. Gándara was it first opened in May 1955.[14] The then-ultramodern 4-story facility was built to replace the 2-story Hospital de Distrito de Ponce on Victoria and Distrito streets built in 1929.[1]

In Massachusetts, there is a community support agency named after Dr. Gándara, the Gándara Center, which offers a range of services in the cities of Springfield and Holyoke. The services offered include education and support to youths, mental health counseling, respite, adult foster care, substance abuse rehabilitation, STARR program, in-home therapy, care coordination (for children and adults), and other medical services.[15]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^
    In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Gándara and the second or maternal family name is Cartagena.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Fortuño Janeiro, Luis (1963). Album histórico de Ponce: 1692-1963 : contentivo de los más importantes datos históricos y de una exposición gráfica de su cultura y progreso. Imprenta Fortuno.
  2. ^ Armando Torres Leon. Los Municipios de Puerto Rico y Su Historia y Su Cultura: PONCE, La Perla del Sur. Santurce, Puerto Rico: Departamento de Educación de Puerto Rico. Programa Regular de Educación. Programa Editorial. Celeste Benitez, Secretaria de Educación. 1992. p. 142.
  3. ^ DJENANA (28 August 1926). "Ecos Sociales". El Mundo. No. 2478. Puerto Rico Ilustrado, Inc. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  4. ^ A. Castro, Jr. (22 March 1937). "Once Muertos Y Mas De Ciento Cincuenta Heridos En Ponce". El Mundo. pp. 1, 5.
  5. ^ Tovar, Federico Robes (1971). Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary. Plus Ultra Educational Publishers. p. 84.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Mientras en Filadelfia: Sorprende Muerte Dr. Gándara. El Mundo. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Vol. XXXV. Number 286. October 13, 1954, pp.1,16.
  7. ^ Culbertson, James T.; Rose, Harry M.; Oliver-Gonzalez, José (May 1, 1945). "Chemotherapy of Human Filariasis by the Administration of Neostibosan1". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. s1-25 (3): 271–274. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1945.s1-25.271 – via www.ajtmh.org.
  8. ^ El Mundo. Pages 1 and 16. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 13 October 1954.
  9. ^ El Mundo. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 3 November 1954. Page 4.
  10. ^ "Listado de Residenciales". Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  11. ^ "50 Individuals Charged With Drug Trafficking In Puerto Rico As Part Of The Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF)". www.justice.gov. September 26, 2019.
  12. ^ Escuela Dr. José N. Gándara. Archived 2014-01-12 at the Wayback Machine Puerto Rico DOE.
  13. ^ "Medicine". travelponce.com. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  14. ^ Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, et al. Brevario Sobre la Historia de Ponce y Sus Principales Lugares de Interes. First Edition. 1991. Ponce Municipal Government. Ponce, Puerto Rico. page 78.
  15. ^ Gándara Center. Gándara Center. Accessed 16 May 2018.
[edit]
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