Republic of China at the Olympics: Difference between revisions

Republic of China at the
Olympics
Republic of China at the; Olympics
	Flag of the Republic of China
IOC code	ROC
NOC	China National Amateur Athletic Federation (1922–1949)
Medals	Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0
Summer appearances
	1924; 1928; 1932; 1936; 1948;
Other related appearances
	China (1952–); Chinese Taipei (1956–)

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The Republic of China (ROC) took part in the opening ceremony of the 1924 Summer Olympics, but its four athletes, all of whom were tennis players, withdrew from competition.^[3] The ROC participated in its first Olympic Games in 1932 under the name of China.^[4] After the World War II, the ROC competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics. The ROC delegation at the 1948 Summer Games is the only ROC delegation composed of athletes from both mainland China and island of Taiwan in Olympic history. In 1932 and 1936, athletes from the island of Taiwan competed as part of the team of Japan.

After the Chinese Civil War, the ROC retreated to the island of Taiwan in 1949 and People's Republic of China (PRC) established in the mainland China.^[1] A number of IOC actions enabled the IOC to include both the PRC and the ROC in Olympic activities. The 1979 Nagoya Resolution recognised the PRC's Olympic Committee as the Chinese Olympic Committee and allowed the ROC to compete under the deliberately-ambiguous name "Chinese Taipei". The PRC welcomed the Nagoya Resolution and returned to the Games in 1980 while the ROC protested against this decision and boycotted the 1980 Games. The dispute was settled in 1981 as an agreement was signed between the IOC and the ROC's Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee. Based on the 1981 agreement, the ROC has competed under the name of Chinese Taipei since the 1984 Winter Olympics.

Participation

Timeline of participation

Olympic year/s	team
Olympic year/s	Mainland China			Taiwan
1924			(Chine)^[5]^[6]	as part of Japan^[a]
1932–1936		China	(CHN)	as part of Japan^[a]
1948
1952		People's Republic of China (PRC)
1956					Republic of China, Formosa (ROC)
1960					Formosa (RCF)
1964–1968					Taiwan (TWN)
1972–1976					Republic of China (ROC)
1980		People's Republic of China (CHN)
since 1984		People's Republic of China (CHN)			Chinese Taipei (TPE)

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Total		0	0	0	0	–
Games	Athletes	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total	Rank
1924 Paris	^[5]^[6]4	0	0	0	0	–
1932 Los Angeles	1	0	0	0	0	–
1936 Berlin	54	0	0	0	0	–
1948 London	31	0	0	0	0	–

Nagoya Resolution

After the Republic of China (ROC) was denied official representation in the 1976 Summer Olympics, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) passed a resolution to recognize both the PRC's and the ROC's National Olympic Committees (NOC) at the 81st IOC Session held in April 1979.^[7] The resolution specified "all matters pertaining to names, anthems, flags and constitutions will be the subject of studies and agreements which will have to be completed as soon as possible." The IOC Executive Board appointed a three-person working group consisting of First Vice President Mohammed Mzali as the head, and including Alexandru Siperco and Lance Cross. In June 1979, Siperco drew up a draft resolution to recognize the PRC's NOC as the Chinese Olympic Committee and to recognize the ROC's NOC as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee on the condition that the ROC's NOC adopted an anthem and a flag which were different from those of the ROC used then. The Executive Board decided to wait until the October meeting in Nagoya to confirm the draft.

At the Nagoya meeting, the Executive Board passed a resolution known as the Nagoya Resolution. The resolution read as follows:^[8]

Emblem of the PRC approved in 1979

Emblem of the ROC banned in 1979

The Resolution of the Executive Board is:
The People's Republic of China:
Name: Chinese Olympic Committee
NOC anthem, flag and emblem: Flag and anthem of the People's Republic of China. The emblem submitted to and approved by the Executive Board.
Constitution: In order.

Committee based in Taipei:
Name: Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee
NOC anthem, flag and emblem: Other than those used at present and which must be approved by the Executive Board of the I.O.C..
Constitution: To be amended in conformity with I.O.C. Rules by 1st January 1980

Lord Killanin, the president of the IOC, submitted the resolution to 89 IOC members for a postal vote on 26 October 1979.^[9] 81 ballots were received at IOC headquarters. The results of the votes were released on 26 November and the resolution was passed by a vote of 62 to 17, with two abstentions.

The Nagoya Resolution allowed the PRC and the ROC to participate together by designating that the ROC would be identified as "Chinese Taipei" and any identifying flag, anthem, or emblem used in Olympic activities would be without symbolism to show the existence of the ROC and demonstrate its sovereign nation status. The resolution was accomplished under a version of the Olympic Charter that stated that the words "country" or "nation" in the charter could also apply to a "geographical area, district or territory."^[8] The PRC could symbolize Taiwan as a dependent territory of the PRC, and the Olympic committee on Taiwan as a territorial branch of the Chinese Olympic Committee.

1981 agreement

The ROC's NOC and IOC member Henry Hsu refused to recognize the Nagoya Resolution, and filed a series of lawsuits against the IOC for annulment of the resolution in 1979.^[10] The dispute was not settled until the IOC and the ROC's NOC signed an agreement in 1981.^[11] Based on the agreement, the ROC's NOC is recognized as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee and entitled to be treated on the equal footing as other NOCs.

The 1997 revision of the IOC Charter was clarified to define the term "country" as an independent state with international recognition.^[8] A retroactive action to remove recognition of an existing NOC was prohibited by a 1996 IOC Session action. Therefore, the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee preserved its existing status in the IOC. Hong Kong and Macao, two special administrative regions of China, have their own Olympic Committees with different status. The Olympic Committee of Hong Kong was recognized by the IOC since 1951,^[12] whereas the Olympic Committee of Macau failed to be a new member of the IOC given the fact that Macao is not a state.^[13]

Translation of Chinese Taipei

The Nagoya Resolution was officially written in English and French, creating a deliberately ambiguous term "Chinese" that could be interpreted as the sovereign state (e.g. as in "Chinese embassy") or as the culture (e.g. as in "Chinese architecture"). The ROC translated Chinese Taipei as Chunghwa Taipei (simplified Chinese: 中华台北; traditional Chinese: 中華臺北; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Táiběi), however, the PRC translate it as Zhōngguó Táiběi (simplified Chinese: 中国台北; traditional Chinese: 中國臺北).^[8] There was no problem when the ROC and the PRC were involved in the same event in other countries, as the name would be spelled according to the host language. However, the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing resurrected the issue. According to He Zhenliang, the IOC member from the PRC, the ROC refused the "Zhongguo" name interpretation on principle due to the direct implication that the team would be a local part of China. Eventually, the PRC agreed that the ROC name did not imply that there were two Chinas or one China, one Taiwan. In 1989, the two Olympic committees signed a pact in Hong Kong where the PRC agreed to use the ROC's translation in international sports-related occasions hosted in China.^[14]

Notes

^ except Kinmen and Matsu Islands, which have been controlled by China during all Olympics; Taiwan was reclaimed by China in 1945 following her victory against Japan.

References

^ ^a ^b Chan, Gerald (1985). "The "Two-Chinas" Problem and the Olympic Formula". Pacific Affairs. 58 (3): 473–490. doi:10.2307/2759241. JSTOR 2759241. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ "奧會簡介" [Introduction to the Olympic Committee]. Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee (in Chinese). Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français. Les Jeux de la VIII^e Olympiade Paris 1924 – Rapport Officiel (PDF) (in French). Paris: Librairie de France. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2012. 39 seulement s'alignérent, ne représentant plus que 24 nations, la Chine, le Portugal et la Yougoslavie ayant déclaré forfait.
^ "X Olympiad Los Angeles 1932 Official Report" (PDF). LA84 Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ ^a ^b China took part in the Opening Ceremony, but its four athletes (all tennis players) withdrew from competition.
^ ^a ^b M. Avé (ed.). Les Jeux de la VIII^e Olympiade Paris 1924 – Rapport Officiel (PDF) (in French). Paris: Librairie de France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2012. 39 seulement s'alignérent, ne représentant plus que 24 nations, la Chine, le Portugal et la Yougoslavie ayant déclaré forfait.
^ Brownell, Susan (March 2005). Globalization is not a Dinner Party: He Zhenliang and China's 30-Year Struggle for Recognition by the International Olympic Committee. Conference on Globalization and Sport in Historical Context. University of California, San Diego: LA84 Foundation.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brownell, Susan (14 June 2008). "Could China stop Taiwan from coming to the Olympic Games?". History News Network. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ "China and the Five Rings". Olympic Review. 145: 626. November 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ Lin, Catherine Kai-Ping (2008). Nationalism in International Politics: The Republic of China's Sports Foreign Policy-Making and Diplomacy from 1972 to 1981 (PhD). Georgetown University. ProQuest 304642819. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ Ritchie, Joe (24 March 1981). "Taiwan Reaches Accord on Entry Into Olympics". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ "Hong Kong, China". olympics.com. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ "Macao Will Not Join Olympic Committee". Macao Daily Times. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ Lu, Pengqiao (23 May 2017). "China Is Undermining Its Own Taiwan Strategy". The Diplomat. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

External links

"Olympic Results". International Olympic Committee.
"China". Olympedia.com.
"Olympic Analytics/ROC". olympanalyt.com.
"China at the 1932 Summer Olympics". Olympedia.com.
"China at the 1936 Summer Olympics". Olympedia.com.
"China at the 1948 Summer Olympics". Olympedia.com.

[7] xcept Kinmen and Matsu Islands, which have been controlled by China during all Olympics; Taiwan was reclaimed by China in 1945 following her victory against Japan.

[Chan-1] Chan, Gerald (1985). "The "Two-Chinas" Problem and the Olympic Formula". Pacific Affairs. 58 (3): 473–490. doi:10.2307/2759241. JSTOR 2759241. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[2] "奧會簡介" [Introduction to the Olympic Committee]. Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee (in Chinese). Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[3] M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français. Les Jeux de la VIII^e Olympiade Paris 1924 – Rapport Officiel (PDF) (in French). Paris: Librairie de France. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2012. 39 seulement s'alignérent, ne représentant plus que 24 nations, la Chine, le Portugal et la Yougoslavie ayant déclaré forfait.

[4] "X Olympiad Los Angeles 1932 Official Report" (PDF). LA84 Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[Withdrew-5] China took part in the Opening Ceremony, but its four athletes (all tennis players) withdrew from competition.

[Paris_1924-6] M. Avé (ed.). Les Jeux de la VIII^e Olympiade Paris 1924 – Rapport Officiel (PDF) (in French). Paris: Librairie de France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2012. 39 seulement s'alignérent, ne représentant plus que 24 nations, la Chine, le Portugal et la Yougoslavie ayant déclaré forfait.

[Brownell2005-8] Brownell, Susan (March 2005). Globalization is not a Dinner Party: He Zhenliang and China's 30-Year Struggle for Recognition by the International Olympic Committee. Conference on Globalization and Sport in Historical Context. University of California, San Diego: LA84 Foundation.

[Brownell2008-9] Brownell, Susan (14 June 2008). "Could China stop Taiwan from coming to the Olympic Games?". History News Network. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[10] "China and the Five Rings". Olympic Review. 145: 626. November 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[11] Lin, Catherine Kai-Ping (2008). Nationalism in International Politics: The Republic of China's Sports Foreign Policy-Making and Diplomacy from 1972 to 1981 (PhD). Georgetown University. ProQuest 304642819. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[12] Ritchie, Joe (24 March 1981). "Taiwan Reaches Accord on Entry Into Olympics". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[13] "Hong Kong, China". olympics.com. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[14] "Macao Will Not Join Olympic Committee". Macao Daily Times. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[15] Lu, Pengqiao (23 May 2017). "China Is Undermining Its Own Taiwan Strategy". The Diplomat. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Infobox country at games
 | NOC = ROC
+| NOCname = China National Amateur Athletic Federation (1922–1949)<ref name="Chan"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tpenoc.net/info/|title=奧會簡介|trans-title=Introduction to the Olympic Committee|language=zh|website=Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
-| NOCname = Chinese Olympic Committee{{efn|See [[Chinese Olympic Committee#Timeline concerning Olympic recognition]] and [[Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee#History]].}} (1922–1960)<br>Republic of China Olympic Committee{{efn|See [[Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee#History]].}} (1960–1981)
 | games = Olympics
 | year =
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 | app_end_year =
 | summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Republic of China|competition=Summer Olympics|begin_year=1924|end_year=1948}}
-| seealso = {{flagIOC|TPE}} (1956–present)<br>{{flagIOC|CHN|name=People's Republic of China}} (1952–present)
 }}
+The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC) took part in the opening ceremony of the [[1924 Summer Olympics]], but its four athletes, all of whom were tennis players, withdrew from competition.<ref>{{cite book |title=Les Jeux de la VIII<sup>e</sup> Olympiade Paris 1924 – Rapport Officiel |last=M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français |publisher=Librairie de France |location=Paris |language=fr |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf |access-date=16 October 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110505162957/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf| archive-date= 5 May 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| quote=39 seulement s’alignérent, ne représentant plus que 24 nations, la Chine, le Portugal et la Yougoslavie ayant déclaré forfait. |url-status=live}}</ref> The ROC participated in its first Olympic Games in 1932 under the name of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1932/1932s.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707164120/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1932/1932s.pdf|archive-date=7 July 2010|title=X Olympiad Los Angeles 1932 Official Report|website=LA84 Foundation|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> After the [[World War II]], the ROC competed at the [[1948 Summer Olympics]]. The [[Republic of China at the 1948 Summer Olympics|ROC delegation at the 1948 Summer Games]] is the only ROC delegation composed of athletes from both [[mainland China]] and [[island of Taiwan]] in Olympic history. In 1932 and 1936, athletes from the island of Taiwan competed as part of the team of Japan.
-The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC) participated in its first [[1932 Summer Olympic Games|Summer Olympics]] in 1932 under the name of ''China''. After the [[Chinese Civil War]], the ROC [[Retreat of the Government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|retreated]] to the [[island of Taiwan]] in 1949, and only Taiwan-based athletes have competed on its behalf since then. In 1971, the ROC was [[Foreign relations of Taiwan#1971 expulsion from the UN|expelled from the United Nations]], but was permitted to compete under its official name, flag, and anthem in the [[1972 Winter Olympics|1972 Winter]], [[1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Summer]], and [[1976 Winter Olympics]]. It was denied official representation in the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] and [[boycott]]ed it as a result. The 1979 Nagoya Resolution allowed the ROC to compete under the [[Policy of deliberate ambiguity|deliberately-ambiguous]] name "[[Chinese Taipei]]"; it protested against this decision and boycotted the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] as well, but has competed under this name since the [[1984 Winter Olympics]].
+After the [[Chinese Civil War]], the ROC [[Retreat of the Government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|retreated]] to the island of Taiwan in 1949 and [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) established in the mainland China.<ref name="Chan">{{cite journal|last1=Chan|first1=Gerald|date=1985| title=The "Two-Chinas" Problem and the Olympic Formula| url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2759241| journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=58|issue=3|pages=473–490| doi=10.2307/2759241|jstor=2759241|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> A number of [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] actions enabled the IOC to include both the PRC and the ROC in Olympic activities. The 1979 Nagoya Resolution recognised the PRC's Olympic Committee as the [[Chinese Olympic Committee]] and allowed the ROC to compete under the [[Policy of deliberate ambiguity|deliberately-ambiguous]] name "[[Chinese Taipei]]". The PRC welcomed the Nagoya Resolution and returned to the Games in 1980 while the ROC protested against this decision and boycotted the 1980 Games. The dispute was settled in 1981 as an agreement was signed between the IOC and the ROC's [[Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee]]. Based on the 1981 agreement, the ROC has competed under the name of Chinese Taipei since the [[1984 Winter Olympics]].
-The Republic of China took part in the Opening Ceremony of the [[1924 Summer Olympics]], but its four athletes, all of whom were tennis players, withdrew from competition.<ref>{{cite book |title=Les Jeux de la VIII<sup>e</sup> Olympiade Paris 1924 – Rapport Officiel |last=M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français |publisher=Librairie de France |location=Paris |language=fr |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf |access-date=16 October 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110505162957/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf| archive-date= 5 May 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| quote=39 seulement s’alignérent, ne représentant plus que 24 nations, la Chine, le Portugal et la Yougoslavie ayant déclaré forfait. |url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Participation ==
@@ Line 32: / Line 31: @@
 === Timeline of participation ===
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
+{| class = wikitable  style = text-align:left;font-size:90%
 |-
-! Date !! colspan=2| Team
+! rowspan = 2 | Olympic<br>year/s !! colspan = 5 | team
 |-
+! colspan = 3 | [[Mainland China]] !! colspan = 2 | [[Taiwan]]
-| 1924–1948 || colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:moccasin"| {{flagdeco|ROC}} '''China'''
 |-
+| 1924 || style = "text-align:center; border-style: none none none none; background:moccasin" | {{flagdeco|China|1912}} || style = "border-style: none none none none; background:moccasin" | || style = "border-style: none none none none; background:moccasin" | (Chine)<ref name = Withdrew>[[Republic of China at the 1924 Summer Olympics|China]] took part in the Opening Ceremony, but its four athletes (all tennis players) withdrew from competition.</ref><ref name = Paris_1924>{{cite book|title=Les Jeux de la VIII<sup>e</sup> Olympiade Paris 1924 – Rapport Officiel |editor=M. Avé |publisher=Librairie de France |location=Paris |language=fr |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf |access-date=16 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505162957/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2011 |quote=39 seulement s'alignérent, ne représentant plus que 24 nations, la Chine, le Portugal et la Yougoslavie ayant déclaré forfait. |url-status=dead }}</ref> || colspan = 2 rowspan = 2 style = text-align:center | ''as part of {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japan]]''{{efn|except [[Kinmen]] and [[Matsu Islands]], which have been controlled by China during all Olympics; Taiwan was reclaimed by China in 1945 following her victory against Japan.}}
-| 1952 || {{flagdeco|CHN}} [[China at the Olympics|People's Republic of China]] || style="background:darkgray"|
+|-
+| 1932–1936 || rowspan = 2 style = "text-align:center; border-style: none none none none; background:moccasin" | {{flagdeco|China|1928}} || style = "border-style: none none none none; background:moccasin" | China || rowspan = 2 style = "border-style: none none none none; background:moccasin" | (CHN)
+|-
+| 1948 || colspan = 5 style = "border-style: none none none none; background:moccasin" |
+|-
+| 1952 || style = "text-align:center; border-style: solid none solid solid" | {{flagdeco|China}} || colspan = 2 style = "border-style: solid solid solid none" | People's Republic<br>of China (PRC) || colspan = 2 style =  background:darkgray |
 |-
-| 1956 || style="background:darkgray"| || {{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Chinese Taipei at the Olympics|Republic of China]]
+| 1956 || colspan = 3 rowspan = 4 style = background:darkgray | || rowspan = 4 style = "border-style: none none none none" | {{flagdeco|Taiwan}} || style = "text-align:center; border-style: solid solid solid none" | Republic of China, Formosa (ROC)
 |-
-| 1960 || style="background:darkgray"| || {{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Chinese Taipei at the Olympics|Formosa]] (RCF)
+| 1960 || style = "border-style: solid solid solid none" | Formosa (RCF)
 |-
-| 1964–1968 || style="background:darkgray"| || {{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Chinese Taipei at the Olympics|Taiwan]] (TWN)
+| 1964–1968 || style = "border-style: solid solid solid none" | Taiwan (TWN)
 |-
-| 1972–1976 || style="background:darkgray"| || {{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Chinese Taipei at the Olympics|Republic of China]] (ROC)
+| 1972–1976 || style = "border-style: solid solid solid none" | Republic of China (ROC)
 |-
+| 1980 || rowspan = 2 style = "text-align:center; border-style: none none none none" | {{flagdeco|China}} || colspan = 2 rowspan = 2 style = "border-style: none none none none" | [[China at the Olympics|People's Republic of China]] (CHN) || colspan = 2 style =  background:darkgray |
-| 1980 || rowspan=2| {{flagIOCteam|CHN}} || style="background:darkgray"|
 |-
+| since 1984 || style = "text-align:center; border-style: none none solid solid" | {{flagdeco|Chinese Taipei}} || style = "border-style: solid solid none none" | [[Chinese Taipei at the Olympics|Chinese Taipei]] (TPE)
-| 1984– || {{flagIOCteam|TPE}}
 |}
@@ Line 67: / Line 72: @@
 !style="width:4.5em; font-weight:bold;"|[[Olympic medal table|Rank]]
 |-
-|align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1932}} || [[Republic of China at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[1932 Summer Olympics medal table|–]]
+|align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1924}} || style = text-align:right | {{small|<ref name = Withdrew/><ref name = Paris_1924/>}}[[Republic of China at the 1924 Summer Olympics|4]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[1924 Summer Olympics medal table|–]]
 |-
-|align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1936}} || [[Republic of China at the 1936 Summer Olympics|54]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[1936 Summer Olympics medal table|–]]
+|align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1932}} || style = text-align:right | [[Republic of China at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[1932 Summer Olympics medal table|–]]
 |-
-|align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1948}} || [[Republic of China at the 1948 Summer Olympics|31]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[1948 Summer Olympics medal table|–]]
+|align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1936}} || style = text-align:right | [[Republic of China at the 1936 Summer Olympics|54]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[1936 Summer Olympics medal table|–]]
+|-
+|align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1948}} || style = text-align:right | [[Republic of China at the 1948 Summer Olympics|31]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[1948 Summer Olympics medal table|–]]
 |-
 !colspan=2| [[All-time Olympic Games medal table|Total]] !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 !! [[All-time Olympic Games medal table|–]]
@@ Line 79: / Line 86: @@
 ==Nagoya Resolution==
+After the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC) was denied official representation in the 1976 Summer Olympics, the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) passed a resolution to recognize both the [[China|PRC]]'s and the ROC's [[National Olympic Committee]]s (NOC) at the 81st IOC Session held in April 1979.<ref name="Brownell2005">{{cite conference |url=https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll10/id/14310/rec/1 |title=Globalization is not a Dinner Party: He Zhenliang and China's 30-Year Struggle for Recognition by the International Olympic Committee |last1=Brownell |first1=Susan |date=March 2005 |publisher=LA84 Foundation |location=University of California, San Diego |conference=Conference on Globalization and Sport in Historical Context}}</ref> The resolution specified "all matters pertaining to names, anthems, flags and constitutions will be the subject of studies and agreements which will have to be completed as soon as possible." The IOC Executive Board appointed a three-person working group consisting of First Vice President [[Mohammed Mzali]] as the head, and including Alexandru Siperco and [[Lance Cross]]. In June 1979, Siperco drew up a draft resolution to recognize the PRC's NOC as the [[Chinese Olympic Committee]] and to recognize the ROC's NOC as the [[Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee]] on the condition that the ROC's NOC adopted an anthem and a flag which were different from those of the ROC used then. The Executive Board decided to wait until the October meeting in [[Nagoya]] to confirm the draft.
+At the Nagoya meeting, the Executive Board passed a resolution known as the Nagoya Resolution. The resolution read as follows:<ref name="Brownell2008">{{cite web|last1=Brownell|first1=Susan|date=14 June 2008|url=http://hnn.us/article/51398#sthash.04ZCBpL4.dpuf|title=Could China stop Taiwan from coming to the Olympic Games?|website=History News Network|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
-===Overview===
+{{multiple image
-After the ROC was denied official representation in the 1976 Summer Olympics and the PRC was represented in its place, the Nagoya Resolution in 1979 allowed the two teams to participate together by designating that the Republic of China would be identified as ''[[Chinese Taipei]]'' and any identifying flag, anthem, or emblem used in Olympic activities would be without symbolism to show the existence of the ROC and demonstrate its sovereign nation status.<ref name="Brownell2007">http://hnn.us/article/51398#sthash.04ZCBpL4.dpuf; George Mason University History News Network: Susan Brownell, "Could China stop Taiwan from coming to the Olympic Games?"; original source: Minutes of the Executive Board meeting, Nagoya, Japan, 23–25 October 1979, p. 103; viewed August 26, 2014.</ref>
+ | width = 120
+ | image1 = Chinese Olympic Committee logo.svg
+ | caption1 = Emblem of the PRC approved in 1979
+ | image2 = Emblem of ROC Olympic Committee.svg
+ | caption2 = Emblem of the ROC banned in 1979
+}}
+{{Poem quote|text=The Resolution of the Executive Board is:
+The People's Republic of China:
+Name: Chinese Olympic Committee
+NOC anthem, flag and emblem: Flag and anthem of the People's Republic of China. The emblem submitted to and approved by the Executive Board.
+Constitution: In order.
+Committee based in Taipei:
-A number of previous IOC actions enabled the IOC to include both the PRC and the ROC in Olympic activities despite the attempts by the former to argue that the ROC identity be as a subordinate branch of the [[Chinese Olympic Committee|PRC NOC]]. The PRC objected to the [[Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee|ROC NOC]] having that designation because it included the word "national," and the PRC did not recognize it as a nation. The solution to that issue was the [[Olympic Charter|IOC Charter]] provision that a country or nation designation could also include geographical area, district, or territory. The 1997 revision of the IOC charter reinforced the legitimacy of some form of a ROC NOC being recognized, as the IOC Charter (Article 31.1) was clarified to define the term "country" as an independent state with international recognition.<ref name="Brownell2007" />
+Name: Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee
+NOC anthem, flag and emblem: Other than those used at present and which must be approved by the Executive Board of the I.O.C..
-Also, a retroactive action to remove recognition of an existing NOC was prohibited by a 1996 IOC Session action.<ref name="Brownell2007" /> Nevertheless, the PRC sought to equate the status of the ROC NOC with that of the [[Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, China|Hong Kong NOC]] (in line with the PRC's [[Political status of Taiwan#Position of the People.27s Republic of China .28PRC.29|assertion]] that neither Hong Kong nor Taiwan are independent states), and the IOC charter prohibited any subordinate territory from acting on its own without authority from its country's NOC. The ROC NOC reasserted its independent spirit by bidding for the [[2010 Asian Games]] and the Olympic Games. Both were rejected, but the ROC bid for the World Games in Kaohsiung was accepted. It is interesting to understand that according to the policy that the PRC attempted to reinforce, Macau would have the right to an IOC-recognized NOC; nonetheless, despite the ROC and Hong Kong NOC's existence and recognition previous to 1997, [[Sports and Olympic Committee of Macau, China|Macau's NOC]] has never been recognized by the IOC.<ref name="Brownell2007" />
+Constitution: To be amended in conformity with I.O.C. Rules by 1st January 1980
+|multiline=yes
+}}
+[[Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin|Lord Killanin]], the [[president of the International Olympic Committee|president of the IOC]], submitted the resolution to 89 IOC members for a [[postal voting|postal vote]] on 26 October 1979.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/168903/olympic-review-official-publication-of-the-olympic-movement-vol-145-november-1979|title=China and the Five Rings|journal=Olympic Review|volume=145 |page=626|date=November 1979|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> 81 ballots were received at IOC headquarters. The results of the votes were released on 26 November and the resolution was passed by a vote of 62 to 17, with two abstentions.
+The Nagoya Resolution allowed the PRC and the ROC to participate together by designating that the ROC would be identified as "[[Chinese Taipei]]" and any identifying flag, anthem, or emblem used in Olympic activities would be without symbolism to show the existence of the ROC and demonstrate its sovereign nation status. The resolution was accomplished under a version of the [[Olympic Charter]] that stated that the words "country" or "nation" in the charter could also apply to a "geographical area, district or territory."<ref name="Brownell2008"/> The PRC could symbolize Taiwan as a [[dependent territory]] of the PRC, and the Olympic committee on Taiwan as a territorial branch of the Chinese Olympic Committee.
-The ROC NOC took the issue to a [[Chinese Taipei Olympic flag#Court case over IOC decision|Swiss court]], but the case was dismissed.<ref>''The Times'', January 17, 1980</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Taiwan requests meets court folly; Swiss gives Peking go-ahead|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19800116&id=CcspAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3u4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4833,503720|access-date=2011-09-23|newspaper=The Spokesman Review|date=1980-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Swiss court dismisses Taiwan case|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19800116&id=nIQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=CloMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2062,169055|access-date=2011-09-23|newspaper=Bangor Daily News|date=1980-01-16}}</ref>
+===1981 agreement===
-===Resolution language: French and English versus Chinese===
+[[File:Emblem of Chinese Taipei for Olympic games.svg|thumb|Emblem of the [[Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee]]]]
-The Nagoya Resolution was officially written in French and English,<ref>http://www.wfctq1.com/n322/n382/c953251/part/597954.pdf</ref> creating a [[Policy of deliberate ambiguity|deliberately ambiguous]] term ("Chinese") that the PRC could interpret as the sovereign state (e.g. as in "Chinese embassy") while the ROC could interpret as the culture (e.g. as in "Chinese architecture"). However, no such ambiguity exists in Chinese, causing the PRC's Central Propaganda Department<ref name="Brownell2007" /> to translate it as 中国台北 ''Zhōngguó Táiběi'' (literally "Taipei, China") while the ROC translated it as 中華台北 ''Zhōnghuá Táiběi'' (where "Zhonghua" unambiguously refers to the culture, not the state). There was no problem when the ROC and PRC were involved in the same event in other countries, as the name would be spelled according to the host language. However, the [[1990 Asian Games]] in [[Beijing]] resurrected the issue, making its translation in Chinese a quandary.
+The ROC's NOC and IOC member [[Henry Hsu]] refused to recognize the Nagoya Resolution, and filed a series of lawsuits against the IOC for annulment of the resolution in 1979.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Lin|first=Catherine Kai-Ping|date=2008|title=Nationalism in International Politics: The Republic of China's Sports Foreign Policy-Making and Diplomacy from 1972 to 1981|type=PhD|publisher=Georgetown University| url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304642819|access-date=11 July 2022|id={{ProQuest|304642819}} }}</ref> The dispute was not settled until the IOC and the ROC's NOC signed an agreement in 1981.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ritchie |first=Joe |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1981/03/24/taiwan-reaches-accord-on-entry-into-olympics/ae222ac5-df7c-4d2c-accd-aea9e00d8b1c/|title=Taiwan Reaches Accord on Entry Into Olympics|work=The Washington Post|date=24 March 1981|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> Based on the agreement, the ROC's NOC is recognized as the [[Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee]] and entitled to be treated on the equal footing as other NOCs.
+The 1997 revision of the IOC Charter was clarified to define the term "country" as an independent state with international recognition.<ref name="Brownell2008"/> A retroactive action to remove recognition of an existing NOC was prohibited by a 1996 IOC Session action. Therefore, the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee preserved its existing status in the IOC. [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macao]], two [[special administrative regions of China]], have their own Olympic Committees with different status. The [[Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, China|Olympic Committee of Hong Kong]] was recognized by the IOC since 1951,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/hong-kong-china|title=Hong Kong, China|website=olympics.com|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> whereas the [[Sports and Olympic Committee of Macau, China|Olympic Committee of Macau]] failed to be a new member of the IOC given the fact that Macao is not a state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/briefs-macau-will-not-join-olympic-committee.html|title=Macao Will Not Join Olympic Committee|website=Macao Daily Times|date=7 March 2017|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
-According to [[He Zhenliang]], the IOC member from the PRC, during negotiations, the ROC refused the "Zhongguo" name interpretation on principle due to the direct implication that the team would be a local part of China. Eventually, the PRC agreed that the ROC name did not imply that there were [[two Chinas]] or [[One Country on Each Side|one China, one Taiwan]].<ref name="Brownell2007" /> He also stated that due to the language barrier, he was "greatly frustrated" in getting the IOC President to understand the importance of the argument over the one-character difference.
-===Torch relay route===
+===Translation of Chinese Taipei===
+The Nagoya Resolution was officially written in English and French, creating a [[Policy of deliberate ambiguity|deliberately ambiguous]] term "Chinese" that could be interpreted as the sovereign state (e.g. as in "Chinese embassy") or as the culture (e.g. as in "Chinese architecture"). The ROC translated Chinese Taipei as ''Chunghwa Taipei'' ({{zh|s=中华台北 |t=中華臺北|p=Zhōnghuá Táiběi}}), however, the PRC translate it as ''Zhōngguó Táiběi'' ({{zh|s=中国台北|t=中國臺北}}).<ref name="Brownell2008"/> There was no problem when the ROC and the PRC were involved in the same event in other countries, as the name would be spelled according to the host language. However, the [[1990 Asian Games]] in [[Beijing]] resurrected the issue. According to [[He Zhenliang]], the IOC member from the PRC, the ROC refused the "Zhongguo" name interpretation on principle due to the direct implication that the team would be a local part of China. Eventually, the PRC agreed that the ROC name did not imply that there were [[two Chinas]] or [[One Country on Each Side|one China, one Taiwan]]. In 1989, the two Olympic committees signed a pact in Hong Kong where the PRC agreed to use the ROC's translation in international sports-related occasions hosted in China.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lu|first=Pengqiao|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/china-is-undermining-its-own-taiwan-strategy/|title=China Is Undermining Its Own Taiwan Strategy|website=The Diplomat|date=23 May 2017|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
-The ROC sought to differentiate itself from the PRC when the torch relay route was announced for the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]. The ROC insisted that the route both entering and exiting the ROC could not be directly from or to PRC territory, as that might give the impression that the ROC was part of the PRC,<ref name="Brownell2007" /> while the PRC demanded that the ROC's national flag, emblem, or anthem not be used along the relay route. No agreement was reached and so the 2008 torch relay did not include Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ryan |first1=Andrew |title=Taiwan, China Fail to Reach Agreement on Olympic Torch Route |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-09-21-voa11.cfm |website=VOA News |access-date=2020-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109092026/http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-09-21-voa11.cfm |archive-date=2007-11-09 |date=September 21, 2007}}</ref>
 ==Notes==
+{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
-{{notelist}}
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