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{{short description|19th-century British astronomer}}
{{Short description|English astronomer (1774–1844)}}
{{for|those of a similar name|Francis Bailey (disambiguation)}}
{{for multi|the British electrical engineer|Francis Gibson Baily|other people|Francis Bailey (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Francis Baily
|name = Francis Baily
Line 11: Line 11:
|birth_place = [[Newbury, Berkshire]], England
|birth_place = [[Newbury, Berkshire]], England
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1844|8|30|1774|4|28}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1844|8|30|1774|4|28}}
|death_place = [[London]], England
|death_place = London, England
|resting_place = [[St Mary's Church, Thatcham|St Mary's Church]] in [[Thatcham]]
|resting_place = [[St Mary's Church, Thatcham|St Mary's Church]] in [[Thatcham]]
|residence =
|citizenship = [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]]
|nationality =
|ethnicity =
|field = [[Astronomy]]
|field = [[Astronomy]]
|work_institutions =
|work_institutions =
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==Life==
==Life==


Baily was born at [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]] in Berkshire in 1774 to Richard Baily.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |last=Hockey |first=Thomas |date=2009 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-387-31022-0 |accessdate=22 August 2012 |url=http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/58103.html}}</ref> After a tour in the unsettled parts of North America in 1796–1797, his journal of which was edited by [[Augustus de Morgan]] in 1856, Baily entered the [[London Stock Exchange]] in 1799. The successive publication of ''Tables for the Purchasing and Renewing of Leases'' (1802), of ''The Doctrine of Interest and Annuities'' (1808), and ''The Doctrine of Life-Annuities and Assurances'' (1810), earned him a high reputation as a writer on life-contingencies; he amassed a fortune through diligence and integrity and retired from business in 1825, to devote himself wholly to astronomy.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Baily, Francis|volume=3|page=221}} This also cites
Baily was born at [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]] in Berkshire in 1774 to Richard Baily.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |last=Hockey |first=Thomas |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-387-30400-7 |access-date=31 August 2021 |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_99|page=8|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_99 }}</ref> After a tour in the unsettled parts of North America in 1796–1797, his journal of which was edited by [[Augustus De Morgan]] in 1856, Baily entered the [[London Stock Exchange]] in 1799. The successive publication of ''Tables for the Purchasing and Renewing of Leases'' (1802), of ''The Doctrine of Interest and Annuities'' (1808), and ''The Doctrine of Life-Annuities and Assurances'' (1810), earned him a high reputation as a writer on life-contingencies; he amassed a fortune through diligence and integrity and retired from business in 1825, to devote himself wholly to astronomy.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Baily, Francis|volume=3|page=221}} This also cites
* [[John Herschel|J. Herschel's]] ''Memoir of F. Baily, Esq.'' (1845), also prefixed to Baily's ''Journal of a Tour'', with a list of his writings (see ''Further reading'').
* [[John Herschel|J. Herschel's]] ''Memoir of F. Baily, Esq.'' (1845), also prefixed to Baily's ''Journal of a Tour'', with a list of his writings (see ''Further reading'').
* ''Month. Not. R. Astr. Soc.'' xiv. 1844.</ref>
* ''Month. Not. R. Astr. Soc.'' xiv. 1844.</ref>


==Astronomical work==
==Astronomical work==
[[File:Baily, Francis – On the new method of determining the longitude by the culmination of the moon and stars, 1824 – BEIC 720900.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''On the new method of determining the longitude by the culmination of the moon and stars'', 1824]]


By 1820, Baily had already taken a leading part in the foundation of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]],<ref name=dreyer/> and he received its [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society|Gold Medal]] in 1827<ref name=gold_medal>{{cite web | url=http://www.ras.org.uk/images/stories/awards/winners/gold_medallists.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084826/http://www.ras.org.uk/images/stories/awards/winners/gold_medallists.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 September 2015 | title=Gold Medal Winners | publisher=RAS | year=2014 | accessdate=9 January 2015 }}</ref> for his preparation of the Society's ''Catalogue of 2881 stars'' (''Memoirs R. Astr. Soc.'' ii.).<ref name="EB1911"/> Later, in 1843, he would win the Gold Medal again.<ref name=gold_medal/> He was elected as [[President of the Royal Astronomical Society]] four times, with two-year terms each (1825–27, 1833–35, 1837–39 and 1843–45).<ref name=dreyer>{{cite book | last1 = Dreyer | first1 = John L. E. | last2 = Turner | first2 = Herbert H. | title = History of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1820–1920 | publisher = Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 1 | date = 1923 | location = London}}</ref><ref name="Royal Astronomical Society">{{cite web|title=List of Presidents and Dates of Office|url=http://www.ras.org.uk/about-the-ras/a-brief-history/766-past-ras-presidents|work=A brief history of the RAS|publisher=Royal Astronomical Society|accessdate=10 September 2012}}</ref> No other person has served in the position more than Baily's four times (a record he shares with [[George Airy]]), whilst his eight years in the post are a record.<ref name="Royal Astronomical Society"/>
By 1820, Baily had already taken a leading part in the foundation of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]],<ref name=dreyer/> and he received its [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society|Gold Medal]] in 1827<ref name=gold_medal>{{cite web | url=http://www.ras.org.uk/images/stories/awards/winners/gold_medallists.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084826/http://www.ras.org.uk/images/stories/awards/winners/gold_medallists.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 September 2015 | title=Gold Medal Winners | publisher=RAS | year=2014 | access-date=9 January 2015 }}</ref> for his preparation of the Society's ''Catalogue of 2881 stars'' (''Memoirs R. Astr. Soc.'' ii.).<ref name="EB1911"/> Later, in 1843, he would win the Gold Medal again.<ref name=gold_medal/> He was elected as [[President of the Royal Astronomical Society]] four times, with two-year terms each (1825–1827, 1833–1835, 1837–1839 and 1843–1845).<ref name=dreyer>{{cite book | last1 = Dreyer | first1 = John L. E. | last2 = Turner | first2 = Herbert H. | title = History of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1820–1920 | publisher = Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 1 | date = 1923 | location = London}}{{page needed|date=May 2021}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2021}}<ref name="Royal Astronomical Society">{{cite web|title=List of Presidents and Dates of Office|url=http://www.ras.org.uk/about-the-ras/a-brief-history/766-past-ras-presidents|work=A brief history of the RAS|publisher=Royal Astronomical Society|access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> No other person has served in the position more than Baily's four times (a record he shares with [[George Airy]]), whilst his eight years in the post are a record.<ref name="Royal Astronomical Society"/>{{page needed|date=May 2021}}


The reform of the [[Nautical Almanac]] in 1829 was set on foot by his protests{{discuss}}. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1832.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref> He recommended to the British Association in 1837, and in great part executed, the reduction of [[Joseph de Lalande]]'s and [[Nicolas de Lacaille]]'s catalogues containing about 57,000 stars; he superintended the compilation of the British Association's ''Catalogue of 8377 stars'' (published 1845)<ref>{{cite web | last = Ridpath | first = Ian | url=http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/baily.html| title=Francis Baily and the British Association Catalogue}}</ref>; and revised the catalogues of [[Tobias Mayer]], [[Ptolemy]], [[Ulugh Beg]], [[Tycho Brahe]], [[Edmund Halley]] and [[Hevelius]] (''Memoirs R. Astr. Soc.'' iv, xiii.).<ref name="EB1911"/>
The reform of the [[Nautical Almanac]] in 1829 was set on foot by his protests{{discuss}}. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1832.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref> He recommended to the [[British Association]] in 1837, and in great part executed, the reduction of [[Joseph de Lalande]]'s and [[Nicolas de Lacaille]]'s catalogues containing about 57,000{{cn|date=June 2024|reason=This number is way too high}} stars; he superintended the compilation of the British Association's ''Catalogue of 8377 stars'' (''BAC'', published 1845);<ref>{{cite web | last = Ridpath | first = Ian | url=http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/baily.html| title=Francis Baily and the British Association Catalogue}}</ref> and revised the catalogues of [[Tobias Mayer]], [[Ptolemy]], [[Ulugh Beg]], [[Tycho Brahe]], [[Edmund Halley]] and [[Hevelius]] (''Memoirs R. Astr. Soc.'' iv, xiii.).<ref name="EB1911"/>


His observations of "[[Baily's Beads]]", during an annular eclipse of the sun on 15 May 1836, at Inch Bonney in [[Roxburghshire]], started the modern series of eclipse expeditions. The phenomenon, which depends upon the irregular shape of the moon's limb, was so vividly described by him as to attract an unprecedented amount of attention to the total eclipse of 8 July 1842, observed by Baily himself at [[Pavia]].<ref name="EB1911"/>
His observations of "[[Baily's Beads]]", during an annular eclipse of the Sun on 15 May 1836, at Inch Bonney in [[Roxburghshire]], started the modern series of eclipse expeditions. The phenomenon, which depends upon the irregular shape of the Moon's limb, was so vividly described by him as to attract an unprecedented amount of attention to the total eclipse of 8 July 1842, observed by Baily himself at [[Pavia]].<ref name="EB1911"/>


[[File:August_21_2017_solar_eclipse_baily_beads_TLR2.jpg|thumb|[[Baily's beads]] four seconds before totality]]
[[File:August_21_2017_solar_eclipse_baily_beads_TLR2.jpg|thumb|[[Baily's beads]] four seconds before totality ([[Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017|August 21, 2017]])]]


In other work, he completed and discussed [[Henry Foster (scientist)|H. Foster]]'s pendulum experiments, deducing from them an ellipticity for the Earth of 1/289.48 (Memoirs R. Astr. Soc. vii.). This value was corrected for the length of the seconds-pendulum by introducing a neglected element of reduction, and was used, in 1843, in the reconstruction of the standards of length. His laborious operations for determining the mean density of the Earth, carried out by [[Henry Cavendish]]'s method (1838–1842), yielded the authoritative value of 5.66.<ref name="EB1911"/>
In other work, he completed and discussed [[Henry Foster (scientist)|H. Foster]]'s pendulum experiments, deducing from them an ellipticity for the Earth of 1/289.48 (Memoirs R. Astr. Soc. vii.). This value was corrected for the length of the seconds-pendulum by introducing a neglected element of reduction, and was used, in 1843, in the reconstruction of the standards of length. His laborious operations for determining the mean density of the Earth, carried out by [[Henry Cavendish]]'s method (1838–1842), yielded the authoritative value of 5.66.<ref name="EB1911"/>


Baily died in London on 30 August 1844 and was buried in the family vault in [[St Mary's Church, Thatcham|St Mary's Church]] in [[Thatcham]]. His Account of the Rev. [[John Flamsteed]] (1835) is of fundamental importance to the scientific history of that time. It included a republication of the British Catalogue.<ref name="EB1911"/>
Baily died in London on 30 August 1844 and was buried in the family vault in [[St Mary's Church, Thatcham|St Mary's Church]] in [[Thatcham]], [[Berkshire]]. His Account of the Rev. [[John Flamsteed]] (1835) is of fundamental importance to the scientific history of that time. It included a republication of the British Catalogue.<ref name="EB1911"/>


The [[lunar crater]] [[Baily (crater)|Baily]] was named in his honour, as was the rigid and thermally insensitive alloy used to cast the 1855 standard yard (''Baily's metal'', 16 parts copper, 2.5 parts tin, 1 part zinc) and a local primary school in his home town of Thatcham (Francis Baily CofE Primary School).{{cn|date=May 2019}}
The [[lunar crater]] [[Baily (crater)|Baily]] was named in his honour, as was the rigid and thermally insensitive alloy used to cast the 1855 standard yard (''Baily's metal'', 16 parts copper, 2.5 parts tin, 1 part zinc), and a local primary school in the town of Thatcham (Francis Baily CofE Primary School).{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}


==References==
==References==
Line 62: Line 59:
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Dieke | first = Sally H. | title = Baily, Francis | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]] | volume = 1| pages = 402–403 | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons |location = New York |date = 1970 | isbn = 0-684-10114-9 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Dieke | first = Sally H. | title = Baily, Francis | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]] | volume = 1| pages = 402–403 | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons |location = New York |date = 1970 | isbn = 0-684-10114-9 }}
* {{cite journal | author = Herschel, John | title = Memoir of the late Francis Baily | journal = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | date = 1844 | volume = 6 | pages = 89–121 | url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0006//0000089.000.html |bibcode = 1844MNRAS...6...89. | doi = 10.1093/mnras/6.10.89 | authorlink = John Herschel | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | author = Herschel, John | title = Memoir of the late Francis Baily | journal = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | date = 1844 | volume = 6 | pages = 89–121 | url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0006//0000089.000.html |bibcode = 1844MNRAS...6...89. | doi = 10.1093/mnras/6.10.89 | author-link = John Herschel | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal|pmid = 15036924|last=Higgitt|first=Rebekah|publication-date=March 2004|date=Mar 2004|title=Astronomers against Newton.|volume=28|issue=1|periodical=Endeavour|pages=20–4|doi = 10.1016/j.endeavour.2004.01.012}}
* {{cite journal|pmid = 15036924|last=Higgitt|first=Rebekah|publication-date=March 2004|date=Mar 2004|title=Astronomers against Newton.|volume=28|issue=1|periodical=Endeavour|pages=20–24|doi = 10.1016/j.endeavour.2004.01.012}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 69: Line 66:
* {{Cite DNB|wstitle=Baily, Francis |short=x}}
* {{Cite DNB|wstitle=Baily, Francis |short=x}}
* [http://www.davidrumsey.com/detail?id=1-1-26313-1100373&name=Etoiles+fixes+ Map of Etoiles fixes]
* [http://www.davidrumsey.com/detail?id=1-1-26313-1100373&name=Etoiles+fixes+ Map of Etoiles fixes]
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/enwiki/api/volumes/oclc/2747813.html British Association Catalogue of 8377 Stars]
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0001//0000014.000.html Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1827: MNRAS '''1''' (1827) 14]
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0001//0000014.000.html Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1827: MNRAS '''1''' (1827) 14]
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0005//0000248.000.html Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1843: MNRAS '''5''' (1843) 248]
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0005//0000248.000.html Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1843: MNRAS '''5''' (1843) 248]
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[[Category:1774 births]]
[[Category:1774 births]]
[[Category:1844 deaths]]
[[Category:1844 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials in Berkshire]]
[[Category:People from Newbury, Berkshire]]
[[Category:People from Newbury, Berkshire]]
[[Category:People from Thatcham]]
[[Category:People from Thatcham]]
[[Category:English astronomers]]
[[Category:19th-century English astronomers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]

Latest revision as of 05:29, 10 November 2024

For the British electrical engineer, see Francis Gibson Baily. For other people, see Francis Bailey (disambiguation).

Francis Baily
Royal Astronomical Society portrait
Born(1774-04-28)28 April 1774
Newbury, Berkshire, England
Died30 August 1844(1844-08-30) (aged 70)
London, England
Resting placeSt Mary's Church in Thatcham
Known forBaily's beads
President of the Royal Astronomical Society
AwardsGold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1827 & 1843)
Scientific career
FieldsAstronomy

Francis Baily (28 April 1774 – 30 August 1844) was an English astronomer. He is most famous for his observations of "Baily's beads" during a total eclipse of the Sun. Baily was also a major figure in the early history of the Royal Astronomical Society, as one of the founders and as the president four times.

Life

[edit]

Baily was born at Newbury in Berkshire in 1774 to Richard Baily.[1] After a tour in the unsettled parts of North America in 1796–1797, his journal of which was edited by Augustus De Morgan in 1856, Baily entered the London Stock Exchange in 1799. The successive publication of Tables for the Purchasing and Renewing of Leases (1802), of The Doctrine of Interest and Annuities (1808), and The Doctrine of Life-Annuities and Assurances (1810), earned him a high reputation as a writer on life-contingencies; he amassed a fortune through diligence and integrity and retired from business in 1825, to devote himself wholly to astronomy.[2]

Astronomical work

[edit]
On the new method of determining the longitude by the culmination of the moon and stars, 1824

By 1820, Baily had already taken a leading part in the foundation of the Royal Astronomical Society,[3] and he received its Gold Medal in 1827[4] for his preparation of the Society's Catalogue of 2881 stars (Memoirs R. Astr. Soc. ii.).[2] Later, in 1843, he would win the Gold Medal again.[4] He was elected as President of the Royal Astronomical Society four times, with two-year terms each (1825–1827, 1833–1835, 1837–1839 and 1843–1845).[3][page needed][5] No other person has served in the position more than Baily's four times (a record he shares with George Airy), whilst his eight years in the post are a record.[5][page needed]

The reform of the Nautical Almanac in 1829 was set on foot by his protests[discuss]. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1832.[6] He recommended to the British Association in 1837, and in great part executed, the reduction of Joseph de Lalande's and Nicolas de Lacaille's catalogues containing about 57,000[citation needed] stars; he superintended the compilation of the British Association's Catalogue of 8377 stars (BAC, published 1845);[7] and revised the catalogues of Tobias Mayer, Ptolemy, Ulugh Beg, Tycho Brahe, Edmund Halley and Hevelius (Memoirs R. Astr. Soc. iv, xiii.).[2]

His observations of "Baily's Beads", during an annular eclipse of the Sun on 15 May 1836, at Inch Bonney in Roxburghshire, started the modern series of eclipse expeditions. The phenomenon, which depends upon the irregular shape of the Moon's limb, was so vividly described by him as to attract an unprecedented amount of attention to the total eclipse of 8 July 1842, observed by Baily himself at Pavia.[2]

Baily's beads four seconds before totality (August 21, 2017)

In other work, he completed and discussed H. Foster's pendulum experiments, deducing from them an ellipticity for the Earth of 1/289.48 (Memoirs R. Astr. Soc. vii.). This value was corrected for the length of the seconds-pendulum by introducing a neglected element of reduction, and was used, in 1843, in the reconstruction of the standards of length. His laborious operations for determining the mean density of the Earth, carried out by Henry Cavendish's method (1838–1842), yielded the authoritative value of 5.66.[2]

Baily died in London on 30 August 1844 and was buried in the family vault in St Mary's Church in Thatcham, Berkshire. His Account of the Rev. John Flamsteed (1835) is of fundamental importance to the scientific history of that time. It included a republication of the British Catalogue.[2]

The lunar crater Baily was named in his honour, as was the rigid and thermally insensitive alloy used to cast the 1855 standard yard (Baily's metal, 16 parts copper, 2.5 parts tin, 1 part zinc), and a local primary school in the town of Thatcham (Francis Baily CofE Primary School).[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hockey, Thomas (2007). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. p. 8. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_99. ISBN 978-0-387-30400-7. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Baily, Francis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 221. This also cites
    • J. Herschel's Memoir of F. Baily, Esq. (1845), also prefixed to Baily's Journal of a Tour, with a list of his writings (see Further reading).
    • Month. Not. R. Astr. Soc. xiv. 1844.
  3. ^ a b Dreyer, John L. E.; Turner, Herbert H. (1923). History of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1820–1920. Vol. 1. London: Royal Astronomical Society.[page needed]
  4. ^ a b "Gold Medal Winners" (PDF). RAS. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  5. ^ a b "List of Presidents and Dates of Office". A brief history of the RAS. Royal Astronomical Society. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  7. ^ Ridpath, Ian. "Francis Baily and the British Association Catalogue".

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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