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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox holocaust event
{{Infobox holocaust event
| name = Mizoch ghetto
| name = Mizoch ghetto
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| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Mizocz Ghetto in Modern Ukraine##Mizocz Ghetto in Modern Rivne Oblast, Ukraine
| pushpin_map_caption = Mizocz Ghetto in Modern Ukraine##Mizocz Ghetto in Modern Rivne Oblast, Ukraine
| location = Near [[Rivne]] in [[western Ukraine]]
| location = Near [[Rivne]] in [[western Ukraine]], [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]]
| coordinates = {{coord|50|24|N|26|09|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|50|24|N|26|09|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
| date = March 1942 - 14 October 1942
| date = March 1942 - 14 October 1942
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| organizations =
| organizations =
| ghetto = 1,700 population
| ghetto = 1,700 population
| victims = about 200 (at the fire)<ref name="MizcozYV">{{Cite web|title=Mizocz Ghetto |url=https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/untold-stories/killing-site/14627417-Mizocz-Ghetto |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Yad Vashem}}</ref><br />about 2,000 to 3,500 (at mass shootings){{efn|Some testimonies stated over 2,000 deads in the mass killings, while others reported 1,500 jews were executed the first day (14 October), 800 the second day, with a total of 3,500 by the end of January 1943.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sugar Refinery in Mizocz |url=https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/untold-stories/killing-site/14627418-Sugar-Refinery-in-Mizocz |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Yad Vashem |at=ChGK Soviet Reports}}</ref>}}
| victims = about 800-1,200 Jews
| survivors =
| survivors =
| witnesses =
| witnesses =
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}}
}}


The '''Mizoch (Mizocz) Ghetto''' ({{lang-de|Misotsch}}; [[Cyrillic]]: Мизоч; [[Yiddish]]: מיזאָטש) was a [[World War II]] ghetto set up in the town of [[Mizoch]], [[Western Ukraine]] by Nazi Germany for the forcible segregation and mistreatment of Jews.
The '''Mizoch (Mizocz) Ghetto''' ({{langx|de|Misotsch}}; [[Cyrillic]]: Мизоч; [[Yiddish]]: מיזאָטש) was a [[World War II]] ghetto set up in the town of [[Mizoch]], then Eastern Poland, today Western Ukraine, by Nazi Germany for the forcible segregation and mistreatment of Jews. In October 1942, [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police]] and German policemen enclosed the ghetto; an uprising erupted, and the remaining inhabitants were [[mass murder]]ed. Their execution has been photographed by the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]].


==Background==
==Background==
Jews settled in Mizoch in the 18th century. In 1897, the total population of the town was 2,662 with 1,175 Jews owning factories for felt, oil and sugar production, as well as the flour mill and sawmills.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> Some Jews emigrated during [[World War I]]. According to the national census of 1921 in the [[Second Polish Republic]] there were 845 Jews in Mizocz, most of them identifying with the [[Turiisk|Turzysk]] [[Hasidism]]. Their numbers grew as the [[Economy of Poland|Polish economy]] improved.<ref name="Encyclopedia">Shmuel Spector, Geoffrey Wigoder, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=MZzY8sG8yNsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Mizocz&f=false The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust] page 832.</ref> It was an urban community between world wars like many others in [[Kresy]] (eastern Poland), inhabited by Jews and Poles along with members of other minorities including [[Ukrainians in Poland|Ukrainians]]. There was a military school in Mizocz for the [[officer cadet]]s of the Battalion 11 of the [[Polish Army]]'s First Brigade;<ref name="wolyn"/> the Karwicki Palace (built in 1790, partly destroyed by the [[Bolsheviks]] in 1917), Hotel Barmocha Fuksa,<ref name="wolhynia.pl">{{cite web | url=http://www.wolhynia.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=328:mizocz&catid=24&Itemid=101 | title=Miasteczko Mizocz | publisher=Wołyń - przegląd | work=Roman Aftanazy, "Dzieje rezydencji na dawnych kresach Rzeczypospolitej", Vol. 5, Województwo wołyńskie", 1994, pp. 247-253 | date=2015 | access-date=19 April 2015 | author=Wołyń | id=Also in: [http://wolyn.ovh.org/ippw/022.htm Ilustrowany przewodnik po Wołyniu] by Dr Mieczysław Orłowicz, Łuck 1929 }}</ref> a Catholic and an Orthodox church, and a Synagogue. The nearest major city was [[Rivne|Równo]].<ref name="wolyn">{{cite web |url=http://www.wolyn.ovh.org/opisy/mizocz-11.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717182406/http://www.wolyn.ovh.org/opisy/mizocz-11.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-07-17 |trans-title=Miasteczko Mizocz |title=The town of Mizocz |publisher=Strony o Wołyniu (The Volhynian Pages) |work=Instytut Kresowy |date=May 2006 |via=Internet Archive, 2014-07-17 |first=Andrzej |last=Mielcarek |author2=Wołyń }}</ref>
Jews settled in Mizoch in the 18th century. In 1897, the total population of the town was 2,662 with 1,175 Jews owning factories for felt, oil and sugar production, as well as the flour mill and sawmills.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> Some Jews emigrated during [[World War I]]. According to the national census of 1921 in the [[Second Polish Republic]] there were 845 Jews in Mizocz, most of them identifying with [[Turiisk|Turzysk]] [[Hasidism]]. Their numbers grew as the [[Economy of Poland|Polish economy]] improved.<ref name="Encyclopedia">Shmuel Spector, Geoffrey Wigoder, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MZzY8sG8yNsC&q=Mizocz The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust] page 832.</ref> It was an urban community between world wars like many others in [[Kresy]] (eastern Poland), inhabited by Jews and Poles along with members of other minorities including [[Ukrainians in Poland|Ukrainians]]. There was a military school in Mizocz for [[officer cadet]]s of Battalion 11 of the [[Polish Army]]'s First Brigade;<ref name="wolyn"/> the Karwicki Palace (built in 1790), Hotel Barmocha Fuksa,<ref name="wolhynia.pl">{{cite web | url=http://www.wolhynia.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=328:mizocz&catid=24&Itemid=101 | title=Miasteczko Mizocz | publisher=Wołyń - przegląd | work=Roman Aftanazy, "Dzieje rezydencji na dawnych kresach Rzeczypospolitej", Vol. 5, Województwo wołyńskie", 1994, pp. 247-253 | date=2015 | access-date=19 April 2015 | author=Wołyń | id=Also in: [http://wolyn.ovh.org/ippw/022.htm Ilustrowany przewodnik po Wołyniu] by Dr Mieczysław Orłowicz, Łuck 1929 | archive-date=15 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184703/http://www.wolhynia.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=328:mizocz&catid=24&Itemid=101 }}</ref> a Catholic and an Orthodox church, and a Synagogue. The nearest major city was [[Rivne|Równo]].<ref name="wolyn">{{cite web |url=http://www.wolyn.ovh.org/opisy/mizocz-11.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717182406/http://www.wolyn.ovh.org/opisy/mizocz-11.html |archive-date=2014-07-17 |trans-title=Miasteczko Mizocz |title=The town of Mizocz |publisher=Strony o Wołyniu (The Volhynian Pages) |work=Instytut Kresowy |date=May 2006 |via=Internet Archive, 2014-07-17 |first=Andrzej |last=Mielcarek |author2=Wołyń }}</ref>


Mizoch is situated some {{convert|18|mi}} east of [[Dubno]].<ref name="jewishgen">JewishGen, [http://data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~community~-1038255 Jewish Communities in Volhynia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908075427/http://data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~community~-1038255 |date=2016-09-08 }} JewishGen Database, New York.</ref> Before the [[Invasion of Poland|German-Soviet invasion of Poland]] in 1939, the town, Mizocz, was located in the [[Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–39)|Wołyń Voivodeship]] in the [[Second Polish Republic]].<ref name="wolyn"/> [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|Annexed by the USSR]] following the 1939 [[Soviet invasion of Poland|Soviet invasion of eastern Poland]], Mizocz was occupied by the [[Wehrmacht]] in [[Operation Barbarossa]], the June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. Some 300 Jews escaped with the retreating Soviets.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>
Mizoch is situated some {{convert|18|mi}} east of [[Dubno]].<ref name="jewishgen">JewishGen, [http://data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~community~-1038255 Jewish Communities in Volhynia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908075427/http://data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~community~-1038255 |date=2016-09-08 }} JewishGen Database, New York.</ref> Before the [[Invasion of Poland|German-Soviet invasion of Poland]] in 1939, the town, Mizocz, was located in the [[Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–39)|Wołyń Voivodeship]] in the [[Second Polish Republic]].<ref name="wolyn"/> [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|Annexed by the USSR]] following the 1939 [[Soviet invasion of Poland|Soviet invasion of eastern Poland]], Mizocz was occupied by the [[Wehrmacht]] in [[Operation Barbarossa]], the June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. Some 300 Jews escaped with the retreating Soviets.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>


== Uprising and mass killings ==
== Uprising and mass killings ==
On 12 October 1942 the closed-off ghetto of about 1,700 Jews was surrounded by [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police]] and German policemen in preparation for the ghetto liquidation action. The Jews fought back in an uprising which may have lasted as long as two days. About half the residents were able to flee or hide during the confusion before the uprising was put down. On 14 October the captured survivors were transported in lorries to a secluded ravine and shot.<ref name="Spector">Shmuel Spector, quoting the memoirs of Peretz Goldstein, ''The Jews of Volhynia and Their Reaction to Extermination''.</ref>
On 12 October 1942 the closed-off ghetto of about 1,700 Jews was surrounded by [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police]] and German policemen in preparation for the ghetto liquidation action. The Jews fought back in an uprising which may have lasted as long as two days. About half the residents were able to flee or hide during the confusion before the uprising was put down. On October 14, the inmates of the ghetto set many of the houses on fire; as a result, while many succeeded in escaping, about 200 people died in the flames inside the ghetto. On 14 and 15 October the captured survivors were transported in lorries to a secluded ravine and shot.<ref name="Spector">Shmuel Spector, quoting the memoirs of Peretz Goldstein, ''The Jews of Volhynia and Their Reaction to Extermination''.</ref><ref name="MizcozYV"/>


=== Photographs ===
=== Photographs ===
[[File:Jews from the Mizocz Ghetto rounded up with the assistance of the Gendarmerie and Ukrainian Schutzmannschaften for execution.jpg|thumb|Jews from the Mizocz Ghetto rounded up with the assistance of the Gendarmerie and Ukrainian Schutzmannschaften for execution.{{nobreak|14 October 1942}}]]
[[File:Jews from the Mizocz Ghetto rounded up with the assistance of the Gendarmerie and Ukrainian Schutzmannschaften for execution.jpg|thumb|Jews from the Mizocz Ghetto rounded up with the assistance of the Gendarmerie and Ukrainian Schutzmannschaften for execution.{{nowrap|14 October 1942}}]]


[[File:Jewish women and children are ordered to undress prior to their execution outside the Mizocz Ghetto.jpg|thumb|Jewish women and children are ordered to undress prior to their execution outside the Mizocz Ghetto.{{nobreak|14 October 1942}}]]
[[File:Jewish women and children are ordered to undress prior to their execution outside the Mizocz Ghetto.jpg|thumb|Jewish women and children are ordered to undress prior to their execution outside the Mizocz Ghetto.{{nowrap|14 October 1942}}]]
[[Image:Naked Jewish women wait in a line before their execution by Ukrainian auxiliary police.jpg|thumb|Naked Jewish women wait in a line before their execution by German Police with the assistance of Ukrainian auxiliaries.{{nobreak|14 October 1942}}]]
[[File:Naked Jewish women wait in a line before their execution by Ukrainian auxiliary police.jpg|thumb|Naked Jewish women wait in a line before their execution by German Police with the assistance of [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police|Ukrainian auxiliaries]].{{nowrap|14 October 1942}}]]
[[File:German officer executes Jewish women who survived a mass shooting outside the Mizocz ghetto, 14 October 1942.jpg|thumb|German police officer shooting women still alive after a mass execution in the Mizoch ghetto, {{nobreak|14 October 1942}}]]
[[File:German officer executes Jewish women who survived a mass shooting outside the Mizocz ghetto, 14 October 1942.jpg|thumb|German police officer shooting women still alive after a mass execution in the Mizoch ghetto, {{nowrap|14 October 1942}}]]
[[File:A German policeman prepares to complete the Mizocz mass execution by shooting two Jewish children.jpg|thumb|A German policeman prepares to complete the Mizocz mass execution by shooting two Jewish children, {{nobreak|14 October 1942}}]]
[[File:A German policeman prepares to complete the Mizocz mass execution by shooting two Jewish children.jpg|thumb|A German policeman prepares to complete the Mizocz mass execution by shooting two Jewish children, {{nowrap|14 October 1942}}]]


The shootings were photographed.<ref name="ushmm.org">The [[USHMM]] collections (2012), [https://web.archive.org/web/20120817122708/http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/result.aspx?search=MIZOCZ Photographs of the Mizocz shootings.] Zst. Photograph No.: [https://web.archive.org/web/20171204172414/http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1065469&search=MIZOCZ&index=4 #17878.] [http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1065461&search=&index=1 #17877], #17876, #17879). Retrieved 4 December 2017.</ref> The images owned by ''SS-[[Unterscharführer]]'' Schäfer until 1945 became part of the [[Ludwigsburg]] investigation (ZSt. II 204 AR 1218/70). They were published, and have become well known. Frequently the photographs are erroneously said to depict other Holocaust shootings.<ref name = Struk/>
The shootings were photographed.<ref name="ushmm.org">The [[USHMM]] collections (2012), [https://web.archive.org/web/20120817122708/http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/result.aspx?search=MIZOCZ Photographs of the Mizocz shootings.] Zst. Photograph No.: [https://web.archive.org/web/20171204172414/http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1065469&search=MIZOCZ&index=4 #17878.] [http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1065461&search=&index=1 #17877] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222944/http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1065461&search=&index=1 |date=2017-12-04 }}, #17876, #17879). Retrieved 4 December 2017.</ref> The images, owned by ''SS-[[Unterscharführer]]'' Schäfer until 1945, became part of the [[Ludwigsburg]] investigation (ZSt. II 204 AR 1218/70). They were published, and have become well known. Frequently the photographs are erroneously said to depict other Holocaust shootings.<ref name = Struk/>


Two of the photographs show the "''Aktion''" in progress. The photographs give clear evidence of the execution practice common during the Holocaust by bullet in [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]]. The victims were led to the killing place in groups of around five or so individuals, and forced to lie down among the prior victims, to be shot in the back of the neck or head, with a single bullet.<ref name="ushmm.org"/> Historians have commented upon the brutality shown in the Mizocz mass murder photographs:
Two of the photographs show the "''Aktion''" in progress. The photographs give clear evidence of the execution practice common during the Holocaust by bullet in [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]]. The victims were led to the killing place in groups of five or so individuals, and forced to lie down among the prior victims, to be shot in the back of the neck or head, with a single bullet.<ref name="ushmm.org"/> Historians have commented upon the brutality shown in the Mizocz mass murder photographs:
{{quote|In 1942 at Mizocz, in the region of Rovno in Ukraine, approximately 1,700 Jews were executed. The photographs show large numbers of people being herded into a ravine, women and children undressing, a line of naked women and children in a queue and finally their executed bodies. Two particular harrowing photographs show German police standing among heaps of naked corpses of women strewn on either side of the ravine.<ref name=Struk>{{cite book |last=Struk |first=Janina |title=Photographing the Holocaust |pages=72–73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0CnKQpDIL8C |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2004 |isbn=1860645461}}</ref>}}
{{blockquote|In 1942 at Mizocz, in the region of Rovno in Ukraine, approximately 1,700 Jews were executed. The photographs show large numbers of people being herded into a ravine, women and children undressing, a line of naked women and children in a queue and finally their executed bodies. Two particular harrowing photographs show German police standing among heaps of naked corpses of women strewn on either side of the ravine.<ref name=Struk>{{cite book |last=Struk |first=Janina |title=Photographing the Holocaust |pages=72–73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0CnKQpDIL8C |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2004 |isbn=1-86064-546-1}}</ref>}}


The archival description of the entire set of photographs by the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] (USHMM) includes the following statements. Photograph #17876: "According to the Zentrale Stelle in Germany (Zst. II 204 AR 1218/70), these Jews were collected by the [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Orpo battalions|Gendarmerie]] and [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police|Ukrainian]] [[Schutzmannschaft]] during the liquidation of the Mizocz ghetto, which held roughly 1,700 Jews."{{r|ushmm}} Photograph #17877: "Naked Jewish women, some of whom are holding infants, wait in a line before their execution by German Sipo and SD with the assistance of Ukrainian auxiliaries."{{r|ushmm}} Photograph #17878: "German police officer shoots Jewish women still alive after a mass execution (Zst. II 204 AR 1218/70)."<ref name="ushmm">{{cite web |title=4 photos found for the query "Mizocz" on database |work=Recognize Someone? |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] (USHMM) |author=The USHMM collections: Zentrale Stelle |via=Internet Archive, 2012-08-17 |url=http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/result.aspx?search=MIZOCZ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817122708/http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/result.aspx?search=MIZOCZ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-08-17 }}</ref><ref name="Morrison">{{cite book |title=Criminology, Civilisation and the New World Order |first=Wayne |last=Morrison |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1135331122 |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6U2MAQAAQBAJ&q=Zst.%20II%20204%20AR%201218/70&pg=PA86}}</ref>
The archival description of the entire set of photographs by the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] (USHMM) includes the following statements. Photograph #17876: "According to the Zentrale Stelle in Germany (Zst. II 204 AR 1218/70), these Jews were collected by the [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Orpo battalions|Gendarmerie]] and [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police|Ukrainian]] [[Schutzmannschaft]] during the liquidation of the Mizocz ghetto, which held roughly 1,700 Jews."{{r|ushmm}} Photograph #17877: "Naked Jewish women, some of whom are holding infants, wait in a line before their execution by German Sipo and SD with the assistance of Ukrainian auxiliaries."{{r|ushmm}} Photograph #17878: "German police officer shoots Jewish women still alive after a mass execution (Zst. II 204 AR 1218/70)."<ref name="ushmm">{{cite web |title=4 photos found for the query "Mizocz" on database |work=Recognize Someone? |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] (USHMM) |author=The USHMM collections: Zentrale Stelle |via=Internet Archive, 2012-08-17 |url=http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/result.aspx?search=MIZOCZ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817122708/http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/result.aspx?search=MIZOCZ |archive-date=2012-08-17 }}</ref><ref name="Morrison">{{cite book |title=Criminology, Civilisation and the New World Order |first=Wayne |last=Morrison |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-135-33112-2 |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6U2MAQAAQBAJ&q=Zst.%20II%20204%20AR%201218/70&pg=PA86}}</ref>
Photograph #17879: a "German policeman prepares to complete a mass execution by shooting two Jewish children."{{r|ushmm}}
Photograph #17879: a "German policeman prepares to complete a mass execution by shooting two Jewish children."{{r|ushmm}}


===Aftermath===
===Aftermath===
Mizocz would later become the site of [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|the OUN-UPA massacre]] of about 100 Poles by [[Ukrainian nationalism|Ukrainian nationalists]] in late August 1943. Some 60 percent of the homes were set on fire and burned.<ref name="szolc">{{cite web | url=http://www.rodzina_szolc.republika.pl/Files/000057.htm | title=Mizocz | publisher=Republika.pl | work=Gmina Mizocz, powiat Zdołbunów, województwo wołyńskie | date=2015 | access-date=19 April 2015 | author=Szolc | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235423/http://www.rodzina_szolc.republika.pl/Files/000057.htm | archive-date=3 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Among the victims was Ukrainian carpenter Mr Zachmacz and his entire family, murdered along with the Poles because he refused to enter the fray. His eight-year-old son survived hiding with the Poles.<ref name="wolyn"/>
Mizocz was later the site of [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|the OUN-UPA massacre]] of about 100 Poles by [[Ukrainian nationalism|Ukrainian nationalists]] in late August 1943. Some 60 percent of the homes were set on fire and burned.<ref name="szolc">{{cite web | url=http://www.rodzina_szolc.republika.pl/Files/000057.htm | title=Mizocz | publisher=Republika.pl | work=Gmina Mizocz, powiat Zdołbunów, województwo wołyńskie | date=2015 | access-date=19 April 2015 | author=Szolc | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235423/http://www.rodzina_szolc.republika.pl/Files/000057.htm | archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> Among the victims was Ukrainian carpenter Mr Zachmacz and his entire family, murdered along with the Poles because he refused to enter the fray. His eight-year-old son survived hiding with the Poles.<ref name="wolyn"/>


Following World War II, [[Territorial changes of Poland after World War II|Poland's borders were redrawn]] and Mizoch was incorporated into the [[Ukrainian SSR]].<ref name="wolyn"/> The Jewish community was never restored. After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the town became part of independent Ukraine.<ref name="Fertacz">Sylwester Fertacz (2005), [https://web.archive.org/web/20090425133017/http://www.alfa.com.pl/slask/200506/s19.html "Krojenie mapy Polski: Bolesna granica" (Carving of Poland's map).] Magazyn Społeczno-Kulturalny ''Śląsk.'' Retrieved from the [[Internet Archive]] on 5 June 2016.</ref><ref name="BP285">{{cite book |title=Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-Creation of World War II |authors=Simon Berthon, Joanna Potts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q45EBArmpRYC&q=Livadia+Palace%2C+Poland&pg=PA285 |page=285 |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0306816505}}</ref>
Following World War II, [[Territorial changes of Poland after World War II|Poland's borders were redrawn]] and Mizoch was incorporated into the [[Ukrainian SSR]].<ref name="wolyn"/> The Jewish community was never restored. After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the town became part of independent Ukraine.<ref name="Fertacz">Sylwester Fertacz (2005), [https://web.archive.org/web/20090425133017/http://www.alfa.com.pl/slask/200506/s19.html "Krojenie mapy Polski: Bolesna granica" (Carving of Poland's map).] Magazyn Społeczno-Kulturalny ''Śląsk.'' Retrieved from the [[Internet Archive]] on 5 June 2016.</ref><ref name="BP285">{{cite book |title=Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-Creation of World War II |author=Simon Berthon |author2=Joanna Potts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q45EBArmpRYC&q=Livadia+Palace%2C+Poland&pg=PA285 |page=285 |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-306-81650-5}}</ref>


== References ==
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References and notes ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* [[Georges Didi-Huberman|Didi-Huberman, Georges]], and Lillis, Shane B., ''Images in Spite of All: Four photographs from Auschwitz'', Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2008 {{ISBN|978-0-226-14816-8}}
* [[Georges Didi-Huberman|Didi-Huberman, Georges]], and Lillis, Shane B., ''Images in Spite of All: Four photographs from Auschwitz'', Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2008 {{ISBN|978-0-226-14816-8}}
* Struk, Janina, ''Photographing the Holocaust: Interpretations of the evidence'', London ; New York : I.B. Tauris, 2004 {{ISBN|1-86064-546-1}}
* Struk, Janina, ''Photographing the Holocaust: Interpretations of the evidence'', London; New York : I.B. Tauris, 2004 {{ISBN|1-86064-546-1}}
* Spector, Shmuel, ''The Jews of Volhynia and Their Reaction to Extermination,'' Published in Yad Vashem Studies 15 (1983)
* Spector, Shmuel, ''The Jews of Volhynia and Their Reaction to Extermination,'' Published in Yad Vashem Studies 15 (1983)
* Desbois, Patrick, ''The Holocaust by Bullets,'' New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 {{ISBN|0-230-60617-2}}
* Desbois, Patrick, ''The Holocaust by Bullets,'' New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 {{ISBN|0-230-60617-2}}
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== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|1046849|Mizoch, Ukraine}}
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|1046849|Mizoch, Ukraine}}
* [https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/untold-stories/community/14622290-Mizocz Mizocz], [https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/untold-stories/killing-site/14627417-Mizocz-Ghetto Mizocz Ghetto] and [https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/untold-stories/killing-site/14627418-Sugar-Refinery-in-Mizocz Sugar Refinery in Mizocz] at [[Yad Vashem]]


{{Holocaust Poland}}
{{Holocaust Poland}}
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[[Category:The Holocaust in Ukraine]]
[[Category:The Holocaust in Ukraine]]
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[[Category:Holocaust historiography]]
[[Category:Holocaust historiography]]
[[Category:Eastern Front (World War II)]]
[[Category:Eastern Front (World War II)]]
[[Category:Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe]]
[[Category:Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine]]

Latest revision as of 22:01, 9 November 2024

Mizoch ghetto
Mizocz
Mizocz
Mizoch ghetto location during the Holocaust, with the Nazi administrative districts
Mizocz Ghetto is located in Ukraine
Mizocz Ghetto
Mizocz Ghetto
Mizocz Ghetto in Modern Ukraine
Mizocz Ghetto is located in Rivne Oblast
Mizocz Ghetto
Mizocz Ghetto
Mizocz Ghetto in Modern Rivne Oblast, Ukraine
LocationNear Rivne in western Ukraine, Reichskommissariat Ukraine
50°24′N 26°09′E / 50.400°N 26.150°E / 50.400; 26.150
DateMarch 1942 - 14 October 1942
Incident typeImprisonment, forced labor, mass shootings
PerpetratorsEinsatzgruppen, Order Police battalions, Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
Ghetto1,700 population
Victimsabout 200 (at the fire)[1]
about 2,000 to 3,500 (at mass shootings)[a]

The Mizoch (Mizocz) Ghetto (German: Misotsch; Cyrillic: Мизоч; Yiddish: מיזאָטש) was a World War II ghetto set up in the town of Mizoch, then Eastern Poland, today Western Ukraine, by Nazi Germany for the forcible segregation and mistreatment of Jews. In October 1942, Ukrainian Auxiliary Police and German policemen enclosed the ghetto; an uprising erupted, and the remaining inhabitants were mass murdered. Their execution has been photographed by the SS.

Background

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Jews settled in Mizoch in the 18th century. In 1897, the total population of the town was 2,662 with 1,175 Jews owning factories for felt, oil and sugar production, as well as the flour mill and sawmills.[3] Some Jews emigrated during World War I. According to the national census of 1921 in the Second Polish Republic there were 845 Jews in Mizocz, most of them identifying with Turzysk Hasidism. Their numbers grew as the Polish economy improved.[3] It was an urban community between world wars like many others in Kresy (eastern Poland), inhabited by Jews and Poles along with members of other minorities including Ukrainians. There was a military school in Mizocz for officer cadets of Battalion 11 of the Polish Army's First Brigade;[4] the Karwicki Palace (built in 1790), Hotel Barmocha Fuksa,[5] a Catholic and an Orthodox church, and a Synagogue. The nearest major city was Równo.[4]

Mizoch is situated some 18 miles (29 km) east of Dubno.[6] Before the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, the town, Mizocz, was located in the Wołyń Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic.[4] Annexed by the USSR following the 1939 Soviet invasion of eastern Poland, Mizocz was occupied by the Wehrmacht in Operation Barbarossa, the June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. Some 300 Jews escaped with the retreating Soviets.[3]

Uprising and mass killings

[edit]

On 12 October 1942 the closed-off ghetto of about 1,700 Jews was surrounded by Ukrainian Auxiliary Police and German policemen in preparation for the ghetto liquidation action. The Jews fought back in an uprising which may have lasted as long as two days. About half the residents were able to flee or hide during the confusion before the uprising was put down. On October 14, the inmates of the ghetto set many of the houses on fire; as a result, while many succeeded in escaping, about 200 people died in the flames inside the ghetto. On 14 and 15 October the captured survivors were transported in lorries to a secluded ravine and shot.[7][1]

Photographs

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Jews from the Mizocz Ghetto rounded up with the assistance of the Gendarmerie and Ukrainian Schutzmannschaften for execution.14 October 1942
Jewish women and children are ordered to undress prior to their execution outside the Mizocz Ghetto.14 October 1942
Naked Jewish women wait in a line before their execution by German Police with the assistance of Ukrainian auxiliaries.14 October 1942
German police officer shooting women still alive after a mass execution in the Mizoch ghetto, 14 October 1942
A German policeman prepares to complete the Mizocz mass execution by shooting two Jewish children, 14 October 1942

The shootings were photographed.[8] The images, owned by SS-Unterscharführer Schäfer until 1945, became part of the Ludwigsburg investigation (ZSt. II 204 AR 1218/70). They were published, and have become well known. Frequently the photographs are erroneously said to depict other Holocaust shootings.[9]

Two of the photographs show the "Aktion" in progress. The photographs give clear evidence of the execution practice common during the Holocaust by bullet in Reichskommissariat Ukraine. The victims were led to the killing place in groups of five or so individuals, and forced to lie down among the prior victims, to be shot in the back of the neck or head, with a single bullet.[8] Historians have commented upon the brutality shown in the Mizocz mass murder photographs:

In 1942 at Mizocz, in the region of Rovno in Ukraine, approximately 1,700 Jews were executed. The photographs show large numbers of people being herded into a ravine, women and children undressing, a line of naked women and children in a queue and finally their executed bodies. Two particular harrowing photographs show German police standing among heaps of naked corpses of women strewn on either side of the ravine.[9]

The archival description of the entire set of photographs by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) includes the following statements. Photograph #17876: "According to the Zentrale Stelle in Germany (Zst. II 204 AR 1218/70), these Jews were collected by the German Gendarmerie and Ukrainian Schutzmannschaft during the liquidation of the Mizocz ghetto, which held roughly 1,700 Jews."[10] Photograph #17877: "Naked Jewish women, some of whom are holding infants, wait in a line before their execution by German Sipo and SD with the assistance of Ukrainian auxiliaries."[10] Photograph #17878: "German police officer shoots Jewish women still alive after a mass execution (Zst. II 204 AR 1218/70)."[10][11] Photograph #17879: a "German policeman prepares to complete a mass execution by shooting two Jewish children."[10]

Aftermath

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Mizocz was later the site of the OUN-UPA massacre of about 100 Poles by Ukrainian nationalists in late August 1943. Some 60 percent of the homes were set on fire and burned.[12] Among the victims was Ukrainian carpenter Mr Zachmacz and his entire family, murdered along with the Poles because he refused to enter the fray. His eight-year-old son survived hiding with the Poles.[4]

Following World War II, Poland's borders were redrawn and Mizoch was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR.[4] The Jewish community was never restored. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the town became part of independent Ukraine.[13][14]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Some testimonies stated over 2,000 deads in the mass killings, while others reported 1,500 jews were executed the first day (14 October), 800 the second day, with a total of 3,500 by the end of January 1943.[2]

References and notes

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  1. ^ a b "Mizocz Ghetto". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  2. ^ "Sugar Refinery in Mizocz". Yad Vashem. ChGK Soviet Reports. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Shmuel Spector, Geoffrey Wigoder, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust page 832.
  4. ^ a b c d e Mielcarek, Andrzej; Wołyń (May 2006). "The town of Mizocz" [Miasteczko Mizocz]. Instytut Kresowy. Strony o Wołyniu (The Volhynian Pages). Archived from the original on 17 July 2014 – via Internet Archive, 2014-07-17.
  5. ^ Wołyń (2015). "Miasteczko Mizocz". Roman Aftanazy, "Dzieje rezydencji na dawnych kresach Rzeczypospolitej", Vol. 5, Województwo wołyńskie", 1994, pp. 247-253. Wołyń - przegląd. Also in: Ilustrowany przewodnik po Wołyniu by Dr Mieczysław Orłowicz, Łuck 1929. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  6. ^ JewishGen, Jewish Communities in Volhynia Archived 2016-09-08 at the Wayback Machine JewishGen Database, New York.
  7. ^ Shmuel Spector, quoting the memoirs of Peretz Goldstein, The Jews of Volhynia and Their Reaction to Extermination.
  8. ^ a b The USHMM collections (2012), Photographs of the Mizocz shootings. Zst. Photograph No.: #17878. #17877 Archived 2017-12-04 at the Wayback Machine, #17876, #17879). Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  9. ^ a b Struk, Janina (2004). Photographing the Holocaust. I.B.Tauris. pp. 72–73. ISBN 1-86064-546-1.
  10. ^ a b c d The USHMM collections: Zentrale Stelle. "4 photos found for the query "Mizocz" on database". Recognize Someone?. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). Archived from the original on 17 August 2012 – via Internet Archive, 2012-08-17.
  11. ^ Morrison, Wayne (2013). Criminology, Civilisation and the New World Order. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-135-33112-2.
  12. ^ Szolc (2015). "Mizocz". Gmina Mizocz, powiat Zdołbunów, województwo wołyńskie. Republika.pl. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  13. ^ Sylwester Fertacz (2005), "Krojenie mapy Polski: Bolesna granica" (Carving of Poland's map). Magazyn Społeczno-Kulturalny Śląsk. Retrieved from the Internet Archive on 5 June 2016.
  14. ^ Simon Berthon; Joanna Potts (2007). Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-Creation of World War II. Da Capo Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-306-81650-5.

Further reading

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  • Didi-Huberman, Georges, and Lillis, Shane B., Images in Spite of All: Four photographs from Auschwitz, Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2008 ISBN 978-0-226-14816-8
  • Struk, Janina, Photographing the Holocaust: Interpretations of the evidence, London; New York : I.B. Tauris, 2004 ISBN 1-86064-546-1
  • Spector, Shmuel, The Jews of Volhynia and Their Reaction to Extermination, Published in Yad Vashem Studies 15 (1983)
  • Desbois, Patrick, The Holocaust by Bullets, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 ISBN 0-230-60617-2
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