Lingua Franca Nova: Difference between revisions

Lingua Franca Nova
Lingua Franca Nova
lingua franca nova
Created by	C. George Boeree
Date	1998
Setting and usage	International auxiliary language
Purpose	International auxiliary language Lingua Franca Nova;
Writing system	Latin, (Cyrillic co-official until 2021)
Sources	based on Romance and Creole languages
Official status
Regulated by	Asosia per Lingua Franca Nova (ALFN)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	lfn
Linguist List	lfn
Glottolog	ling1267
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Lingua Franca Nova (pronounced [ˈliŋgwa ˈfraŋka ˈnova]), abbreviated as LFN and known colloquially as Elefen,^[3] is a constructed international auxiliary language originally created by C. George Boeree of Shippensburg University, Pennsylvania,^[4] and further developed by many of its users. Its vocabulary is based primarily on the Romance languages, namely French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Catalan. Lingua Franca Nova has phonemic spelling based on 22 letters from the Latin script (a Cyrillic script was co-official until 2021).^[5]

The grammar of Lingua Franca Nova is inspired by the Romance creole languages. As most creole languages, Lingua Franca Nova has an extremely simplified grammatical system that is easy to learn.^[6]^[7]

History

Boeree started to design Lingua Franca Nova in 1965,^[1]^[8] with the goal of creating an international auxiliary language simple, coherent and easy to learn for international communication.^[9] He was inspired by the Mediterranean Lingua Franca or "Sabir", a Romance pidgin used by European sailors and merchants as a lingua franca in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11–18th century, and by various creoles such as Papiamento and Haitian Creole. He used French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Catalan as lexifiers.

Lingua Franca Nova was first presented on the internet in 1998.^[1] A Yahoo! Group^[10] was formed in 2002 by Bjorn Madsen, and reached about 300 members who contributed significantly to the further evolution of the language.

In 2005 Stefan Fisahn created a wiki for the language.^[11] The wiki moved to Wikia in 2009,^[12] then was hosted directly on the official website in 2019.^[13]

In 2007, Igor Vasiljevic created a Facebook group, which now has over 600 members.^[14]

LFN was given an ISO 639-3 designation ("lfn") by SIL in January 2008.^[15]

In 2008 Simon Davies started to make important updates to the LFN–English searchable "master" dictionary.^[16] The dictionary is being kept up-to-date in the official website,^[17] with over 20,000 entries, and was even published in printed form in 2018.^[18]

In 2012 a novel entirely translated into Lingua Franca Nova was first published in printed form: La aventuras de Alisia en la pais de mervelias, which is Simon Davies's translation of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.^[19]^[20]

In 2014 a new official website was launched on the "elefen.org" domain: it offers various teaching supports (such as word lists for travellers, complete grammar guides) available in several languages, and hosts a wiki and the searchable official dictionary. Some literary works entirely translated in Lingua Franca Nova are also publicly available on the official website for reading. The website now contains an example conversational dialog: La conversa prima for beginning learners https://www.elefen.org/leteratur/la_conversa_prima.html

On April 18, 2018, Wikipedia in Lingua Franca Nova, called "Vicipedia", was officially launched as a regular Wikipedia project.^[21]

On May 15, 2020 on the Web and on May 10, 2021 in printed form^[22] the first original literary novel written in Lingua Franca Nova was published: La xerca per Pahoa,^[23] by Vicente Costalago.

On January 5, 2021, the language's creator, C. George Boeree, died of pancreatic cancer aged 68.^[24]

Pronunciation and spelling

Phonology

Vowels

Lingua Franca Nova has five vowels like Spanish, Modern Greek, and Modern Hebrew.


	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Mid	e^[a]	o^[b]
Open	a^[c]

^ can also be pronounced [ɛ] or [eɪ]
^ can also be pronounced [ɔ], [oʊ], or [əʊ]
^ can also be pronounced [ɑ]

Consonants


	Labial		Alveolar		Post-alv./ Palatal		Velar/ Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p	b	t	d			k	g
Fricative	f	v	s	z^[a]	ʃ^[b]	ʒ^[c]	(h)^[d]
Approximant			l		j		w
Trill			r

^ can also be pronounced [ts]
^ can also be pronounced [tʃ]
^ can also be pronounced [dʒ]
^ can also be silent

Orthography

LFN is normally written using the Latin alphabet. Its orthography is highly phonemic.

LFN alphabet
Latin script	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	l	m	n	o	p	r	s	t	u	v	x	z
IPA	[a]	[b]	[k]	[d]	[e]	[f]	[ɡ]	[h]	[i], [j]	[ʒ]	[l]	[m]	[n], [ŋ]	[o]	[p]	[r]	[s]	[t]	[u], [w]	[v]	[ʃ]	[z]
Cyrillic script	а	б	к	д	е	ф	г	x	и	ж	л	м	н	о	п	р	с	т	у	в	ш	з
Names	a	be	ce	de	e	ef	ge	hax	i	je	el	em	en	o	pe	er	es	te	u	ve	ex	ze

LFN vowels (a, e, i, o and u) are pronounced as they are in Spanish or Italian^{[dubious – discuss]} (approximately as in bar, bait or bet, beet, boat or ball, and boot). The vowel sounds allow a degree of variation, especially a, e, and o.

Diphthongs are ai [ai], au [au], eu [eu], and oi [oi] (approximately as in my, cow, "eww", and boy).

The letters i and u are used as semivowels ([j] and [w]) at the start of a word before a vowel (e.g. ioga), between vowels (e.g. joia), in li and ni (not in the first syllable of a word) between vowels (e.g. folia), and in cu and gu before a vowel (e.g. acua). The letter n is pronounced as in think ([ŋ]) before g (e.g. longa) and c (e.g. ance), and in -ng at the end of a syllable (e.g. bumerang). The letters a, e, and o may vary in pronunciation with possible allophones being [ɑ], [ɛ] or [eɪ], and [ɔ] or [oʊ]/[əʊ] respectively.

Although stress is not phonemic in LFN, most words are stressed on the vowel or diphthong before the last consonant (e.g. casa, abeon, baia). Words with no vowel before the last consonant are accented on the first vowel (e.g. tio). Words ending in a diphthong are accented on the diphthong (e.g. cacau). Those ending in the double vowels ae, ao, ea, eo, oa, oe, or ui are accented on the first of these vowels (e.g. idea). The addition of -s or -es for plural nouns does not alter the stress.

The phoneme /h/ is highly marginal and may be silent.

The letters k, q, w, and y (ka, qua, wa, and ya) are available for words and names from other languages. Variations in pronunciation are acceptable.

Vocabulary

Sources of lexicon

The lexicon of Lingua Franca Nova is primarily founded on Italo-Western languages: French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan.^[25]

Lingua Franca Nova does not derive the word form in a strictly logical way, but lexicon creators also consider sound beauty and other subjective factors. Generally, if a word is similar in most of source languages, this is adopted.

Of course, each language has spelling and pronunciation variants. Generally, Lingua Franca Nova prefers pronunciation to spelling.

When source languages share a native word from Latin, but they change it in various ways, Lingua Franca Nova prefers the oldest variant, namely a variant similar to Latin. For example:

English	Latin	Italian	Spanish	Portuguese	French	Catalan	LFN
full	pleno	pieno	lleno	pleno	plein	ple	plen
key	clave	chiave	llave	chave	clef	clau	clave
flame	flamma	fiamma	llama	chama	flamme	flama	flama

But when the Latin form does not agree to the phonotactic rules of Lingua Franca Nova, its spelling is adapted (similarly to modern languages, especially Italian):

English	Latin	Italian	Spanish	Portuguese	French	Catalan	LFN
milk	lacte	latte	leche	leite	lait	llet	lete
bed	lecto	letto	lecho	leito	lit	llit	leto
night	nocte	notte	noche	noite	nuit	nit	note

The lexicon of Lingua Franca Nova can accept foreign words being internationally important (for example names of modern nations, main languages, seas and other international geographic entities, important entities from various world cultures). Generally, words are phonetically transcripted, not orthographically (for example, letter c becomes s if the source language pronounces it as a sibilant, tx in words taken from Italian). A lot of exceptions are possible, especially when the pronunciation is uncertain; in such a case, orthography is preferably followed (for example, word "English" is transcribed as engles and not *inglix to retain a more recognizable form).^[26]

Grammar

LFN is an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.

Other than the plural in -s or -es, nouns are invariant. A noun's role in a sentence is determined by word order and prepositions. There are 22 prepositions, such as a (at, to), de (of, from), en (in, into), and con (with).

Nouns are usually preceded by articles (la or un) or other determiners such as esta (this, these), acel (that, those), alga (some), cada (every, each), multe (many, much), and poca (few, little). Possessive determiners, cardinal numerals, and the adjectives bon and mal (good and bad) also precede the noun; ordinal numerals follow the noun. A variety of pronouns are identical to or derived from determiners.

The personal pronouns do not decline for case:

Person		Singular	Plural
1st		me	nos
2nd		tu	vos
3rd	Animate	el	los
	Inanimate	lo	los
	Reflexive	se
	Indefinite	on

The third person singular animate pronoun el is used to refer to people of both sexes and animals; the gendered forms elo (he) and ela (she) are rarely used.^[27] The singular inanimate pronoun lo is used for things and abstract concepts. In the plural, both animate and inanimate referents use the pronoun los. The indefinite pronoun on is used when the referent is an unspecified person, or concerns people in general, similar to the generic you in English.

For the first and second person pronouns, the reflexives are the same as the regular pronouns, and the possessive determiners are mea, nosa, tua, and vosa. Possessive pronouns are formed by using the article la before possessive determiners, e.g. la mea.

Se is the third-person reflexive, singular and plural. The third person possessive determiner, both singular and plural, is sua, and the possessive pronoun is la sua.

Verbs are invariant. The verb alone represents the present tense and the infinitive. Other tenses and moods are indicated by preceding particles:

tense/mood	particle	example	translation
present	-	me vade	I go
past	ia	me ia vade	I went
future	va	me va vade	I will go
conditional	ta	me ta vade	I would go

Adverbs such as ja (already) and auxiliary verbs such as comensa (begin to) are used to add precision. The active participle ends in -nte and the passive participle in -da. They can be used with es (to be) to form a progressive aspect and a passive voice, respectively.

Adjectives are invariant, and adverbs are not distinguished from adjectives. Adjectives follow nouns and adverbs follow verbs but precede adjectives. The comparative is formed with plu or min, the superlative with la plu or la min.

Questions are formed by preceding the sentence with esce or by using one of several "question words", such as cual (what, which), ci (who), do (where), cuando (when), and perce (why).^[28] These same words are also used to introduce subordinate clauses, as are words such as si (if), ce (that), car (because), and afin (so that).

Prepositions include a (at, to), de (of, from), ante (before, in front of), pos (after, behind), etc.

Conjunctions include e (and), o (or), and ma (but).

Affixes

LFN has a small number of regular affixes that help to create new words.

Three suffixes that create nouns are -or, -ador, and -eria, which refer to a person, a device, and a place respectively. They can be added to any noun, adjective, or verb. For example:

carne (meat) + -or > carnor (butcher)
lava + -ador > lavador (washing machine)
flor + -eria > floreria (florist shop)

Another suffix is -i which, added to an adjective and some nouns, means "to become" or "to cause to become". It is also used with names for tools, machines, or supplies with the meaning "to use". For example:

calda (hot) + -i > caldi (to heat)
telefon (telephone) + -i > telefoni (to telephone)

Two more suffixes are -eta, which forms a diminutive version of something, and -on, which forms a augmentative version. (They are not, however, simply synonyms for small and large size or itensity but productive affixes which form new vocabulary.) For example:

bove (cow, cattle) + -eta > boveta (calf)
tela (cloth) + -on > telon (sheet, tablecloth)

There are also three suffixes that turn nouns into adjectives: -al means "pertaining to...," -in means "similar to...," -osa means "full of..." For example:

nasion (nation) + -al > nasional (national)
serpente (serpent) + -in > serpentin (serpentine)
mofo (mold) + -osa > mofosa (moldy)

Other suffixes include -able (-able), -isme (-ism), and -iste (-ist).

There are also several prefixes. Non- means not, re- means again or in the opposite direction, and des- means to undo. For example:

non- + felis (happy) > nonfelis (unhappy)
re- + pone (place) > repone (replace)
des- + infeta (infect) > desinfeta (disinfect)

Other prefixes include pos- (post-), pre- (pre-), supra- (super-), su- (sub-), media- (mid-), vis- (vice-), inter- (inter-), and auto- (auto-, self-)

Compounds of verbs plus objects create nouns:

porta (carry) + candela (candle) > portacandela (candlestick)
pasa (pass) + tempo (time) > pasatempo (pastime)
para (stop) + pluve (rain) > parapluve (umbrella)

Two nouns are rarely joined (as they often are in English), but are linked with de or other prepositions instead:

avia de mar - seabird
casa per avias - birdhouse
xef de polisia - police chief

Literature

A rich literature in Lingua Franca Nova with both original and translated texts exists.

The first original literary novel written in Lingua Franca Nova was La xerca per Pahoa,^[23] by Vicente Costalago, published on May 15, 2020 on the Web and on May 10, 2021 in printed form.^[22]

Here are the main literary works translated into Lingua Franca Nova, all publicly available for reading on the official website:^[29]

Colinas como elefantes blanca ("Hills Like White Elephants") by Ernest Hemingway
Demandas de un laboror lejente (Fragen eines lesenden Arbeiters) by Bertolt Brecht
Frate peti (Little Brother) by Cory Doctorow
La alia de capeles roja ("The Red-Headed League") by Arthur Conan Doyle
La aventuras de Alisia en la pais de mervelias (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) by Lewis Carroll
La cade de la Casa de Usor ("The Fall of the House of Usher") by Edgar Allan Poe
La jigante egoiste ("The Selfish Giant") by Oscar Wilde
La prinse peti (The Little Prince) by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
Leteras de la tera (Letters from the Earth) by Mark Twain
Re Lear (King Lear) by William Shakespeare
Tra la miror, e lo cual Alisia trova a ultra (Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There) by Lewis Carroll
Un canta de natal (A Christmas Carol) by Charles Dickens
Wini-la-Pu (Winnie-the-Pooh) by Alan Alexander Milne

Flag

The flag of Lingua Franca Nova, designed in 2004 by Stefan Fisahn and Beate Hornung, is the main symbol of Lingua Franca Nova and Elefenists.^[30]

The flag is made up of five color strips (blue, green, yellow, orange and red) starting from the bottom-left angle and extending to top and right borders.

It is similar to the flag of Seychelles, a country that has adopted Seychellois Creole as its official language, but uses the colors of a rainbow symbolizing peace. Its shape is meant to call the sunrise to mind.

In the past other flags existed: the first one, originally designed by Boeree and jokingly called "europijon" from the word pun between "pijon" (dove) and "europijin" (europidgin), was inspired by Pablo Picasso's drawing.^{[citation needed]}

Sample texts in LFN

Article 1 from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Tota umanas es naseda como persones libre e egal en dinia e diretos. Los ave razona e consiensa e debe trata lunlotra con la spirito de fratia.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

— Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 1^[31]

Lord's Prayer

Nosa Padre, ci es en la sielo,
ta ce tua nom es santida,
ta ce tua rena veni,
ta ce tua vole aveni, sur la tera como en la sielo.
Dona oji nosa pan dial a nos,
e pardona nosa detas
como nos pardona nosa detores,
e no lasa nos cade en tenta,
ma libri nos de malia.
Amen.
Our Father, who art in heaven,
hallowed be thy name,
thy kingdom come,
thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread,
and forgive us our debts
as we have forgiven our debtors,
and lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil.
Amen.

— Lord's Prayer^[32]

Notes

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Boeree, C. George. "La evolui de elefen". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova). Retrieved 2020-11-09.
^ "Asosia per Lingua Franca Nova". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova).
^ Boeree, C. George (March 2014). "Frequently asked questions". [...] we decided to use the alternative name "Elefen" for the language. Many followers found "Lingua Franca Nova" cumbersome, and "LFN" boring. So, "Elefen" was born [...]
^ "Pennsylvania's dialects are as varied as its downtowns -- and dahntahns". PennLive.com. 29 November 2011.
^ "Frequently asked questions". elefen.org. July 2021.
^ "Elefen - Introduction in English". elefen.org. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
^ Forsyth, Richard Sandes (2012). "In Praise of Fluffy Bunnies" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-09-28.
^ Boeree, C. George. "Istoria de elefen". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova). Retrieved 2020-11-10.
^ Bartlett, Paul O. (2005-11-30). "Conlangs and International Auxiliary Languages". Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ "Lingua Franca Nova (LFN)". Yahoo! Groups. Archived from the original on 2007-01-14.
^ "LinguaFrancaNova" (in Lingua Franca Nova). Archived from the original on 2005-01-21.
^ "Paje xef". Wikia (in Lingua Franca Nova). Archived from the original on 2009-02-19.
^ "xef". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova).
^ "Lingua Franca Nova". Facebook. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
^ ISO designation
^ "Disionario de Lingua Franca Nova a engles" (in Lingua Franca Nova). 2008-04-25. Archived from the original on 2008-04-25.
^ Disionario de Elefen
^ Davies, Simon; Boeree, C. George (2018-07-04). Disionario de Lingua Franca Nova: elefen-engles engles-elefen. Evertype. ISBN 978-1782012177.
^ Eley, Rachel (2012-05-06). "Alice in Hawaiian and six more languages besides". Lewis Carroll Society of North America (LCSNA). Archived from the original on 2012-06-09. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
^ Mithridates (2012-03-21). "A book has been translated into Lingua Franca Nova; can be purchased at amazon.com". Page F30. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ Task on Phabricator
^ ^a ^b Vicente (2021-05-10). "Publica". Prexins (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
^ ^a ^b "La xerca per Pahoa". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova). Archived from the original on 2020-07-17. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
^ "Cornelis George Boeree (1952-2021)" (in Lingua Franca Nova). 2021-01-08. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
^ "Fontes de vocabulo". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova). Retrieved 2020-11-10.
^ "Parolas stranjer". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova). Retrieved 2020-11-10.
^ "Pronouns | Elefen". elefen.org. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
^ Moskovsky, Christo; Libert, Alan (2006). "Questions in Natural and Artificial Languages" (PDF). Journal of Universal Language. No. 7. pp. 65–120. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-01.
^ "Leteratur" (in Lingua Franca Nova).
^ "Flags of Lingua Franca Nova (language)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
^ Boeree, C. George. "Declara universal de diretos umana" (in Lingua Franca Nova). Retrieved 2020-11-14.
^ "Nosa padre". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova). Retrieved 2020-11-11.

Bibliography

Fisahn, Stefan (2005). "Plansprache: Lingua Franca Nova". Contraste. No. 244. p. 12.
Harrison, Richard K. (2008). "Lingua Franca Nova". Invented Languages. No. 1. pp. 30–33.

External links

Official website (in Lingua Franca Nova)
Dictionary
Grammar
Literature (in Lingua Franca Nova)
Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova)
Lingua Franca Nova on Langoland
Swadesh list for Lingua Franca Nova

[25] so be pronounced [ɛ] or [eɪ]

[26] so be pronounced [ɔ], [oʊ], or [əʊ]

[27] so be pronounced [ɑ]

[28] so be pronounced [ts]

[29] so be pronounced [tʃ]

[30] so be pronounced [dʒ]

[31] so be silent

[beginning-1] Boeree, C. George. "La evolui de elefen". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova). Retrieved 2020-11-09.

[2] "Asosia per Lingua Franca Nova". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova).

[3] Boeree, C. George (March 2014). "Frequently asked questions". [...] we decided to use the alternative name "Elefen" for the language. Many followers found "Lingua Franca Nova" cumbersome, and "LFN" boring. So, "Elefen" was born [...]

[4] "Pennsylvania's dialects are as varied as its downtowns -- and dahntahns". PennLive.com. 29 November 2011.

[5] "Frequently asked questions". elefen.org. July 2021.

[6] "Elefen - Introduction in English". elefen.org. Retrieved 2018-05-29.

[Fluffy_Bunnies-7] Forsyth, Richard Sandes (2012). "In Praise of Fluffy Bunnies" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-09-28.

[8] Boeree, C. George. "Istoria de elefen". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova). Retrieved 2020-11-10.

[9] Bartlett, Paul O. (2005-11-30). "Conlangs and International Auxiliary Languages". Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[10] "Lingua Franca Nova (LFN)". Yahoo! Groups. Archived from the original on 2007-01-14.

[11] "LinguaFrancaNova" (in Lingua Franca Nova). Archived from the original on 2005-01-21.

[12] "Paje xef". Wikia (in Lingua Franca Nova). Archived from the original on 2009-02-19.

[13] "xef". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova).

[facebook-14] "Lingua Franca Nova". Facebook. Retrieved 2021-08-03.

[15] ISO designation

[16] "Disionario de Lingua Franca Nova a engles" (in Lingua Franca Nova). 2008-04-25. Archived from the original on 2008-04-25.

[17] Disionario de Elefen

[18] Davies, Simon; Boeree, C. George (2018-07-04). Disionario de Lingua Franca Nova: elefen-engles engles-elefen. Evertype. ISBN 978-1782012177.

[19] Eley, Rachel (2012-05-06). "Alice in Hawaiian and six more languages besides". Lewis Carroll Society of North America (LCSNA). Archived from the original on 2012-06-09. Retrieved 2020-10-12.

[20] Mithridates (2012-03-21). "A book has been translated into Lingua Franca Nova; can be purchased at amazon.com". Page F30. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[21] Task on Phabricator

[laxerca3-22] Vicente (2021-05-10). "Publica". Prexins (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2021-09-20.

[laxerca1-23] "La xerca per Pahoa". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova). Archived from the original on 2020-07-17. Retrieved 2021-09-20.

[24] "Cornelis George Boeree (1952-2021)" (in Lingua Franca Nova). 2021-01-08. Retrieved 2021-01-09.

[32] "Fontes de vocabulo". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova). Retrieved 2020-11-10.

[33] "Parolas stranjer". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova). Retrieved 2020-11-10.

[34] "Pronouns | Elefen". elefen.org. Retrieved 2024-05-13.

[35] Moskovsky, Christo; Libert, Alan (2006). "Questions in Natural and Artificial Languages" (PDF). Journal of Universal Language. No. 7. pp. 65–120. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-01.

[36] "Leteratur" (in Lingua Franca Nova).

[37] "Flags of Lingua Franca Nova (language)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2020-11-15.

[38] Boeree, C. George. "Declara universal de diretos umana" (in Lingua Franca Nova). Retrieved 2020-11-14.

[39] "Nosa padre". Vici de Elefen (in Lingua Franca Nova). Retrieved 2020-11-11.

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v t e Interlanguages
Multiple languages	Cameroon Pidgin+French+English Camfranglais Bengali+Persian+Arabic Dobhashi Italian+Spanish+French+Arab Sabir † English+Chinese+Malay+Tamil Singlish and Manglish Hebrew+Aramaic+German+Slavic Yiddish Chinese+Mongolian+Tibetan Wutun language Chinese+Tagalog+English Hokaglish Malay+Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch Betawi
English	Arabic Arablish Bengali Banglish Czech Czenglish Chinese Chinglish Chinese+Tagalog Hokaglish Danish Danglish Dutch Dunglish Finnish Finglish French Franglais German Denglisch Greek Greeklish Hebrew Heblish, Yeshivish Hindi Hinglish Hong Kong Hungarian Hunglish Irish Béarlachas Italian Itanglese Japanese Engrish, Wasei-eigo, Bonin English Kannada Kanglish Korean Konglish Maltese Maltenglish Malayalam Manglish (Malayalam) Malaysian Manglish Namibia Namlish Polish Poglish Portuguese Porglish/Portuglish Russian Runglish, Solombala English Sicilian Siculish Singaporean Singlish Spanish Spanglish, Llanito Swedish Swenglish Tagalog Taglish/Englog Tamil Tanglish Telugu Tenglish Thai Tinglish Turkish Turklish Urdu Urdish Vietnamese Vinish Visayan Bislish Yiddish Yinglish, Yeshivish See also: English-based creole languages Englishization
Arabic	English Arablish South Sudan local languages Juba Arabic Greek Cypriot Arabic Jordanian+Bengali Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic
Chinese	English Chinglish, Chinese Pidgin English English+Malay+Tamil Singlish and Manglish English+Tagalog Hokaglish Tibetan Daohua Mongolian+Tibetan Wutun language Uyghur Hezhou language Russian Kyakhta Japanese Kyowa-go Inter-topolects Linghua, Shaozhou Tuhua Tai E language Hmongic Maojia dialect Santa Tangwang language Malay+Javanese Baba Malay, Betawi
Dutch	English Dunglish Malay Betawi, Petjo Javanese Javindo
French	Spanish Frespañol/Fragnol Japanese Franponais Occitan Meridional French English Franglais Hebrew Zarphatic Gallo-Italic Franco-Italian
French Sign Language	American Sign Language Bolivian Sign Language, Thai Sign Language, Philippine Sign Language, Malaysian Sign Language
German	Russian Deutschrussisch Spanish Belgranodeutsch English Denglisch Portuguese Hunsrik (when Portuguese-influenced) Hebrew Yiddish Yiddish Lachoudisch
Greek	English Greeklish Hebrew Judeo-Greek Turkish Cappadocian Greek
Hebrew	Arabic languages Judeo-Arabic languages Aramaic languages Judeo-Aramaic languages Iranian languages Judaeo-Iranian languages Romance languages Judaeo-Romance languages German Yiddish Spanish Judaeo-Spanish, Haketia English Heblish, Yinglish, Yeshivish Georgian Judaeo-Georgian Malayalam Judeo-Malayalam Tatar Karaim, Krymchak Slavic Knaanic Greek Yevanic Indic Judeo-Marathi
Italian	English Itanglese Spanish Cocoliche, Lunfardo Portuguese Macaronic Portuguese Croatian Fiuman dialect Hebrew Judeo-Italian
Japanese	English Engrish, Wasei-eigo, Bonin English Portuguese Dekasegi Portuguese French Franponais Chinese Kyowa-go
Malay	Malay trade and creole languages English+Chinese+Tamil Singlish and Manglish Chinese Baba Malay Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch Betawi Sinhalese+Tamil Sri Lankan Malay Ternate Manado Malay, North Moluccan Malay, Ambonese Malay Dutch Petjo Makassarese Makassar Malay
Portuguese	Spanish Portuñol/Portunhol English Porglish/Portuglish Italian languages Macaronic Portuguese Bengali Bengali Portuguese Japanese Dekasegi Portuguese Gallo-Italic languages Talian (when Portuguese-influenced) Hunsrückisch German Hunsrik (when Portuguese-influenced) Bantu languages Cafundó dialect (cupópia), Gira da Tabatinga, Kalunga Hebrew Judeo-Portuguese Southeast Asian languages Macanese Patois
Russian	German Deutschrussisch Ukrainian Surzhyk, Balachka Belarusian Trasianka Norwegian Russenorsk English Runglish, Solombala English Chinese Kyakhta
Scandinavian languages	Danish+English Danglish Norwegian+Russian Russenorsk Norwegian+Spanish Norspañol Norwegian+Swedish Svorsk Swedish+English Swenglish
Spanish	Portuguese Portuñol/Portunhol German Belgranodeutsch English Spanglish, Llanito Italian languages Cocoliche, Lunfardo Gallo-Italic languages Chipilo Galician Castrapo French Frespañol/Fragnol Guarani Jopará Norwegian Norspañol
Tahitian	Te Parau Tinito
Tagalog	Chinese+English Hokaglish English Taglish/Englog Visayan Bisalog
Turkish	English Turklish Greek Cappadocian Greek
Ukrainian	Belarusian West Polesian English Canadian Ukrainian Polish Balak Russian Surzhyk, Balachka
Yiddish	English Heblish, Yinglish, Yeshivish Scots Scots Yiddish German Lachoudisch