Siebel Fh 104 Hallore: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|1930s German light transport aircraft}} |
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{|{{Infobox |
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin |
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|name = Fh 104 |
|name = Fh 104 |
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|image = Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-066-21A,_Albert_Kesselring_in_seinem_Flugzeug.jpg |
|image = File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-066-21A,_Albert_Kesselring_in_seinem_Flugzeug.jpg |
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|caption = An Fh 104 with [[Albert Kesselring]] at the controls}} |
|caption = An Fh 104 with [[Albert Kesselring]] at the controls}} |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox aircraft type |
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|type = Light transport, Communications, Liaison |
|type = Light transport, Communications, Liaison |
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|national origin = [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] |
|national origin = [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] |
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|manufacturer = [[Siebel]] |
|manufacturer = [[Siebel]] |
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|first flight = |
|first flight = 1937 |
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|introduction = <!--Date the aircraft entered or will enter military or revenue service--> |
|introduction = <!--Date the aircraft entered or will enter military or revenue service--> |
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|retired = <!--Date the aircraft left service. If vague or more than a few dates, skip this --> |
|retired = <!--Date the aircraft left service. If vague or more than a few dates, skip this --> |
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|status = <!--In most cases, redundant; use sparingly--> |
|status = <!--In most cases, redundant; use sparingly--> |
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|primary user = [[Luftwaffe]] <!-- List only one user; for military aircraft, this is a nation or a service arm. Please DON'T add those tiny flags, as they limit horizontal space. --> |
|primary user = ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' <!-- List only one user; for military aircraft, this is a nation or a service arm. Please DON'T add those tiny flags, as they limit horizontal space. --> |
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|more users = |
|more users = |
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|produced = |
|produced = 1937–1942 |
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|number built = 46 |
|number built = 46<ref name = "smithkay 579"/> |
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|program cost = <!--Total program cost--> |
|program cost = <!--Total program cost--> |
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|unit cost = <!--Incremental or flyaway cost for military or retail price for commercial aircraft--> |
|unit cost = <!--Incremental or flyaway cost for military or retail price for commercial aircraft--> |
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|developed from = |
|developed from = |
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|variants with their own articles = <!--Variants OF this aircraft--> |
|variants with their own articles = <!--Variants OF this aircraft--> |
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|developed into = [[Siebel Si 204]] |
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}} |
}} |
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|} |
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The '''Siebel Fh 104 Hallore''' was a small |
The '''Siebel Fh 104 Hallore''' was a small twin-engined transport, communications and liaison aircraft designed by the [[Nazi Germany|German]] aircraft manufacturer [[Klemm|Klemm Leichtflugzeugbau]] and produced by [[Siebel]]. |
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The Fh 104, which was originally designated ''Klemm Kl 104'', represented a considerable departure from Klemm's previous aircraft designs, being largely composed of metals, such as [[duralumin]], instead of wood and [[fabric]]. While the fuselage was mostly made of duralumin, the wing was primarily composed of wood. A new facility in [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]] was built to produce the type, however, Klemm transferred control of the Halle factory to Fritz W. Siebel prior to quantity production commencing. |
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A pair of [[prototype]]s were produced, the first of which performed its [[maiden flight]] during 1937. Quantity production commenced one year later; sales of the type were augmented by the Fh 104's strong performance in several aerial competitions and long-distance circuits. The type was procured by both civilian and military operators, the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' being a key customer. During the [[Second World War]], Fh 104s were flown by the ''Luftwaffe'' in several capacities, including communication, liaison, and as the personal aircraft of various high ranking officials. During May 1932, production of the Fh 104 was ceased; by this point, the company had already put into production an enlarged derivative, the [[Siebel Si 204]]. |
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==Design and development== |
==Design and development== |
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During 1934, the aircraft manufacturer [[Klemm|Klemm Leichtflugzeugbau]] started work on a new production site at [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]; it was completed two years later.<ref name = "smithkay 578">Smith and Kay 1972, p. 578.</ref> This facility was purpose-built for the production of all-metal aircraft (as opposed to Klemm's traditional light aircraft, which had been composed of [[wood]] and [[fabric]] instead) and thus was a major part of the company's next major project, the development and production of a new five-seat twin-engined light transport aircraft. This aircraft was originally designated ''Klemm Kl 104'' prior to the type being redesignated ''Fh 104'' and receiving the name ''Hallore''.<ref name = "smithkay 5789">Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 578-579.</ref> |
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In terms of its construction, a large proportion of the aircraft, including the fuselage and tail unit, were composed of [[duralumin]] while the exterior featured numerous clean lines.<ref name = "smithkay 579"/> It was equipped with a [[hydraulic]]ally-actuated [[landing gear|undercarriage]], the two main legs of which retracted into the lower portion of the engine [[nacelle]]s; wheels were typically fitted, but operators had the option of using [[skis]] instead. The cabin had a stepped [[windshield]] and was lined with windows.<ref name = "smithkay 579"/> The Fh 104 was furnished with a low-mounted [[Wing configuration#Chord_variation_along_span|taper]]ed wing, the structure of which centred around a pair of wooden [[Spar (aeronautics)|spars]] and was covered with [[plywood]].<ref name = "smithkay 579"/> It was fitted with [[Flap (aeronautics)|flaps]] while the tail unit featured a twin-part [[Elevator (aeronautics)|elevator]] and [[trim tab]]s. .<ref name = "smithkay 579"/> |
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It had a metal fuselage, plywood covered wings and a hydraulic undercarriage that retracted into the lower part of the engine nacelles. It became known as the 'Hallore' after the name given to those born in that city. |
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The FH 104 was developed to fulfil the same specification that would lead to the competing [[AGO Ao 192]] and [[Gotha Go 146]].<ref name = "smithkay 578"/> During 1937, the [[prototype]] Fh 104 performed its [[maiden flight]]; a total of two prototypes were produced, differences between the two included a redesigned windscreen and a modified undercarriage. That same year, Klemm transferred control of the Halle factory to Fritz W. Siebel to focus on his other aviation activities based at [[Böblingen]].<ref name = "smithkay 579">Smith and Kay 1972, p. 579.</ref> It became known as the 'Hallore' after the name given to those born in that city.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} |
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===Performance=== |
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Fh 104s won long distance flying competitions in 1938 and an example flew 40,000 km around Africa in 1939. It won the principal award in the 1938 Littorio Rally.<ref name="JAWA38">Grey, C.G. and Bridgman, L., ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938''.(1972). Newton Abott: David & Charles {{ISBN|0-7153-5734-4}}</ref> During [[World War II]] the aircraft was used as a personal transport aircraft by some senior [[Wehrmacht]] officers and officials including [[Adolf Galland]], [[Albert Kesselring]] and [[Ernst Udet]]. At least 15 aircraft appeared on the pre-war German civil register.<ref>http://www.goldenyears.ukf.net/</ref> |
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During 1938, quantity production of the type commenced; differences between the prototypes and production standard aircraft included the adoption of the [[Hirth HM 508D]] [[V8|V-8]] piston engine along with the use of twin-blade [[Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)|variable-pitch propeller]]s.<ref name = "smithkay 579"/><ref name = "sweeting 159">Sweeting 2001, p. 159.</ref> In response to demand, the company opted to develop an enlarged derivative of the type, designated [[Siebel Si 204]]. In May 1932, production of the Fh 104 ceased in favour of concentrating resources on the larger and more popular Si 204 instead, a total of 46 aircraft were completed.<ref name = "smithkay 57980">Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 579-580.</ref> |
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The larger [[Siebel Si 204]] was based on it. |
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==Operational history== |
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During 1938, the Fh 104 won multiple long distance flying competitions, including the principal award in the 1938 Littorio Rally. In the following year, one flew a 40,000 km circuit around Africa.<ref name="JAWA38">{{cite book |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938 |editor1-last=Grey |editor1-first=C.G. |year=1938 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & company, ltd |location=London |editor2-last=Bridgman |editor2-first=Leonard |pages=165c–166c}}</ref> These early high-profile wins stimulated sales of the type and encouraged production.<ref name = "smithkay 579"/> At least 15 aircraft appeared on the pre-war German civil register.<ref name=Goldenyears>{{cite web |title=Civil Aircraft Register - Germany |url=http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/reg_D-a4.html |website=www.airhistory.org.uk |access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> |
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During the [[Second World War]], the aircraft was often used as a personal transport aircraft by several senior [[Wehrmacht]] officers and officials, including [[Adolf Galland]], [[Albert Kesselring]] and [[Ernst Udet]].<ref name = "smithkay 579"/><ref name = "sweeting 158">Sweeting 2001, p. 158.</ref> Fh 104s were typically used for liaison and communication duties with various units of the ''[[Luftwaffe]]''. During the final days of the conflict, one Fh 104 was flown by famous German pilot and entrepreneur [[Beate Uhse]] out of [[Berlin]].<ref>In German: http://www.airventure.de/history.html</ref> The type continued to see use in the [[postwar]] era, one was used as the personal aircraft of Alois Vicherek, the chief-of-staff of the [[Czechoslovak Air Force]].<ref name = "smithkay 579"/> |
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==Operators== |
==Operators== |
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[[File:Siebel_Fh.104_photo_L'Aerophile_July_1937.jpg|thumb|Siebel Fh.104 photo from L'Aerophile July 1937]] |
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;{{CZS}} |
;{{CZS}} |
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*[[Czechoslovakian Air Force]] (Postwar) |
* [[Czechoslovakian Air Force]] (Postwar) |
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;{{flag|Nazi Germany}} |
;{{flag|Nazi Germany}} |
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* Luftwaffe |
* Luftwaffe |
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;{{flag|Slovakia|1939}} |
;{{flag|Slovakia|1939}} |
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*[[Slovak Air Force ( |
* [[Slovak Air Force (1939–45)]] |
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==Specifications (Fh |
==Specifications (Fh 104A)== |
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{{aircraft specifications |
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{{Aircraft specs |
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|plane or copter?=plane |
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|ref= ''German Aircraft of the Second World War'',<ref name="SmithKay 581">Smith and Kay 1978, p. 581.</ref><ref name=Nowarra>{{cite book |last=Nowarra |first=Heinz J. |title=Die Deutsche Luftrüstung 1933–1945 Vol.4 – Flugzeugtypen MIAG-Zeppelin |year=1993 |publisher=Bernard & Graefe Verlag |location=Koblenz |isbn=3-7637-5468-7 |language=de |pages=26–27, 46–47}}</ref> ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938''<ref name="JAWA38"/> |
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|jet or prop?=prop |
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|prime units?= met |
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|ref=German Aircraft of the Second World War <ref name="Smith&Kay p581">Smith and Kay 1990, p.581.</ref> |
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<!-- |
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|crew=One or two pilots |
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General characteristics |
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|capacity= Up to 5 passengers |
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--> |
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|payload main= |
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|crew= one or two |
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|payload alt= |
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|capacity= up to five passengers |
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|length main= 9.50 m |
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|length |
|length m= 9.5 |
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|length note= |
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|span main= 12.06 m |
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|span |
|span m= 12.06 |
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|span note= |
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|height main= 2.64 m |
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|height |
|height m= 2.58 |
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|height note= |
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|area main= 22.3 m² |
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|area |
|wing area sqm= 22.3 |
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|wing area note= |
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|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |
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|airfoil= |
|airfoil= |
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|empty weight |
|empty weight kg= 1,440 |
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|empty weight |
|empty weight note= |
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| |
|gross weight kg= 2,250 |
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|gross weight note= |
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|max takeoff weight kg= |
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|useful load main= |
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|max takeoff weight note= |
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|useful load alt= |
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|fuel capacity= {{cvt|320|L|USgal impgal}} fuel; {{cvt|25|L|USgal impgal}} oil |
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|max takeoff weight main= |
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<!-- |
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|max takeoff weight alt= |
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Powerplant |
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|more general= |
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--> |
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|engine (prop)=eight-cylinder inverted V [[Hirth HM 508]] |
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|eng1 number= 2 |
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|type of prop= |
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|eng1 name= [[Hirth HM 508D]] |
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|number of props=2 |
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|eng1 type= [[V8|V-8]] inverted air-cooled piston engines |
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|power main= 209 kW |
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|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines --> |
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|power alt= 280 hp |
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|eng1 hp=<!-- prop engines --> |
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|power original= |
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|eng1 shp=<!-- prop engines --> |
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|max speed main=at sea level 350 km/h |
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|eng1 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines --> |
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|max speed alt= 217 mph |
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|eng1 lbf=<!-- jet/rocket engines --> |
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|cruise speed main=335 km/h |
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|eng1 note={{cvt|280|PS|hp kW}} |
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|cruise speed alt=208 mph |
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|stall speed main= |
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|prop blade number= 2 |
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|stall speed alt= |
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|prop name= variable-pitch propellers |
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|never exceed speed main= |
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|prop dia m= 2.35 |
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|never exceed speed alt= |
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|prop dia note= |
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|range main= 920 km |
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<!-- |
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|range alt= 572 miles |
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Performance |
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|ceiling main= 6,600 m |
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--> |
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|ceiling alt= 21,650 ft |
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|max speed kmh= 350 |
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|climb rate main=<ref name="JAWA38"/> to 1,000 m (3050 ft) 6.0 m/s |
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|max speed note= at sea level |
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|climb rate alt= 1,090 ft/min |
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|cruise speed kmh= 300 |
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|loading main= |
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|cruise speed note= at sea level |
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|loading alt= |
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::::{{cvt|99|km/h|mph kn}} |
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|thrust/weight= |
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*'''Landing speed:''' {{cvt|97|km/h|mph kn}} at {{cvt|2500|m}} |
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|power/mass main= |
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|stall speed kmh= |
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|power/mass alt= |
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|stall speed note= |
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|more performance= |
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|never exceed speed kmh= |
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|armament= |
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|never exceed speed note= |
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|minimum control speed kmh= |
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|minimum control speed note= |
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|range km= 1,000 |
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|range note= at {{cvt|2500|m}} |
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|combat range km= |
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|combat range note= |
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|ferry range km= |
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|ferry range note= |
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|endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> |
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|ceiling m= 6,600 |
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|ceiling note=<br> |
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::::{{cvt|1600|m}} on one engie |
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|g limits=<!-- aerobatic --> |
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|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic --> |
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|climb rate ms= 9.8 |
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|climb rate note= |
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|time to altitude={{cvt|1000|m}} in two minutes and 48 seconds |
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::::{{cvt|3000|m}} in 10 minutes and 42 seconds |
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|wing loading kg/m2= 101 |
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|wing loading note= |
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|fuel consumption kg/km= |
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|power/mass={{cvt|0.097|hp/lb|order=flip}} |
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|more performance=<!--</br> |
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*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt||m|0}} |
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*'''Take-off distance to {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt||m|0}} |
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*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt||m|0}} |
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*'''Landing distance from {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt||m|0}}--> |
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|avionics= |
|avionics= |
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}} |
}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{aircontent |
{{aircontent |
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|related= |
|related= |
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*[[Siebel Si 204]] |
* [[Siebel Si 204]] |
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|similar aircraft= |
|similar aircraft= |
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|lists= |
|lists= |
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==References== |
==References== |
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===Citations=== |
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{{commons category|Siebel Fh 104}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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===Notes=== |
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{{reflist}} |
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===Bibliography=== |
===Bibliography=== |
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{{Commons category|Siebel Fh 104}} |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book |last = Sweeting |first = C. G. |title = Hitler's Squadron |publisher = Brassey's |year = 2001 |language=en |isbn= 1-5748-8287-2}} |
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*Smith, J.R. and Kay, Antony J. ''German Aircraft of the Second World War''. London:Putnam, 1990. {{ISBN|0-85177-836-4}}. |
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* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=J.R. |last2=Kay |first2=Antony L. |title=German Aircraft of the Second World War |publisher=Putnam |location=London, UK |year=1972 |language=en |isbn=0-85177-836-4}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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{{Siebel aircraft}} |
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{{RLM aircraft designations}} |
{{RLM aircraft designations}} |
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{{Czech trainer aircraft}} |
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{{Czech transport aircraft}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:German airliners |
[[Category:1940s German airliners]] |
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[[Category:German military transport aircraft |
[[Category:1930s German military transport aircraft]] |
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[[Category:World War II transport aircraft of Germany]] |
[[Category:World War II transport aircraft of Germany]] |
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[[Category:Siebel aircraft|Fh 104]] |
[[Category:Siebel aircraft|Fh 104]] |
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[[Category:Twin-engined tractor aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Klemm aircraft]] |
[[Category:Klemm aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]] |
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1937]] |
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1937]] |
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[[Category:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:45, 10 November 2024
| Fh 104 | |
|---|---|
| |
| An Fh 104 with Albert Kesselring at the controls | |
| Role | Light transport, Communications, Liaison |
| National origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer | Siebel |
| First flight | 1937 |
| Primary user | Luftwaffe |
| Produced | 1937–1942 |
| Number built | 46[1] |
| Developed into | Siebel Si 204 |
The Siebel Fh 104 Hallore was a small twin-engined transport, communications and liaison aircraft designed by the German aircraft manufacturer Klemm Leichtflugzeugbau and produced by Siebel.
The Fh 104, which was originally designated Klemm Kl 104, represented a considerable departure from Klemm's previous aircraft designs, being largely composed of metals, such as duralumin, instead of wood and fabric. While the fuselage was mostly made of duralumin, the wing was primarily composed of wood. A new facility in Halle was built to produce the type, however, Klemm transferred control of the Halle factory to Fritz W. Siebel prior to quantity production commencing.
A pair of prototypes were produced, the first of which performed its maiden flight during 1937. Quantity production commenced one year later; sales of the type were augmented by the Fh 104's strong performance in several aerial competitions and long-distance circuits. The type was procured by both civilian and military operators, the Luftwaffe being a key customer. During the Second World War, Fh 104s were flown by the Luftwaffe in several capacities, including communication, liaison, and as the personal aircraft of various high ranking officials. During May 1932, production of the Fh 104 was ceased; by this point, the company had already put into production an enlarged derivative, the Siebel Si 204.
Design and development
[edit]During 1934, the aircraft manufacturer Klemm Leichtflugzeugbau started work on a new production site at Halle; it was completed two years later.[2] This facility was purpose-built for the production of all-metal aircraft (as opposed to Klemm's traditional light aircraft, which had been composed of wood and fabric instead) and thus was a major part of the company's next major project, the development and production of a new five-seat twin-engined light transport aircraft. This aircraft was originally designated Klemm Kl 104 prior to the type being redesignated Fh 104 and receiving the name Hallore.[3]
In terms of its construction, a large proportion of the aircraft, including the fuselage and tail unit, were composed of duralumin while the exterior featured numerous clean lines.[1] It was equipped with a hydraulically-actuated undercarriage, the two main legs of which retracted into the lower portion of the engine nacelles; wheels were typically fitted, but operators had the option of using skis instead. The cabin had a stepped windshield and was lined with windows.[1] The Fh 104 was furnished with a low-mounted tapered wing, the structure of which centred around a pair of wooden spars and was covered with plywood.[1] It was fitted with flaps while the tail unit featured a twin-part elevator and trim tabs. .[1]
The FH 104 was developed to fulfil the same specification that would lead to the competing AGO Ao 192 and Gotha Go 146.[2] During 1937, the prototype Fh 104 performed its maiden flight; a total of two prototypes were produced, differences between the two included a redesigned windscreen and a modified undercarriage. That same year, Klemm transferred control of the Halle factory to Fritz W. Siebel to focus on his other aviation activities based at Böblingen.[1] It became known as the 'Hallore' after the name given to those born in that city.[citation needed]
During 1938, quantity production of the type commenced; differences between the prototypes and production standard aircraft included the adoption of the Hirth HM 508D V-8 piston engine along with the use of twin-blade variable-pitch propellers.[1][4] In response to demand, the company opted to develop an enlarged derivative of the type, designated Siebel Si 204. In May 1932, production of the Fh 104 ceased in favour of concentrating resources on the larger and more popular Si 204 instead, a total of 46 aircraft were completed.[5]
Operational history
[edit]During 1938, the Fh 104 won multiple long distance flying competitions, including the principal award in the 1938 Littorio Rally. In the following year, one flew a 40,000 km circuit around Africa.[6] These early high-profile wins stimulated sales of the type and encouraged production.[1] At least 15 aircraft appeared on the pre-war German civil register.[7]
During the Second World War, the aircraft was often used as a personal transport aircraft by several senior Wehrmacht officers and officials, including Adolf Galland, Albert Kesselring and Ernst Udet.[1][8] Fh 104s were typically used for liaison and communication duties with various units of the Luftwaffe. During the final days of the conflict, one Fh 104 was flown by famous German pilot and entrepreneur Beate Uhse out of Berlin.[9] The type continued to see use in the postwar era, one was used as the personal aircraft of Alois Vicherek, the chief-of-staff of the Czechoslovak Air Force.[1]
Operators
[edit]
- Czechoslovakian Air Force (Postwar)
- Luftwaffe
Specifications (Fh 104A)
[edit]Data from German Aircraft of the Second World War,[10][11] Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938[6]
General characteristics
- Crew: one or two
- Capacity: up to five passengers
- Length: 9.5 m (31 ft 2 in)
- Wingspan: 12.06 m (39 ft 7 in)
- Height: 2.58 m (8 ft 6 in)
- Wing area: 22.3 m2 (240 sq ft)
- Empty weight: 1,440 kg (3,175 lb)
- Gross weight: 2,250 kg (4,960 lb)
- Fuel capacity: 320 L (85 US gal; 70 imp gal) fuel; 25 L (6.6 US gal; 5.5 imp gal) oil
- Powerplant: 2 × Hirth HM 508D V-8 inverted air-cooled piston engines 280 PS (280 hp; 210 kW)
- Propellers: 2-bladed variable-pitch propellers, 2.35 m (7 ft 9 in) diameter
Performance
- Maximum speed: 350 km/h (220 mph, 190 kn) at sea level
- Cruise speed: 300 km/h (190 mph, 160 kn) at sea level
- 99 km/h (62 mph; 53 kn)
- Landing speed: 97 km/h (60 mph; 52 kn) at 2,500 m (8,200 ft)
- Range: 1,000 km (620 mi, 540 nmi) at 2,500 m (8,200 ft)
- Service ceiling: 6,600 m (21,700 ft)
- 1,600 m (5,200 ft) on one engie
- Rate of climb: 9.8 m/s (1,930 ft/min)
- Time to altitude: 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in two minutes and 48 seconds
- 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in 10 minutes and 42 seconds
- Wing loading: 101 kg/m2 (21 lb/sq ft)
- Power/mass: 0.159 kW/kg (0.097 hp/lb)
See also
[edit]Related development
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Smith and Kay 1972, p. 579.
- ^ a b Smith and Kay 1972, p. 578.
- ^ Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 578-579.
- ^ Sweeting 2001, p. 159.
- ^ Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 579-580.
- ^ a b Grey, C.G.; Bridgman, Leonard, eds. (1938). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938. London: Sampson Low, Marston & company, ltd. pp. 165c–166c.
- ^ "Civil Aircraft Register - Germany". www.airhistory.org.uk. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- ^ Sweeting 2001, p. 158.
- ^ In German: http://www.airventure.de/history.html
- ^ Smith and Kay 1978, p. 581.
- ^ Nowarra, Heinz J. (1993). Die Deutsche Luftrüstung 1933–1945 Vol.4 – Flugzeugtypen MIAG-Zeppelin (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. pp. 26–27, 46–47. ISBN 3-7637-5468-7.
Bibliography
[edit]
- Sweeting, C. G. (2001). Hitler's Squadron. Brassey's. ISBN 1-5748-8287-2.
- Smith, J.R.; Kay, Antony L. (1972). German Aircraft of the Second World War. London, UK: Putnam. ISBN 0-85177-836-4.
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