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{{Short description|2016 murder trial in South Carolina, United States}}

{{Infobox court case
{{Infobox court case
| name = United States v. Roof
| name = United States v. Roof
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| judge = [[Richard Gergel]]
| judge = [[Richard Gergel]]
| prosecutor =
| prosecutor =
| defendant =
| defendant = [[Dylann Roof|Dylann Storm Roof]]
| prior actions =
| prior actions =
| subsequent actions = '''''State of South Carolina v. Dylann Roof''''' (April 2017) <br>'''''United States v. Roof''''', 10 F.4th 314 (4th Cir. 2021)<br>Dylann Roof was sentenced to death by the federal government on January 10, 2017; he was later sentenced to nine consecutive terms of life without parole after pleading guilty to state murder charges.
| subsequent actions = '''''State of South Carolina v. Dylann Roof''''' (April 2017) <br>'''''United States v. Roof''''', 10 F.4th 314 (4th Cir. 2021)<br>Dylann Roof was sentenced to death by the federal government on January 10, 2017
| holding =
| holding =
| verdict = Found guilty on all 33 federal charges <br> Pleaded guilty to nine charges of murder in South Carolina
| verdict = Found guilty on all 33 federal charges
| keywords =
| keywords =
|italic title=no
|italic title=no
}}
}}


⚫
'''''United States v. Roof''''' F. Supp. 3d 419(D.S.C. 2016) (officially the '''''United States of America v. Dylann Storm Roof''''') was a 2017 federal trial involving mass murderer [[Dylann Roof]] and his role in the [[Charleston church shooting]] in 2015. Five days after the shooting, Roof was indicted on 33 federal charges, including 12 counts of committing a [[hate crime]] against black victims. On May 24, 2016, the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] announced that Roof would face the death penalty. As he was already facing the death penalty in his state trial, Roof became the first person in U.S. history to face both a [[Capital punishment by the United States federal government|federal]] and state death penalty at the same time.


⚫
'''''United States v. Roof''''' F. Supp. 3d 419(D.S.C. 2016) (officially the '''''United States of America v. Dylann Storm Roof''''') was a 2017 federal trial involving [[Dylann Roof]] and his role in the [[Charleston church shooting]]. Five days after the shooting, Roof was indicted on 33 federal charges, including 12 counts of committing a [[hate crime]] against black victims. On May 24, 2016, the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] announced that Roof would face the death penalty. As he was already facing the death penalty in his state trial, Roof became the first person in U.S. history to face both a [[Capital punishment by the United States federal government|federal]] and state death penalty at the same time.


On December 15, 2016, the jury found Roof guilty on all 33 federal counts he had been charged with. He was sentenced to death on January 10, 2017.
On December 15, 2016, the jury found Roof guilty on all 33 federal counts he had been charged with. He was sentenced to death on January 10, 2017.
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On May 24, 2016, the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] announced they would seek the death penalty for Roof. As he was already facing the death penalty in his South Carolina state trial, Dylann Roof became the first person in U.S. history to face both a federal and state death penalty at the same time.<ref>
On May 24, 2016, the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] announced they would seek the death penalty for Roof. As he was already facing the death penalty in his South Carolina state trial, Dylann Roof became the first person in U.S. history to face both a federal and state death penalty at the same time.<ref>
*{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/25/us/dylann-roof-will-face-federal-death-penalty-in-charleston-church-killings.html|title=Death Penalty Is Sought for Dylann Roof in Charleston Church Killings|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 24, 2016|access-date=December 17, 2016|first=Alan|last=Blinder}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/25/us/dylann-roof-will-face-federal-death-penalty-in-charleston-church-killings.html|title=Death Penalty Is Sought for Dylann Roof in Charleston Church Killings|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 24, 2016|access-date=December 17, 2016|first=Alan|last=Blinder}}
*{{cite web|url=http://qz.com/859808/why-dylann-roof-faces-execution-in-both-federal-and-south-carolina-courts/|title=Dylann Roof is the first person in modern US history to face both a federal and state death penalty}}
*{{cite web|url=http://qz.com/859808/why-dylann-roof-faces-execution-in-both-federal-and-south-carolina-courts/|title=Dylann Roof is the first person in modern US history to face both a federal and state death penalty|date=9 December 2016 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-south-carolina-dylann-roof-20161215-story.html|title=Jurors find Dylann Roof guilty of all 33 counts in hate-crime shootings at South Carolina church|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 15, 2016|access-date=December 17, 2016|first=Jennie|last=Jarvie}}</ref>
*{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-south-carolina-dylann-roof-20161215-story.html|title=Jurors find Dylann Roof guilty of all 33 counts in hate-crime shootings at South Carolina church|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 15, 2016|access-date=December 17, 2016|first=Jennie|last=Jarvie}}</ref>


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On June 9, 2016, Roof, through his lawyers, announced that he did not want to be [[Jury trial|tried by a jury]]. If the request was granted, the judge presiding over his case would [[bench trial|hear the case entirely by himself]], determining guilt or innocence and, if Roof is convicted, whether to sentence him to death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article82920892.html|title=Accused Charleston killer Dylann Roof gambles, wants lone judge|work=Miami Herald|date=June 9, 2016|access-date=June 10, 2016|first=John|last=Monk}}</ref>
On June 9, 2016, Roof, through his lawyers, announced that he did not want to be [[Jury trial|tried by a jury]]. If the request was granted, the judge presiding over his case would [[bench trial|hear the case entirely by himself]], determining guilt or innocence and, if Roof is convicted, whether to sentence him to death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article82920892.html|title=Accused Charleston killer Dylann Roof gambles, wants lone judge|work=Miami Herald|date=June 9, 2016|access-date=June 10, 2016|first=John|last=Monk}}</ref>


On August 2, 2016, Roof's lawyers filed a motion arguing that the [[capital punishment by the United States federal government|federal capital punishment laws]] were unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/gma/dylann-roofs-lawyers-file-challenge-death-penalty-unconstitutional-074105617--abc-news-topstories.html|title=Dylann Roof's Lawyers File Challenge to Death Penalty, Say It's Unconstitutional|work=Yahoo! GMA|date=August 2, 2016|access-date=August 2, 2016|first=Brian|last=McBride}}</ref> Federal prosecutors filed a response on August 22, asking the judge to reject the motion.<ref name="WashPost.Self">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/08/22/prosecutors-say-accused-charleston-church-gunman-self-radicalized-online/|title=Prosecutors say Dylann Roof 'self-radicalized' online, wrote another manifesto in jail|work=The Washington Post|date=August 23, 2016|access-date=August 23, 2016|first=Mark|last=Berman}}</ref>
On August 2, 2016, Roof's lawyers filed a motion arguing that the [[capital punishment by the United States federal government|federal capital punishment laws]] were unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/gma/dylann-roofs-lawyers-file-challenge-death-penalty-unconstitutional-074105617--abc-news-topstories.html|title=Dylann Roof's Lawyers File Challenge to Death Penalty, Say It's Unconstitutional|work=Yahoo! GMA|date=August 2, 2016|access-date=August 2, 2016|first=Brian|last=McBride}}</ref> Federal prosecutors filed a response on August 22, asking the judge to reject the motion.<ref name="WashPost.Self">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/08/22/prosecutors-say-accused-charleston-church-gunman-self-radicalized-online/|title=Prosecutors say Dylann Roof 'self-radicalized' online, wrote another manifesto in jail|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 23, 2016|access-date=August 23, 2016|first=Mark|last=Berman}}</ref>


On August 23, 2016, federal prosecutors filed court documents announcing their intention to call thirteen expert witnesses at trial, including white supremacy experts who were expected to testify on Roof's "extremist ideology, including a belief in the need to use violence to achieve white supremacy." The documents also indicated the presence of extensive incriminating evidence against Roof. A hearing was set for September 1, 2016.<ref name="Yahoo.Entrenched">{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/feds-church-shooting-suspect-entrenched-beliefs-114157914.html|title=Feds: Church shooting suspect entrenched in his beliefs|publisher=Yahoo! News|agency=Associated Press|date=August 23, 2016|access-date=August 23, 2016|first=Meg|last=Kinnard}}</ref><ref name="PostandCourier.Penned">{{cite web|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/20160822/160829824/feds-self-radicalized-before-attack-dylann-roof-penned-another-manifesto-in-jail|title=Feds: 'Self-radicalized' before attack, Dylann Roof penned another manifesto in jail|work=[[The Post and Courier]]|date=August 23, 2016|access-date=August 23, 2016|first=Andrew|last=Knapp}}</ref>
On August 23, 2016, federal prosecutors filed court documents announcing their intention to call thirteen expert witnesses at trial, including white supremacy experts who were expected to testify on Roof's "extremist ideology, including a belief in the need to use violence to achieve white supremacy." The documents also indicated the presence of extensive incriminating evidence against Roof. A hearing was set for September 1, 2016.<ref name="Yahoo.Entrenched">{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/feds-church-shooting-suspect-entrenched-beliefs-114157914.html|title=Feds: Church shooting suspect entrenched in his beliefs|publisher=Yahoo! News|agency=Associated Press|date=August 23, 2016|access-date=August 23, 2016|first=Meg|last=Kinnard}}</ref><ref name="PostandCourier.Penned">{{cite web|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/20160822/160829824/feds-self-radicalized-before-attack-dylann-roof-penned-another-manifesto-in-jail|title=Feds: 'Self-radicalized' before attack, Dylann Roof penned another manifesto in jail|work=[[The Post and Courier]]|date=August 23, 2016|access-date=August 23, 2016|first=Andrew|last=Knapp}}</ref>
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On November 8, 2016, District Court judge Richard M. Gergel ordered a competency evaluation for Roof, which Gergel scheduled for November 16, 2016. Gergel also postponed the jury selection to November 21, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/us/charleston-dylann-roof-emanuel.html |title=Charleston Judge Orders Competency Evaluation of Dylann Roof |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 8, 2016 |access-date=November 9, 2016 |last1=Sack |first1=Kevin |author1-link=Kevin Sack}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/07/us/dylann-roof-trial/|title=Dylann Roof case: Jury selection postponed over competency issue |work=CNN|date=November 8, 2016|access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref>
On November 8, 2016, District Court judge Richard M. Gergel ordered a competency evaluation for Roof, which Gergel scheduled for November 16, 2016. Gergel also postponed the jury selection to November 21, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/us/charleston-dylann-roof-emanuel.html |title=Charleston Judge Orders Competency Evaluation of Dylann Roof |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 8, 2016 |access-date=November 9, 2016 |last1=Sack |first1=Kevin |author1-link=Kevin Sack}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/07/us/dylann-roof-trial/|title=Dylann Roof case: Jury selection postponed over competency issue |work=CNN|date=November 8, 2016|access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref>


On November 14, 2016, Gergel delayed the competency hearing to November 17, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews4.com/news/emanuel-ame-shooting/competency-hearing-for-dylann-roof-delayed-until-nov-17|title=Competency hearing for Dylann Roof delayed until Nov. 17|work=abcnews4|date=November 15, 2016|access-date=November 15, 2016|first=Tyson|last=Sam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/11/14/us/ap-us-charleston-church-shooting.html|title=Judge Delays Dylann Roof Competency Hearing for a Day|work=The New York Times|date=November 14, 2016|access-date=November 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Judge delays Dylann Roof competency hearing for a day |url=https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2016/11/14/judge-delays-dylann-roof-competency-hearing-for-a-day/ |access-date=2021-04-04 |work=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |date=2016-11-14}}</ref> However, on November 16, 2016, Gergel delayed the competency hearing to November 21, 2016. Gergel also delayed the jury selection to November 28, 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hawes |first1=Jennifer |title=Judge rules Dylann Roof competency hearing closed to the public |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/church_shooting/judge-rules-dylann-roof-competency-hearing-closed-to-the-public/article_5d9cc1ea-ac01-11e6-86fb-6706dd09ccfb.html |access-date=2021-04-04 |work=[[The Post and Courier]] |date=2021-11-16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210404182457/https://www.postandcourier.com/church_shooting/judge-rules-dylann-roof-competency-hearing-closed-to-the-public/article_5d9cc1ea-ac01-11e6-86fb-6706dd09ccfb.html |archive-date=2021-04-04 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> The competency hearing ended November 22, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/church-suspect-competency-hearing-goes-into-second-day/2016/11/22/615b56a4-b0d7-11e6-bc2d-19b3d759cfe7_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123171944/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/church-suspect-competency-hearing-goes-into-second-day/2016/11/22/615b56a4-b0d7-11e6-bc2d-19b3d759cfe7_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 23, 2016|title=Church suspect competency hearing wraps up with no decision|work=The Washington Post|date=November 22, 2016|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abccolumbia.com/2016/11/22/dylann-roof-competency-hearing-wraps/|title=Dylann Roof Competency Hearing Wraps Up|work=ABC Columbia|date=November 22, 2016|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref>
On November 14, 2016, Gergel delayed the competency hearing to November 17, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews4.com/news/emanuel-ame-shooting/competency-hearing-for-dylann-roof-delayed-until-nov-17|title=Competency hearing for Dylann Roof delayed until Nov. 17|work=abcnews4|date=November 15, 2016|access-date=November 15, 2016|first=Tyson|last=Sam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/11/14/us/ap-us-charleston-church-shooting.html|title=Judge Delays Dylann Roof Competency Hearing for a Day|work=The New York Times|date=November 14, 2016|access-date=November 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Judge delays Dylann Roof competency hearing for a day |url=https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2016/11/14/judge-delays-dylann-roof-competency-hearing-for-a-day/ |access-date=2021-04-04 |work=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |date=2016-11-14}}</ref> However, on November 16, 2016, Gergel delayed the competency hearing to November 21, 2016. Gergel also delayed the jury selection to November 28, 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hawes |first1=Jennifer |title=Judge rules Dylann Roof competency hearing closed to the public |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/church_shooting/judge-rules-dylann-roof-competency-hearing-closed-to-the-public/article_5d9cc1ea-ac01-11e6-86fb-6706dd09ccfb.html |access-date=2021-04-04 |work=[[The Post and Courier]] |date=2021-11-16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210404182457/https://www.postandcourier.com/church_shooting/judge-rules-dylann-roof-competency-hearing-closed-to-the-public/article_5d9cc1ea-ac01-11e6-86fb-6706dd09ccfb.html |archive-date=2021-04-04 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> The competency hearing ended November 22, 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/church-suspect-competency-hearing-goes-into-second-day/2016/11/22/615b56a4-b0d7-11e6-bc2d-19b3d759cfe7_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123171944/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/church-suspect-competency-hearing-goes-into-second-day/2016/11/22/615b56a4-b0d7-11e6-bc2d-19b3d759cfe7_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 23, 2016|title=Church suspect competency hearing wraps up with no decision|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 22, 2016|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abccolumbia.com/2016/11/22/dylann-roof-competency-hearing-wraps/|title=Dylann Roof Competency Hearing Wraps Up|work=ABC Columbia|date=November 22, 2016|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref>


On November 25, 2016, Roof was declared competent to stand trial.<ref>{{cite news|title=Charleston shooter, Dylann Roof, declared competent to stand trial|url=http://www.wcnc.com/news/charleston-shooter-dylann-roof-delcared-competent-to-stand-trial/355904854|agency=WCNC|date=November 25, 2016|access-date=November 25, 2016}}</ref> Three days later, a federal judge granted Roof's motion for [[Pro se legal representation in the United States|pro se]] representation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/28/us/dylann-roof-to-represent-self-charleston-trial/|title=Dylann Roof represents self in Charleston murder trial|work=CNN|date=November 28, 2016|access-date=November 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-dylann-roof-charleston-church-shooting-trial-20161128-story.html|title=Judge grants Dylann Roof's 'unwise' request to represent himself in church shooting trial|work=Chicago Tribune|date=November 28, 2016|access-date=November 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38135604|title=Charleston massacre accused Dylann Roof to defend himself|publisher=BBC News|date=November 28, 2016|access-date=November 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/28/us/dylann-roof-charleston-massacre.html?_r=0 |title=Dylann Roof to Represent Himself at Trial in Charleston Church Shootings |work=[[The New York Times]] |last1=Sack |first1=Kevin |author1-link=Kevin Sack |date=November 28, 2016|access-date=November 28, 2016}}</ref>
On November 25, 2016, Roof was declared competent to stand trial.<ref>{{cite news|title=Charleston shooter, Dylann Roof, declared competent to stand trial|url=http://www.wcnc.com/news/charleston-shooter-dylann-roof-delcared-competent-to-stand-trial/355904854|agency=WCNC|date=November 25, 2016|access-date=November 25, 2016}}</ref> Three days later, a federal judge granted Roof's motion for [[Pro se legal representation in the United States|pro se]] representation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/28/us/dylann-roof-to-represent-self-charleston-trial/|title=Dylann Roof represents self in Charleston murder trial|work=CNN|date=November 28, 2016|access-date=November 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-dylann-roof-charleston-church-shooting-trial-20161128-story.html|title=Judge grants Dylann Roof's 'unwise' request to represent himself in church shooting trial|work=Chicago Tribune|date=November 28, 2016|access-date=November 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38135604|title=Charleston massacre accused Dylann Roof to defend himself|publisher=BBC News|date=November 28, 2016|access-date=November 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/28/us/dylann-roof-charleston-massacre.html?_r=0 |title=Dylann Roof to Represent Himself at Trial in Charleston Church Shootings |work=[[The New York Times]] |last1=Sack |first1=Kevin |author1-link=Kevin Sack |date=November 28, 2016|access-date=November 28, 2016}}</ref>
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===Trial and sentencing===
===Trial and sentencing===
Roof's federal trial began on December 7, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/dylann-roof-trial.html|title=Heart-Rending Testimony as Dylann Roof Trial Opens|work=New York Times|last2=Blinder|first2=Alan|last1=Sack|first1=Kevin|date=December 7, 2016|access-date=December 7, 2016}}</ref> On the first day, while a survivor was giving her testimony of what happened during the shooting, Roof's mother collapsed in court and suffered a heart attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/charleston-church-shooting/charleston-massacre-dylann-roof-s-mom-had-heart-attack-during-n693776|title=Charleston Massacre: Dylann Roof's Mom Had Heart Attack During Trial, Attorney Says|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=December 9, 2016|access-date=January 5, 2016}}</ref> Three days into the trial, a video recording of Roof talking to [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agents shortly after the shooting was played in court, in which Roof laughed as he admitted that he had killed the people at the church. He also admitted that he had "drank a little" just before visiting the church.<ref>
Roof's federal trial began on December 7, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/dylann-roof-trial.html|title=Heart-Rending Testimony as Dylann Roof Trial Opens|work=New York Times|last2=Blinder|first2=Alan|last1=Sack|first1=Kevin|date=December 7, 2016|access-date=December 7, 2016}}</ref> On the first day, while a survivor was giving her testimony of what happened during the shooting, Roof's mother collapsed in court and suffered a heart attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/charleston-church-shooting/charleston-massacre-dylann-roof-s-mom-had-heart-attack-during-n693776|title=Charleston Massacre: Dylann Roof's Mom Had Heart Attack During Trial, Attorney Says|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=December 9, 2016|access-date=January 5, 2016}}</ref> Three days into the trial, a video recording of Roof talking to [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agents shortly after the shooting was played in court, in which Roof laughed as he admitted that he had killed the people at the church. He also admitted that he had "[drunk] a little" just before visiting the church.<ref>
*{{cite news|last1=Press|first1=Associated|title=Dylann Roof's confession shown to jury at Charleston church shooting trial|work=CBS News|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/dylann-roof-confession-fbi-jury-charleston-church-shooting-trial/|access-date=December 9, 2016|date=December 9, 2016}}
*{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Dylann Roof's confession shown to jury at Charleston church shooting trial|work=CBS News|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/dylann-roof-confession-fbi-jury-charleston-church-shooting-trial/|access-date=December 9, 2016|date=December 9, 2016}}
*{{cite news|author=Ray Sanchez and Keith O'Shea|title=Mass shooter Dylann Roof, with a laugh, confesses,'I did it'|work=CNN News|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/09/us/dylann-roof-trial-charleston-video/|access-date=January 4, 2017|date=December 10, 2016}}</ref> On December 15, 2016, after about two hours of deliberation, the jury found Roof guilty on all 33 counts.<ref>
*{{cite news|author=Ray Sanchez and Keith O'Shea|title=Mass shooter Dylann Roof, with a laugh, confesses,'I did it'|work=CNN News|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/09/us/dylann-roof-trial-charleston-video/|access-date=January 4, 2017|date=December 10, 2016}}</ref> On December 15, 2016, after about two hours of deliberation, the jury found Roof guilty on all 33 counts.<ref>
*{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/us/dylann-roof-trial.html|title=Dylann Roof Found Guilty in Charleston Church Massacre |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 15, 2016|access-date=December 17, 2016}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/us/dylann-roof-trial.html|title=Dylann Roof Found Guilty in Charleston Church Massacre |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 15, 2016|access-date=December 17, 2016}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-south-carolina-dylann-roof-20161215-story.html|title=Jurors find Dylann Roof guilty of all 33 counts in hate-crime shootings at South Carolina church|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 15, 2016|access-date=December 17, 2016|first=Jennie|last=Jarvie}}</ref>
*{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-south-carolina-dylann-roof-20161215-story.html|title=Jurors find Dylann Roof guilty of all 33 counts in hate-crime shootings at South Carolina church|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 15, 2016|access-date=December 17, 2016|first=Jennie|last=Jarvie}}</ref>


At a court hearing on December 28, 2016, Roof reiterated that he will proceed with the sentencing phase without attorneys, although Judge Gergel repeatedly warned him that it was not in his interests to do so. At the hearing Roof said that he did not plan to call any witnesses or present any evidence at the sentencing phase in order to avoid the death penalty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/12/28/church-shooter-dylann-roof-says-wont-call-witnesses-give-evidence-to-spare-life.html|title=Church shooter Dylann Roof says he won't call witnesses, give evidence to spare life |publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=December 28, 2016|access-date=December 28, 2016}}</ref>
At a court hearing on December 28, 2016, Roof reiterated that he will proceed with the sentencing phase without attorneys, although Judge Gergel repeatedly warned him that it was not in his interests to do so. At the hearing Roof said that he did not plan to call any witnesses or present any evidence at the sentencing phase in order to avoid the death penalty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/church-shooter-dylann-roof-says-he-wont-call-witnesses-give-evidence-to-spare-life/|title=Church shooter Dylann Roof says he won't call witnesses, give evidence to spare life |publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=December 28, 2016|access-date=December 28, 2016}}</ref>


On January 3, 2017, following a lengthy closed-door competency hearing, Judge Gergel denied a motion, submitted [[under seal]] by Roof's court-appointed counsel, that sought to have Roof declared incompetent.<ref name="BlinderCompetent">Alan Blinder, [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/02/us/dylann-roof-charleston-church-killer-is-deemed-competent-for-sentencing.html Dylann Roof, Charleston Church Killer, Is Deemed Competent for Sentencing], ''New York Times'' (January 3, 2017).</ref><ref>Tonya Maxwell, [http://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2016/12/29/new-competency-hearing-slated-charleston-church-shooter/95964474/ New competency hearing slated for Charleston church shooter], ''Asheville Citizen-Times'' (December 30, 2016).</ref> Gergel wrote: "After fully considering all of the evidence presented, the court ruled from the bench that Defendant remains competent to stand trial and to self-represent."<ref name="BlinderCompetent"/>
On January 3, 2017, following a lengthy closed-door competency hearing, Judge Gergel denied a motion, submitted [[under seal]] by Roof's court-appointed counsel, that sought to have Roof declared incompetent.<ref name="BlinderCompetent">Alan Blinder, [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/02/us/dylann-roof-charleston-church-killer-is-deemed-competent-for-sentencing.html Dylann Roof, Charleston Church Killer, Is Deemed Competent for Sentencing], ''New York Times'' (January 3, 2017).</ref><ref>Tonya Maxwell, [http://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2016/12/29/new-competency-hearing-slated-charleston-church-shooter/95964474/ New competency hearing slated for Charleston church shooter], ''Asheville Citizen-Times'' (December 30, 2016).</ref> Gergel wrote: "After fully considering all of the evidence presented, the court ruled from the bench that Defendant remains competent to stand trial and to self-represent."<ref name="BlinderCompetent"/>


On sentencing day, the jury unanimously recommended the death penalty and Roof was sentenced to death by [[lethal injection]] on January 10, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/10/us/dylann-roof-trial-charleston.html|title=Dylann Roof Is Sentenced to Death in Charleston Church Massacre|date=10 January 2017|author=Alan Blinder|author2=Kevin Sack|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 July 2017|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
On sentencing day, the jury unanimously recommended the death penalty and Roof was sentenced to death by [[lethal injection]] on January 10, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/10/us/dylann-roof-trial-charleston.html|title=Dylann Roof Is Sentenced to Death in Charleston Church Massacre|date=10 January 2017|author=Alan Blinder|author2=Kevin Sack|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 July 2017|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

===Appeal===
===Appeal===
On May 25, 2021 Roof filed an appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/case-document/file/1339781/download|title=United States v. Roof, 10 F.4th 314|date=25 August 2021|author=|author2=|work=DOJ|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> ''United States v. Roof'', 10 F.4th 314 (4th Cir. 2021) based on his competency to stand trial, his self representation, alleged errors in the penalty phase of the trial, and alleged errors in the guilt phase of the trial. The appeal was heard on August 25, 2021, where the court affirmed the judgement.
On May 25, 2021 Roof filed an appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/case-document/file/1339781/download|title=United States v. Roof, 10 F.4th 314|date=25 August 2021|author=|author2=|work=DOJ|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> ''United States v. Roof'', 10 F.4th 314 (4th Cir. 2021) based on his competency to stand trial, his self representation, alleged errors in the penalty phase of the trial, and alleged errors in the guilt phase of the trial. The appeal was heard on August 25, 2021, where the court affirmed the judgement.


==State charges==
==State charges==
On June 19, Roof was charged with nine counts of murder and one count of possession of a firearm during the commission of a violent crime.<ref name="RoofConfessed">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/dylann-roof-confessed-killing-people-charleston-church-source/story?id=31884893|title=Dylann Roof's Father Called Cops After Seeing Suspect's Photos, Warrant Says|work=ABC News|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015|first1=Josh|last1=Margolin|first2=Emily|last2=Shapiro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/charleston-shooting-live-suspect-dylann-roof-in-custody-as-us-mourns-church-massacre--live-updates-10330694.html|title=Charleston shooting: From 'liking a woman who dated a black man' to a 'fan of white power music' – insight into Dylann Roof's life emerges|work=The Independent|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015|first1=Lizzie|last1=Dearden|first2=Payton|last2=Guion}}</ref> He first appeared in Charleston County court by video conference at a bond hearing later that day. At the hearing, shooting survivors and relatives of five of the victims spoke to Roof directly, saying that they were "praying for his soul" and forgave him.<ref name="ChillingCase">{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/06/19/dylann-roof-charleston-police-charged--murder-black-church/28975573/|title=Affidavits spell out chilling case against Dylann Roof|work=USA Today|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015|first1=Yamiche|last1=Alcindor|first2=Doug|last2=Stanglin}}</ref><ref name="ForgiveYou">{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/familes-of-charleston-church-shooting-victims-to-dylann-roof--we--forgive-you-185833509.html|title=Families of Charleston shooting victims to Dylann Roof: We forgive you|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015|first=Dylan|last=Stableford}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/charleston-church-shooting/dylann-roof-almost-didnt-go-through-charleston-church-shooting-n378341|title=Dylann Roof 'Almost Didn't Go Through' With Charleston Church Shooting|work=NBC News|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015|first=Daniel|last=Arkin}}</ref><ref name="VictimsAddress">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/06/19/i-forgive-you-relatives-of-charleston-church-victims-address-dylann-roof/|title='I forgive you.' Relatives of Charleston church shooting victims address Dylann Roof|work=The Washington Post|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015|first=Mark|last=Berman}}</ref> Governor [[Nikki Haley]] has called for prosecutors to [[Capital punishment in South Carolina|seek the death penalty]] for Roof.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2015/06/19/the-latest-church-shooting-haley-calls-for-death-penalty/Sd50001xUfcaWDV1XdZxHM/story.html|title=S.C. governor calls for death penalty in church shooting|work=The Boston Globe|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015}}</ref>
On June 19, Roof was charged with nine counts of murder and one count of possession of a firearm during the commission of a violent crime.<ref name="RoofConfessed">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/dylann-roof-confessed-killing-people-charleston-church-source/story?id=31884893|title=Dylann Roof's Father Called Cops After Seeing Suspect's Photos, Warrant Says|work=ABC News|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015|first1=Josh|last1=Margolin|first2=Emily|last2=Shapiro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/charleston-shooting-live-suspect-dylann-roof-in-custody-as-us-mourns-church-massacre--live-updates-10330694.html|title=Charleston shooting: From 'liking a woman who dated a black man' to a 'fan of white power music' – insight into Dylann Roof's life emerges|work=The Independent|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015|first1=Lizzie|last1=Dearden|first2=Payton|last2=Guion}}</ref> He first appeared in Charleston County court by video conference at a bond hearing later that day. At the hearing, shooting survivors and relatives of five of the victims spoke to Roof directly, saying that they were "praying for his soul" and forgave him.<ref name="ChillingCase">{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/06/19/dylann-roof-charleston-police-charged--murder-black-church/28975573/|title=Affidavits spell out chilling case against Dylann Roof|work=USA Today|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015|first1=Yamiche|last1=Alcindor|first2=Doug|last2=Stanglin}}</ref><ref name="ForgiveYou">{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/familes-of-charleston-church-shooting-victims-to-dylann-roof--we--forgive-you-185833509.html|title=Families of Charleston shooting victims to Dylann Roof: We forgive you|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015|first=Dylan|last=Stableford}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/charleston-church-shooting/dylann-roof-almost-didnt-go-through-charleston-church-shooting-n378341|title=Dylann Roof 'Almost Didn't Go Through' With Charleston Church Shooting|work=NBC News|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015|first=Daniel|last=Arkin}}</ref><ref name="VictimsAddress">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/06/19/i-forgive-you-relatives-of-charleston-church-victims-address-dylann-roof/|title='I forgive you.' Relatives of Charleston church shooting victims address Dylann Roof|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015|first=Mark|last=Berman}}</ref> Governor [[Nikki Haley]] has called for prosecutors to [[Capital punishment in South Carolina|seek the death penalty]] for Roof.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2015/06/19/the-latest-church-shooting-haley-calls-for-death-penalty/Sd50001xUfcaWDV1XdZxHM/story.html|title=S.C. governor calls for death penalty in church shooting|work=The Boston Globe|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 19, 2015}}</ref>


The judge, Charleston County chief magistrate James "Skip" Gosnell, Jr., caused controversy at the bond hearing with his statement that, alongside the dead victims and their families, "there are victims on this young man's side of the family […] Nobody would have ever thrown them into the whirlwind of events that they are being thrown into."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/s-judge-urges-support-dylann-roof-family-article-1.2264319|title=S.C. judge urges support for accused murderer Dylann Roof's family in bizarre court speech|work=The New York Daily News|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 21, 2015|first1=Barry|last1=Paddock|first2=Rich|last2=Shapiro}}</ref> Gosnell then set a $1 million bond for the weapons possession charge and no bail on the nine counts of murder.<ref>{{cite web|first=Scott|last=Neuman|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/19/415792559/-1-million-bond-for-church-shooting-suspect|title=$1 Million Bond For Charleston Church Shooting Suspect|publisher=NPR|date=June 19, 2015}}</ref>
The judge, Charleston County chief magistrate James "Skip" Gosnell, Jr., caused controversy at the bond hearing with his statement that, alongside the dead victims and their families, "there are victims on this young man's side of the family […] Nobody would have ever thrown them into the whirlwind of events that they are being thrown into."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/s-judge-urges-support-dylann-roof-family-article-1.2264319|title=S.C. judge urges support for accused murderer Dylann Roof's family in bizarre court speech|work=The New York Daily News|date=June 19, 2015|access-date=June 21, 2015|first1=Barry|last1=Paddock|first2=Rich|last2=Shapiro}}</ref> Gosnell then set a $1 million bond for the weapons possession charge and no bail on the nine counts of murder.<ref>{{cite web|first=Scott|last=Neuman|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/19/415792559/-1-million-bond-for-church-shooting-suspect|title=$1 Million Bond For Charleston Church Shooting Suspect|publisher=NPR|date=June 19, 2015}}</ref>
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On July 7, Roof was indicted on three new charges of attempted murder, one for each person who survived the shooting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/charges-charleston-church-shooting-attempted-murder-162002126.html|title=New charges in Charleston church shooting: Attempted murder|work=Yahoo! News|date=July 7, 2015|access-date=July 7, 2015|first=Meg|last=Kinnard}}</ref> A temporary [[gag order]] was issued by a judge on July 14 following the appearance of a letter purportedly written by Roof on an online auction site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/dylann-roof-fine-alleged-jail-letter-article-1.2291707|title=Dylann Roof in alleged jail letter to fan of serial killers: 'My health and spirit are doing fine'|work=The New York Daily News|date=July 14, 2015|access-date=July 14, 2015|first=Melissa|last=Chan}}</ref> Seven groups, including news media outlets, families of the slain victims, and church officials, called for easing some restrictions placed by the gag order, particularly [[9-1-1]] calls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150730/PC16/150739936/1177/seven-groups-expected-to-pose-arguments-on-gag-order-in-dylann-roof-case|title=Seven groups expected to pose arguments on gag order in Dylann Roof case|work=The Post and Courier|date=July 30, 2015|access-date=July 30, 2015}}</ref> Portions of the gag order were lifted on October 14, allowing for the release of 9-1-1 call transcripts and other documents, but the order remained in place for graphic crime scene photos and videos, as well as audio for the 9-1-1 calls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20151014/PC16/151019630|title=Portions of gag order in Dylann Roof case lifted|work=The Post and Courier|date=October 14, 2015|access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref>
On July 7, Roof was indicted on three new charges of attempted murder, one for each person who survived the shooting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/charges-charleston-church-shooting-attempted-murder-162002126.html|title=New charges in Charleston church shooting: Attempted murder|work=Yahoo! News|date=July 7, 2015|access-date=July 7, 2015|first=Meg|last=Kinnard}}</ref> A temporary [[gag order]] was issued by a judge on July 14 following the appearance of a letter purportedly written by Roof on an online auction site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/dylann-roof-fine-alleged-jail-letter-article-1.2291707|title=Dylann Roof in alleged jail letter to fan of serial killers: 'My health and spirit are doing fine'|work=The New York Daily News|date=July 14, 2015|access-date=July 14, 2015|first=Melissa|last=Chan}}</ref> Seven groups, including news media outlets, families of the slain victims, and church officials, called for easing some restrictions placed by the gag order, particularly [[9-1-1]] calls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150730/PC16/150739936/1177/seven-groups-expected-to-pose-arguments-on-gag-order-in-dylann-roof-case|title=Seven groups expected to pose arguments on gag order in Dylann Roof case|work=The Post and Courier|date=July 30, 2015|access-date=July 30, 2015}}</ref> Portions of the gag order were lifted on October 14, allowing for the release of 9-1-1 call transcripts and other documents, but the order remained in place for graphic crime scene photos and videos, as well as audio for the 9-1-1 calls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20151014/PC16/151019630|title=Portions of gag order in Dylann Roof case lifted|work=The Post and Courier|date=October 14, 2015|access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref>


On July 16, Roof's trial in state court was scheduled by Circuit Court Judge [[J.C. Nicholson]] to start on July 11, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/charleston-shooting-suspect-expected-court-thursday-32485116|title=Judge Sets Trial for Suspect in Charleston Church Shooting|work=ABC News|date=July 16, 2015|access-date=July 16, 2015|first=Bruce|last=Smith|agency=Associated Press|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716211205/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/charleston-shooting-suspect-expected-court-thursday-32485116|archive-date=July 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Phillip|first1=Abby|title=Dylann Roof trial date set for Charleston church shooting|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/07/16/dylann-roof-trial-date-set-for-emanuel-ame-church-shooting/|access-date=July 22, 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 16, 2015}}</ref> On July 20, Roof was ordered to provide handwriting samples to investigators. The order explained that following his arrest in [[Shelby, North Carolina|Shelby]], notes and lists were found written on his hand and at other locations; that the handwriting samples were needed to determine if the handwriting matched.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/charleston-shooting-defendant-dylann-roof-ordered-to-provide-handwriting-samples/|title=Charleston shooting suspect ordered to provide handwriting samples|work=CBS News|date=July 20, 2015|access-date=July 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wltx.com/story/news/2015/07/20/dylann-roof-to-provide-handwriting-samples/30407747/|title=Dylann Roof to Provide Handwriting Samples|work=WLTX|date=July 20, 2015|access-date=July 20, 2015|first=Bruce|last=Smith}}</ref>
On July 16, Roof's trial in state court was scheduled by Circuit Court Judge [[J.C. Nicholson]] to start on July 11, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/charleston-shooting-suspect-expected-court-thursday-32485116|title=Judge Sets Trial for Suspect in Charleston Church Shooting|work=ABC News|date=July 16, 2015|access-date=July 16, 2015|first=Bruce|last=Smith|agency=Associated Press|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716211205/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/charleston-shooting-suspect-expected-court-thursday-32485116|archive-date=July 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Phillip|first1=Abby|title=Dylann Roof trial date set for Charleston church shooting|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/07/16/dylann-roof-trial-date-set-for-emanuel-ame-church-shooting/|access-date=July 22, 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 16, 2015}}</ref> On July 20, Roof was ordered to provide handwriting samples to investigators. The order explained that following his arrest in [[Shelby, North Carolina|Shelby]], notes and lists were found written on his hand and at other locations; that the handwriting samples were needed to determine if the handwriting matched.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/charleston-shooting-defendant-dylann-roof-ordered-to-provide-handwriting-samples/|title=Charleston shooting suspect ordered to provide handwriting samples|work=CBS News|date=July 20, 2015|access-date=July 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wltx.com/story/news/2015/07/20/dylann-roof-to-provide-handwriting-samples/30407747/|title=Dylann Roof to Provide Handwriting Samples|work=WLTX|date=July 20, 2015|access-date=July 20, 2015|first=Bruce|last=Smith}}</ref>


On September 3, Ninth Circuit [[solicitor]] ([[district attorney]]) Scarlett Wilson said that she intended to seek the death penalty for Roof because more than two people were killed in the shooting and others' lives were put at risk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/prosecutor-mulling-death-penalty-discuss-church-slayings-155225037.html|title=Prosecutor: Church shooting suspect to face death penalty|work=Yahoo! News|date=September 3, 2015|access-date=September 3, 2015|first1=Meg|last1=Kinnard|first2=Jeffrey|last2=Collins}}</ref>
On September 3, Ninth Circuit [[solicitor]] ([[district attorney]]) Scarlett Wilson said that she intended to seek the death penalty for Roof because more than two people were killed in the shooting and others' lives were put at risk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/prosecutor-mulling-death-penalty-discuss-church-slayings-155225037.html|title=Prosecutor: Church shooting suspect to face death penalty|work=Yahoo! News|date=September 3, 2015|access-date=September 3, 2015|first1=Meg|last1=Kinnard|first2=Jeffrey|last2=Collins}}</ref>
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The jury selection process for the state trial was initially expected to start in June 2016;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wach.com/news/local/600-potential-jurors-to-draw-from-in-dylann-roof-trial|title=In South Carolina, Jury Selection To Begin In Church Shooting Trial|publisher=WACH|date=January 27, 2016|access-date=January 27, 2016|first=Matthew|last=Stevens}}</ref> jury selection was postponed in November 2016.<ref>Andrew V. Pestano, [http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2016/11/07/South-Carolina-jury-selection-for-Dylann-Roof-trial-postponed/5571478534628/ South Carolina jury selection for Dylann Roof trial postponed], UPI (November 7, 2016).</ref>
The jury selection process for the state trial was initially expected to start in June 2016;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wach.com/news/local/600-potential-jurors-to-draw-from-in-dylann-roof-trial|title=In South Carolina, Jury Selection To Begin In Church Shooting Trial|publisher=WACH|date=January 27, 2016|access-date=January 27, 2016|first=Matthew|last=Stevens}}</ref> jury selection was postponed in November 2016.<ref>Andrew V. Pestano, [http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2016/11/07/South-Carolina-jury-selection-for-Dylann-Roof-trial-postponed/5571478534628/ South Carolina jury selection for Dylann Roof trial postponed], UPI (November 7, 2016).</ref>


In April 2016, the state trial was delayed to January 17, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/charleston-church-shooting/judge-delays-trial-against-charleston-church-shooter-dylann-roof-until-n555361|title=Judge Delays Trial Against Charleston Church Shooter Dylann Roof Until January|publisher=NBC News|agency=Associated Press|date=April 13, 2016|access-date=May 12, 2016}}</ref> It was delayed again in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/the-latest-jurors-return-for-church-shooting-sentencing/2017/01/05/4b43576c-d356-11e6-9651-54a0154cf5b3_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106104329/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/the-latest-jurors-return-for-church-shooting-sentencing/2017/01/05/4b43576c-d356-11e6-9651-54a0154cf5b3_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 6, 2017|title=The Latest: Roof mused about adoption, Hitler's canonization|work=The Washington Post|date=January 5, 2017|access-date=January 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews4.com/news/local/dylann-roofs-state-trial-delayed-indefinitely-as-federal-trial-continues|title=Dylann Roof's state trial delayed indefinitely as federal trial continues|publisher=abc news 4|date=January 5, 2017|access-date=January 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abccolumbia.com/2017/01/05/dylann-roofs-state-trial-delayed-indefinitely-as-federal-trial-continues/|title=Dylann Roof's State Trial Delayed Indefinitely as Federal Trial Continues|publisher=abc COLUMBIA|date=January 5, 2017|access-date=January 6, 2017}}</ref>
In April 2016, the state trial was delayed to January 17, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/charleston-church-shooting/judge-delays-trial-against-charleston-church-shooter-dylann-roof-until-n555361|title=Judge Delays Trial Against Charleston Church Shooter Dylann Roof Until January|publisher=NBC News|agency=Associated Press|date=April 13, 2016|access-date=May 12, 2016}}</ref> It was delayed again in January 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/the-latest-jurors-return-for-church-shooting-sentencing/2017/01/05/4b43576c-d356-11e6-9651-54a0154cf5b3_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106104329/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/the-latest-jurors-return-for-church-shooting-sentencing/2017/01/05/4b43576c-d356-11e6-9651-54a0154cf5b3_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 6, 2017|title=The Latest: Roof mused about adoption, Hitler's canonization|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=January 5, 2017|access-date=January 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews4.com/news/local/dylann-roofs-state-trial-delayed-indefinitely-as-federal-trial-continues|title=Dylann Roof's state trial delayed indefinitely as federal trial continues|publisher=abc news 4|date=January 5, 2017|access-date=January 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abccolumbia.com/2017/01/05/dylann-roofs-state-trial-delayed-indefinitely-as-federal-trial-continues/|title=Dylann Roof's State Trial Delayed Indefinitely as Federal Trial Continues|publisher=abc COLUMBIA|date=January 5, 2017|access-date=January 6, 2017}}</ref>


On April 10, 2017, Roof pleaded guilty to nine state counts of murder, and was sentenced to nine consecutive sentences of life without parole.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/10/charleston-church-shooter-dylann-roof-pleads-guilty-murder-charges|title=Charleston church shooter Dylann Roof pleads guilty to state murder charges|work=The Guardian|date=April 10, 2017|access-date=April 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/dylann-roof-charleston-church-shooter-pleads-guilty-state-charges-n744746|title=Dylann Roof: Charleston Church Shooter Gets Nine Life Sentences in State Case|publisher=NBC NEWS|date=April 10, 2017|access-date=April 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-charleston-church-shooter-pleads-guilty-20170410-story.html|title=Charleston church shooter Dylann Roof pleads guilty, awaits execution|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=April 10, 2017|access-date=April 11, 2017}}</ref> In a letter to the victims' families, Wilson said that the plea deal was "an insurance policy" in the event that Roof's federal death sentence were ever overturned, as it assures that Roof will die in prison.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.postandcourier.com/church_shooting/dylann-roof-to-plead-guilty-to-state-murder-charges-avoid/article_10632acc-161e-11e7-bc73-8ff91e3a2859.html|title=Dylann Roof to plead guilty to state murder charges, avoid second death penalty trial|author1=Jennifer Berry Hawes|author2=Glenn Smith|publisher=[[The Post and Courier]]|date=March 30, 2017}}</ref>
On April 10, 2017, Roof pleaded guilty to nine state counts of murder, and was sentenced to nine consecutive sentences of life without parole.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/10/charleston-church-shooter-dylann-roof-pleads-guilty-murder-charges|title=Charleston church shooter Dylann Roof pleads guilty to state murder charges|work=The Guardian|date=April 10, 2017|access-date=April 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/dylann-roof-charleston-church-shooter-pleads-guilty-state-charges-n744746|title=Dylann Roof: Charleston Church Shooter Gets Nine Life Sentences in State Case|publisher=NBC NEWS|date=April 10, 2017|access-date=April 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-charleston-church-shooter-pleads-guilty-20170410-story.html|title=Charleston church shooter Dylann Roof pleads guilty, awaits execution|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=April 10, 2017|access-date=April 11, 2017}}</ref> In a letter to the victims' families, Wilson said that the plea deal was "an insurance policy" in the event that Roof's federal death sentence were ever overturned, as it assures that Roof will die in prison.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.postandcourier.com/church_shooting/dylann-roof-to-plead-guilty-to-state-murder-charges-avoid/article_10632acc-161e-11e7-bc73-8ff91e3a2859.html|title=Dylann Roof to plead guilty to state murder charges, avoid second death penalty trial|author1=Jennifer Berry Hawes|author2=Glenn Smith|publisher=[[The Post and Courier]]|date=March 30, 2017}}</ref>
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|30em}}

==External Links==
==External links==
*[https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/173.P.pdf 4th Circuit Court Opinion]
*[https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/173.P.pdf 4th Circuit Court Opinion]


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[[Category:2010s trials]]
[[Category:2010s trials]]
[[Category:21st-century American trials]]
[[Category:21st-century American trials]]
[[Category:Murder trials]]
[[Category:Murder trials in the United States]]
[[Category:December 2016 events in the United States]]
[[Category:December 2016 events in the United States]]
[[Category:January 2017 events in the United States]]
[[Category:January 2017 events in the United States]]
[[Category:Charleston church shooting]]
[[Category:United States District Court for the District of South Carolina cases]]
[[Category:Trials in South Carolina]]

Latest revision as of 04:25, 10 November 2024

United States v. Roof
CourtUnited States District Court for the District of South Carolina
Full case name United States of America v. Dylann Storm Roof
DecidedDecember 15, 2016
VerdictFound guilty on all 33 federal charges
DefendantDylann Storm Roof
CitationF. Supp. 3d 419
Case history
Subsequent actionsState of South Carolina v. Dylann Roof (April 2017)
United States v. Roof, 10 F.4th 314 (4th Cir. 2021)
Dylann Roof was sentenced to death by the federal government on January 10, 2017
Court membership
Judge sittingRichard Gergel

United States v. Roof F. Supp. 3d 419(D.S.C. 2016) (officially the United States of America v. Dylann Storm Roof) was a 2017 federal trial involving mass murderer Dylann Roof and his role in the Charleston church shooting in 2015. Five days after the shooting, Roof was indicted on 33 federal charges, including 12 counts of committing a hate crime against black victims. On May 24, 2016, the Justice Department announced that Roof would face the death penalty. As he was already facing the death penalty in his state trial, Roof became the first person in U.S. history to face both a federal and state death penalty at the same time.

On December 15, 2016, the jury found Roof guilty on all 33 federal counts he had been charged with. He was sentenced to death on January 10, 2017.

Roof later pleaded guilty to the state charges in order to avoid another death sentence, and was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole.

Federal trial

[edit]

Indictment

[edit]

Five days after the shooting, Attorney General Loretta Lynch announced a grand jury had indicted Roof on 33 federal charges: 12 counts of committing a hate crime against black victims, 12 counts of obstructing the exercise of religion and nine counts of using a firearm to commit murder.[1]

On July 31, 2015, Roof pleaded not guilty to the federal charges against him at the behest of his lawyer David Bruck. Roof wanted to plead guilty, but Bruck stated he was not willing to advise a guilty plea until the government indicated whether it wanted to seek the death penalty, as 18 of the 33 charges could carry the death penalty.[2]

On May 24, 2016, the Justice Department announced they would seek the death penalty for Roof. As he was already facing the death penalty in his South Carolina state trial, Dylann Roof became the first person in U.S. history to face both a federal and state death penalty at the same time.[3]

Pre-trial proceedings

[edit]

On June 9, 2016, Roof, through his lawyers, announced that he did not want to be tried by a jury. If the request was granted, the judge presiding over his case would hear the case entirely by himself, determining guilt or innocence and, if Roof is convicted, whether to sentence him to death.[4]

On August 2, 2016, Roof's lawyers filed a motion arguing that the federal capital punishment laws were unconstitutional.[5] Federal prosecutors filed a response on August 22, asking the judge to reject the motion.[6]

On August 23, 2016, federal prosecutors filed court documents announcing their intention to call thirteen expert witnesses at trial, including white supremacy experts who were expected to testify on Roof's "extremist ideology, including a belief in the need to use violence to achieve white supremacy." The documents also indicated the presence of extensive incriminating evidence against Roof. A hearing was set for September 1, 2016.[7][8]

Around August 31, 2016, District Judge Richard Gergel ordered that an in camera hearing be held on September 1. The judge was to rule on the admissibility of some "potentially explosive" evidence. Gergel wrote: "This instance is one of those rare cases where Defendant's Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial outweighs the public's and the press' First Amendment right of access. ... This is an unusually sensitive period in this proceeding where highly prejudicial publicity could taint the jury pool and make selection of a fair and impartial jury increasingly challenging." Two Charleston-area media outlets, The Charleston Post and Courier and WCBD-TV, unsuccessfully sought to keep the hearing open.[9]

On September 6, 2016, federal prosecutors filed a motion seeking to bar Roof's attorneys from asking the jurors for their client's mercy during sentencing should he be found guilty of the charges against him. They argue that the defense will already have the opportunity to present evidence that could sway the jury's opinion for sentencing.[10][11] The next day, prosecutors asked for the use of summary charts as evidence for the trial. One of the charts was expected to be a timeline of the case as drafted by the agent responsible for investigating the shooting.[11]

Jury selection started on September 26, 2016.[12] The initial pool of three thousand candidates was narrowed down to the final jury of twelve, plus alternates.[13] The federal trial itself was expected to start late November or early December and last for about two months.[11][12][14]

On November 8, 2016, District Court judge Richard M. Gergel ordered a competency evaluation for Roof, which Gergel scheduled for November 16, 2016. Gergel also postponed the jury selection to November 21, 2016.[15][16]

On November 14, 2016, Gergel delayed the competency hearing to November 17, 2016.[17][18][19] However, on November 16, 2016, Gergel delayed the competency hearing to November 21, 2016. Gergel also delayed the jury selection to November 28, 2016.[20] The competency hearing ended November 22, 2016.[21][22]

On November 25, 2016, Roof was declared competent to stand trial.[23] Three days later, a federal judge granted Roof's motion for pro se representation.[24][25][26][27]

On December 4, 2016, Roof, in a handwritten request, asked Gergel to give him back his defense team for the guilt phase of his federal death penalty trial.[28][29][30][31] On December 5, 2016, Gergel allowed Roof to hire back his lawyers for the guilt phase of his trial.[32][33] On December 6, 2016, a federal judge denied a motion by Roof's defense team to delay Roof's trial.[34]

Trial and sentencing

[edit]

Roof's federal trial began on December 7, 2016.[35] On the first day, while a survivor was giving her testimony of what happened during the shooting, Roof's mother collapsed in court and suffered a heart attack.[36] Three days into the trial, a video recording of Roof talking to FBI agents shortly after the shooting was played in court, in which Roof laughed as he admitted that he had killed the people at the church. He also admitted that he had "[drunk] a little" just before visiting the church.[37] On December 15, 2016, after about two hours of deliberation, the jury found Roof guilty on all 33 counts.[38]

At a court hearing on December 28, 2016, Roof reiterated that he will proceed with the sentencing phase without attorneys, although Judge Gergel repeatedly warned him that it was not in his interests to do so. At the hearing Roof said that he did not plan to call any witnesses or present any evidence at the sentencing phase in order to avoid the death penalty.[39]

On January 3, 2017, following a lengthy closed-door competency hearing, Judge Gergel denied a motion, submitted under seal by Roof's court-appointed counsel, that sought to have Roof declared incompetent.[40][41] Gergel wrote: "After fully considering all of the evidence presented, the court ruled from the bench that Defendant remains competent to stand trial and to self-represent."[40]

On sentencing day, the jury unanimously recommended the death penalty and Roof was sentenced to death by lethal injection on January 10, 2017.[42]

Appeal

[edit]

On May 25, 2021 Roof filed an appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit[43] United States v. Roof, 10 F.4th 314 (4th Cir. 2021) based on his competency to stand trial, his self representation, alleged errors in the penalty phase of the trial, and alleged errors in the guilt phase of the trial. The appeal was heard on August 25, 2021, where the court affirmed the judgement.

State charges

[edit]

On June 19, Roof was charged with nine counts of murder and one count of possession of a firearm during the commission of a violent crime.[44][45] He first appeared in Charleston County court by video conference at a bond hearing later that day. At the hearing, shooting survivors and relatives of five of the victims spoke to Roof directly, saying that they were "praying for his soul" and forgave him.[46][47][48][49] Governor Nikki Haley has called for prosecutors to seek the death penalty for Roof.[50]

The judge, Charleston County chief magistrate James "Skip" Gosnell, Jr., caused controversy at the bond hearing with his statement that, alongside the dead victims and their families, "there are victims on this young man's side of the family […] Nobody would have ever thrown them into the whirlwind of events that they are being thrown into."[51] Gosnell then set a $1 million bond for the weapons possession charge and no bail on the nine counts of murder.[52]

On July 7, Roof was indicted on three new charges of attempted murder, one for each person who survived the shooting.[53] A temporary gag order was issued by a judge on July 14 following the appearance of a letter purportedly written by Roof on an online auction site.[54] Seven groups, including news media outlets, families of the slain victims, and church officials, called for easing some restrictions placed by the gag order, particularly 9-1-1 calls.[55] Portions of the gag order were lifted on October 14, allowing for the release of 9-1-1 call transcripts and other documents, but the order remained in place for graphic crime scene photos and videos, as well as audio for the 9-1-1 calls.[56]

On July 16, Roof's trial in state court was scheduled by Circuit Court Judge J.C. Nicholson to start on July 11, 2016.[57][58] On July 20, Roof was ordered to provide handwriting samples to investigators. The order explained that following his arrest in Shelby, notes and lists were found written on his hand and at other locations; that the handwriting samples were needed to determine if the handwriting matched.[59][60]

On September 3, Ninth Circuit solicitor (district attorney) Scarlett Wilson said that she intended to seek the death penalty for Roof because more than two people were killed in the shooting and others' lives were put at risk.[61]

On September 16, Roof said through his attorney that he was willing to plead guilty to the state charges in exchange for a sentence of life in prison without parole.[62]

Roof reappeared in state court on October 23, 2015,[49] before Nicholson.[63]

The jury selection process for the state trial was initially expected to start in June 2016;[64] jury selection was postponed in November 2016.[65]

In April 2016, the state trial was delayed to January 17, 2017.[66] It was delayed again in January 2017.[67][68][69]

On April 10, 2017, Roof pleaded guilty to nine state counts of murder, and was sentenced to nine consecutive sentences of life without parole.[70][71][72] In a letter to the victims' families, Wilson said that the plea deal was "an insurance policy" in the event that Roof's federal death sentence were ever overturned, as it assures that Roof will die in prison.[73]

References

[edit]
  1. ^
    • Abdullah, Halimah (July 22, 2015). "AG Lynch: Dylann Roof Indicted on 33 Counts, Hate Crime Charges". NBC News. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
    • Jarvie, Jennie (December 15, 2016). "Jurors find Dylann Roof guilty of all 33 counts in hate-crime shootings at South Carolina church". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  2. ^
  3. ^
  4. ^ Monk, John (June 9, 2016). "Accused Charleston killer Dylann Roof gambles, wants lone judge". Miami Herald. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
  5. ^ McBride, Brian (August 2, 2016). "Dylann Roof's Lawyers File Challenge to Death Penalty, Say It's Unconstitutional". Yahoo! GMA. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
  6. ^ Berman, Mark (August 23, 2016). "Prosecutors say Dylann Roof 'self-radicalized' online, wrote another manifesto in jail". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  7. ^ Kinnard, Meg (August 23, 2016). "Feds: Church shooting suspect entrenched in his beliefs". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  8. ^ Knapp, Andrew (August 23, 2016). "Feds: 'Self-radicalized' before attack, Dylann Roof penned another manifesto in jail". The Post and Courier. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  9. ^ Monk, John (August 31, 2016). "US Judge Gergel orders rare secret hearing on potentially explosive evidence in Dylann Roof case". The State. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  10. ^ Ortiz, Erik (September 6, 2016). "Dylann Roof, Accused Church Shooter, Should Not Ask Jury for Mercy: Feds". NBC News. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
  11. ^ a b c "Prosecutors want to use timeline exhibit in guilt phase of Dylann Roof's federal trial". WACH. September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
  12. ^ a b Monk, John (September 26, 2016). "Roof jury selection under way in federal death penalty trial". The State. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
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  52. ^ Neuman, Scott (June 19, 2015). "$1 Million Bond For Charleston Church Shooting Suspect". NPR.
  53. ^ Kinnard, Meg (July 7, 2015). "New charges in Charleston church shooting: Attempted murder". Yahoo! News. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  54. ^ Chan, Melissa (July 14, 2015). "Dylann Roof in alleged jail letter to fan of serial killers: 'My health and spirit are doing fine'". The New York Daily News. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
  55. ^ "Seven groups expected to pose arguments on gag order in Dylann Roof case". The Post and Courier. July 30, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
  56. ^ "Portions of gag order in Dylann Roof case lifted". The Post and Courier. October 14, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
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  62. ^ McLeod, Harriet (September 16, 2015). "Accused gunman in Charleston church shooting proposes guilty plea". Yahoo! News. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
  63. ^ Chuck, Elizabeth (June 20, 2015). "Judge Who Presided Over Dylann Roof Bond Hearing Was Reprimanded for Racial Slur". NBC News. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
  64. ^ Stevens, Matthew (January 27, 2016). "In South Carolina, Jury Selection To Begin In Church Shooting Trial". WACH. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  65. ^ Andrew V. Pestano, South Carolina jury selection for Dylann Roof trial postponed, UPI (November 7, 2016).
  66. ^ "Judge Delays Trial Against Charleston Church Shooter Dylann Roof Until January". NBC News. Associated Press. April 13, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  67. ^ "The Latest: Roof mused about adoption, Hitler's canonization". The Washington Post. January 5, 2017. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  68. ^ "Dylann Roof's state trial delayed indefinitely as federal trial continues". abc news 4. January 5, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  69. ^ "Dylann Roof's State Trial Delayed Indefinitely as Federal Trial Continues". abc COLUMBIA. January 5, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  70. ^ "Charleston church shooter Dylann Roof pleads guilty to state murder charges". The Guardian. April 10, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  71. ^ "Dylann Roof: Charleston Church Shooter Gets Nine Life Sentences in State Case". NBC NEWS. April 10, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  72. ^ "Charleston church shooter Dylann Roof pleads guilty, awaits execution". Chicago Tribune. April 10, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  73. ^ Jennifer Berry Hawes; Glenn Smith (March 30, 2017). "Dylann Roof to plead guilty to state murder charges, avoid second death penalty trial". The Post and Courier.
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