Halebidu: Difference between revisions

Halebidu

Dwarasamudra
Halebidu Dwarasamudra
Village
	Halebidu Karnataka, India Halebidu Halebidu (India)
	Coordinates: 13°12′57″N 75°59′29″E / 13.2157°N 75.9914°E
Country	India
State	Karnataka
District	Hassan district
Region	Malenadu
Elevation	880 m (2,890 ft)
Population (2011)
• Total	6,458
Time zone	UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN	573121
Telephone code	08172
Website	karnataka.gov.in

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Halebidu (IAST: Haḷēbīḍ, literally "old capital, city, encampment"^[2] or "ruined city"^[3]) is a town located in Hassan District, Karnataka, India. Historically known as Dwarasamudra (also Dorasamudra), Halebidu became the regal capital of the Hoysala Empire in the 11th century CE.^[4]^{[note 1]} In the modern era literature it is sometimes referred to as Halebeedu or Halebid as the phonetic equivalent, a local name after it was damaged and deserted after being ransacked and looted twice by the forces of the Turko-Persian Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Halebidu is home to some of the best examples of Hindu and Jain temples with Hoysala architecture. These show the breadth of Hindu artwork traditions – Shiva, Vishnu, Devi and Vedic deities – fused into the same temple complex, depicted with a diversity of regional heritages, along with inscriptions in scripts from across India. The Hindu temples include Jaina reliefs in its panel. Similarly, the Jaina artwork includes the different Tirthankara as well as a Saraswati within its mantapa. Most notable among the Halebidu monuments are the ornate Hoysalesvara temple, Kedareshwara temple, Jaina Basadi temples, as well as the Hulikere step well (kalyani). These sites are within a kilometer of each other.^[8]^[9]^[10] The Hoysaleshwara Temple remains the only surviving monument in Halebidu.^{[citation needed]}

Location

Halebidu is connected by road to Hassan on SH-21 (30 km), Mysore (150 km) and Mangalore on NH-73 (184 km). It is about 15 kilometers from Belur, another site known for its intricately carved Hoysala era temples.

History

Halebidu is in the midst of a valley east of the Western Ghats(Sahyadri Mountains un Karnataka). It is surrounded by low-lying mountains, boulders and seasonal rivers. This valley is well connected to northern Karnataka, western Andhra Pradesh and northern Tamil Nadu.^[11] Around this region, between the 10th and 14th-century, the Hoysaḷa dynasty came to power, whose history is unclear. By their own 11th and 12th-century inscriptions, they were descendants of the Krishna-Baladeva-roots and the Yadavas of Devagiri. They married into the Kalyana Chalukya Hindu dynasty, known for its temple and art tradition. The reliability of these inscriptions have been questioned as potential mythistory by some historians, who propose that the Hoysalas were a local Hindu family – a hill chief from the Sahyadri hill range of Karnataka remembered for having killed a tiger or a lion, and they seized and over time expanded their power starting in the 10th century.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Halebidu was built anew near a large reservoir by the early Hoysala kings, with support from their governors, merchants, and artisans.^{[note 2]} They greatly excavated and expanded the Dorasamudra reservoir. Major and spectacularly carved Hindu and Jain temples were already complete by the 12th century. Around the city were fort walls, generally tracing a rounded square-like area with an average span of 2.25 kilometers. Inside were four major water reservoirs and many smaller public water tanks. The city life, it major temples and the roads were centered near the Dorasamudra water reservoir. The city several dozen temples, of which only a small set has survived. Three set of temples – Hoysaleswara (twin temple), Jain Basadi (three temples) and Kedareshvara (one temple) – were the largest, more sophisticated in their architecture and artwork, while the rest were simpler.^[11]

To the immediate west of the major Hindu and Jain temples was the Hoysala Palace. This palace stretched south up to the Benne Gudda (lit., butter hill). The palace is completely ruined and gone, with section lost in mounds and fragments found near the Benne Gudda. To the west of the palace was another group of Hindu and Jain temples – the Nagaresvara site, also destroyed whose ruins have been found in mounds. To the north of the original Hoysala city was a Saraswati temple and a Krishna temple, both also ruined and mostly lost. Towards the center and south of the old city were Hucesvara temple and a Rudresvara temple, evidenced by inscriptions and ruins that have been discovered. Four temples in northeastern section have survived – Gudlesvara, Virabhadra, Kumbalesvara and Ranganatha. The western part of the fortified section and beyond the fort were the historic farms that fed the population of the Dorasamudra capital. Roads connected the Hoysala capital to other major towns and pilgrimage sites such as Belur and Pushpagiri.^[11] Numerous inscriptions dating between mid 10th-century to early 13th-century attest to the importance of Dorasamudra to various Hoysala kings.^[17]

After the first invasion and destruction of Dorasamudra in the 14th century, inscriptions suggest that there were attempts to repair the temples, palace and infrastructure in Dorasamudra. As a condition to an end to the invasion, Malik Kafur of Turko-Persian Delhi Sultanate demanded the monarch Veera Ballala III to accept suzerainty of Khalji, pay tribute and provide logistical support to the Sultanate forces seeking to raid and loot the fabled wealth in the Pandya capital of Madurai in Tamil Nadu. Additional waves of wars of destruction and loot from the Turko-Persian Sultanates ended the Hoysala kingdom and Dorasamudra's prosperity as a capital city.^[5]^[6]^[18] For nearly 300 years, Dorasamudra saw no new inscriptions or evidence of political or economic prosperity. A mid 17th-century Nayaka era inscription in Belur thereafter becomes the first to mention "Halebidu". Meanwhile the surviving Hindu and Jain communities continued to support and repair the temples, with evidence of living temples in what is now the northern part of Halibidu.^[19]

Monuments

The major historic monuments in Halebid include:^[20]^[21]

Hoysaleswara Temple – the largest and most elaborate, a twin temple dedicated to Shiva with a major display of reliefs of Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Vedic legends.
Jain temples, Halebidu – three large temples in a row, close to Hoysaleswara, dedicated to Parshvanatha, Shantinatha and Adinatha of Jainism, major monolith Jina statues and intricately carved Saraswati
Kedareshwara Temple, Halebidu – a three sanctum temple dedicated to Shiva, also with a galaxy of reliefs of Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Vedic legends.
Northern group of historic Hindu and Jain temples – much simpler architecture and limited artwork, but living temples with ruins recovered by local community; these include the Gudlesvara, Virabhadra, Kumbalesvara and Ranganatha temples.
Nagaresvara and palace archaeological site – mounds and ruins; excavations of a few mounds have unearthed Hindu and Jain temple structures, idols and scattered parts
Hulikere step well – one of the most sophisticated 12th-century step well in south Karnataka, illustrates the public water infrastructure in erstwhile Hoysala capital
Museum – the park and near the Hoysaleswara temple

Nearby sites

Chennakeshava Temple, Belur – 16 km from Halebidu, Belur was the first capital of the Hoysalas. The Chennakeshava temple is the largest pre-14th century Karnata tradition Hindu temples complex that has survived into the modern age.
Bucesvara Temple, Koravangala – a twin temple near Hassan city that synthesizes the pre-Hoysala traditions of Hindu architecture, includes artwork from all three major Hindu traditions; about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of Halebidu
Nageshvara-Chennakeshava Temple complex, Mosale – another major temple complex that presents Shaivism and Vaishnavism traditions together; about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Halebidu
Veera Narayana Temple, Belavadi – a major three sanctum temples complex, about 25 kilometers from Belur, with beautiful carvings, preserved Vesara superstructure and a galaxy of artwork from all Hindu traditions; about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north of Halebidu
Lakshminarasimha Temple, Javagal – a triple sanctum shrine from the 13th century, with a galaxy of artwork from all Hindu traditions; A Vesara architecture, where the aedicule on the outer walls show many major variants of Dravida and Nagara shikhara (superstructure) styles; it is about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) northeast from Halebidu.
Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli and Someshvara Temple, Haranhalli – a set of Hindu temples from 1234 CE, with a complex two-storey Vesara-architecture, one dedicated to Vishnu avatars and the other to Shiva, but they include major reliefs of Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Shaktism; about 30 kilometres (19 mi) east from Halebidu.
Ishvara Temple, Arasikere – a Vesara and Hoysala architecture Hindu temple for Shiva that illustrates the dome-style Hindu architecture for mandapa built about a hundred years before the first invasion of Delhi Sultanate and the start of Deccan version of the Indo-Islamic architecture. It is about 40 kilometers east-northeast of Halebidu.
Lakshmi Devi Temple, Doddagaddavalli – one of the earliest Hoysala temples, four sanctums and beautifully carved; ; about 18 kilometres (11 mi) south of Halebidu.
Shravanabelagola, Channarayapatna: a major group of many Jain and Hindu monuments; it is about 75 kilometres (47 mi) southeast from Belur on National Highway 75, one of the most important Digambara Jainism pilgrimage site in South India.^[22]
Nuggehalli group of temples – about 80 kilometres (50 mi) to the east of Halebidu, with the Lakshminarasimha temple featuring an ingenious structure that makes three sanctums appear as one sanctum from outside; a Vesara architecture from the 13th century. The other major temple in the village called the Sadasiva Temple, Nuggehalli is a remarkable Hoysala synthesis of north Indian Nagara architecture with South Indian ideas on architecture.^[23]

Gallery

Hoysaleshwara temple, Halebid – the most studied temple in the town
Hoysaleshwara temple
One of the three major Jain temples, Halebid
Kedareshvara temple
Floor plan of the Hoysaleshwar temple – a twin temple
Bahubali monolith at Halebidu
Ganesha relief in the park
One of the two major Nandis
Inscriptions in diverse Indian scripts
Floor plan of the Hulikere water tank built in the 12th-century

Notes

^ Dorasamudra was one of the capitals of the Hoysalas. Governors had their own capital, with temples and infrastructure. Sosavur (Sasapura, Sasakapura) was their first capital. Belur served as another capital for a part of the 12th-century. The king used to relocate and stay for extended periods in other capitals. However, Dorasamudra is repeatedly called as the srimad rajdhani ("most illustrious capital") in inscriptions found in distant parts of the Hoysala kingdom.
^ The Hoysalas built many water reservoirs throughout their realm, a source of their political stability, public support and economic prosperity. Such public infrastructure projects began at least in the 11th-century and continued through the early 13th-century. This is evidenced by the texts of their era and inscriptions found near these reservoirs, water tanks and temples.^[15] They also built canals and completed irrigation projects.^[16]

References

^ "Census Data Handbook Hassan 2011" (PDF). Retrieved 28 July 2023.
^ JF Fleet, Nele-Vidu: Appayana-Vidu, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117-119, JSTOR 25189510
^ Duraiswamy, S. (2004). The Creative Touches of the Chisel. Vijitha Yapa Publications. p. 107. ISBN 978-955-8095-49-2.
^ Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context, Columbia University Press, pp. 44–46
^ ^a ^b Robert Bradnock; Roma Bradnock (2000). India Handbook. McGraw-Hill. p. 959. ISBN 978-0-658-01151-1.
^ ^a ^b Catherine B. Asher (1995). India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia. South Asia. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-945921-42-4.
^ Joan-Pau Rubiés (2002). Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250-1625. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-0-521-52613-5.
^ V Bharne; K Krusche (2014). Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 1–17. ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4.
^ "Adinatha Basti, Halebid | ASI Bengaluru Circle". Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 178.
^ ^a ^b ^c Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context, Columbia University Press
^ Fischel, F.R.S. (2020). Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 34–39. ISBN 978-1-4744-3609-0.
^ Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context, Columbia University Press, pp. 46–49
^ Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 295–302. ISBN 978-81-86526-00-2.
^ Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context, Columbia University Press, pp. 62–67 with footnotes
^ C. P. Rajendran and P. Aravazhi (2011), Ancient canal and stone quarries near Halebidu, Hassan District, Karnataka, Current Science, Vol. 101, No. 8, pp. 987-989, JSTOR 24079259
^ Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context, Columbia University Press, pp. 49–61 with footnotes
^ Joan-Pau Rubiés (2002). Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250-1625. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-0-521-52613-5.
^ Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context, Columbia University Press, pp. 57–62 with footnotes
^ Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 302–406 (compares Halebid architecture with other Hoysala temples). ISBN 978-81-86526-00-2.
^ Gerard Foekema (1996), A Complete Guide to Hoysaḷa Temples, Abhinav, pages 59–65
^ V. K. Subramanian (2003). Art Shrines of Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-81-7017-431-8.
^ Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 372–374. ISBN 978-81-86526-00-2.

External links

Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala – Belur and Halebid, UNESCO World Heritage Sites Pending Application Package
Hoysalesvara Temple, Halebid Archived 26 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
Parsvanatha Basadi, Halebid Archived 18 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
Kedaresvara Temple, Halebid Archived 26 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
Shantinatha Basadi, Halebid Archived 28 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
Step well, Hulikere Halebid Archived 26 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle

[5] Dorasamudra was one of the capitals of the Hoysalas. Governors had their own capital, with temples and infrastructure. Sosavur (Sasapura, Sasakapura) was their first capital. Belur served as another capital for a part of the 12th-century. The king used to relocate and stay for extended periods in other capitals. However, Dorasamudra is repeatedly called as the srimad rajdhani ("most illustrious capital") in inscriptions found in distant parts of the Hoysala kingdom.

[18] The Hoysalas built many water reservoirs throughout their realm, a source of their political stability, public support and economic prosperity. Such public infrastructure projects began at least in the 11th-century and continued through the early 13th-century. This is evidenced by the texts of their era and inscriptions found near these reservoirs, water tanks and temples.^[15] They also built canals and completed irrigation projects.^[16]

[1] "Census Data Handbook Hassan 2011" (PDF). Retrieved 28 July 2023.

[2] JF Fleet, Nele-Vidu: Appayana-Vidu, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117-119, JSTOR 25189510

[3] Duraiswamy, S. (2004). The Creative Touches of the Chisel. Vijitha Yapa Publications. p. 107. ISBN 978-955-8095-49-2.

[4] Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context, Columbia University Press, pp. 44–46

[Bradnock2000p959-6] Robert Bradnock; Roma Bradnock (2000). India Handbook. McGraw-Hill. p. 959. ISBN 978-0-658-01151-1.

[Asher1995p29-7] Catherine B. Asher (1995). India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia. South Asia. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-945921-42-4.

[8] Joan-Pau Rubiés (2002). Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250-1625. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-0-521-52613-5.

[BharneKrusche2014p1-9] V Bharne; K Krusche (2014). Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 1–17. ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4.

[10] "Adinatha Basti, Halebid | ASI Bengaluru Circle". Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.

[Madan-11] Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 178.

[Kasdorf-12] Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context, Columbia University Press

[Fischel-13] Fischel, F.R.S. (2020). Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 34–39. ISBN 978-1-4744-3609-0.

[14] Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context, Columbia University Press, pp. 46–49

[15] Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 295–302. ISBN 978-81-86526-00-2.

[16] Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context, Columbia University Press, pp. 62–67 with footnotes

[17] C. P. Rajendran and P. Aravazhi (2011), Ancient canal and stone quarries near Halebidu, Hassan District, Karnataka, Current Science, Vol. 101, No. 8, pp. 987-989, JSTOR 24079259

[19] Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context, Columbia University Press, pp. 49–61 with footnotes

[20] Joan-Pau Rubiés (2002). Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250-1625. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-0-521-52613-5.

[21] Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context, Columbia University Press, pp. 57–62 with footnotes

[22] Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 302–406 (compares Halebid architecture with other Hoysala temples). ISBN 978-81-86526-00-2.

[23] Gerard Foekema (1996), A Complete Guide to Hoysaḷa Temples, Abhinav, pages 59–65

[Subramanian-24] V. K. Subramanian (2003). Art Shrines of Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-81-7017-431-8.

[25] Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 372–374. ISBN 978-81-86526-00-2.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
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+| other_name         = Dwarasamudra
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+| subdivision_name2  = [[Hassan district]]
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-| population_footnotes            =
+| elevation_m        = 880
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-| population_total                = 8962
+| population_total   = 6458 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/615/download/2108/DH_2011_2920_PART_B_DCHB_HASSAN.pdf|access-date= 28 July 2023|title=Census Data Handbook Hassan 2011}}</ref>
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-| postal_code                     =
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+| postal_code        = 573121
+| area_code_type     = Telephone code
-| area_code                       = 08172
-| website                         = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
+| area_code          = 08172
+| website            = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
-| footnotes                       =
+| footnotes          =
 }}
-'''Halebidu''' ([[IAST]]: Haḷēbīḍ, literally "old capital, city, encampment"<ref>JF Fleet, Nele-Vidu: Appayana-Vidu, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117-119, {{JSTOR|25189510}}</ref> or "ruined city"<ref>{{cite book | last=Duraiswamy | first=S. | title=The Creative Touches of the Chisel | year=2004 | isbn=978-955-8095-49-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cmfAAAAMAAJ | page=107}}</ref>) is a town located in [[Hassan District]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Historically known as Dorasamudra or [[Dwarasamudra]], Halebidu became the regal capital of the [[Hoysala Empire]] in the 11th century CE.<ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 44–46</ref>{{refn|group=note|Dorasamudra was one of the capitals of the Hoysalas. Governors had their own capital, with temples and infrastructure. Sosavur (Sasapura, Sasakapura) was their first capital. Belur served as another capital for a part of the 12th-century. The king used to relocate and stay for extended periods in other capitals. However, Dorasamudra is repeatedly called as the ''srimad rajdhani'' ("most illustrious capital") in inscriptions found in distant parts of the Hoysala kingdom.}} In the modern era literature it is sometimes referred to as '''Halebeedu''' or '''Halebid''' as the phonetic equivalent, a local name after it was damaged and deserted after being [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|ransacked]] and looted twice by the forces of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the 14th century.<ref name="Bradnock2000p959">{{cite book|author1=Robert Bradnock|author2=Roma Bradnock|title=India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hCFDsTbmhoC|year=2000|publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-658-01151-1|page=959}}</ref><ref name="Asher1995p29">{{cite book|author=Catherine B. Asher|title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ |year=1995|publisher=South Asia |isbn=978-0-945921-42-4|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Joan-Pau Rubiés|title=Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250-1625|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adpkHQ9SCq0C |year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52613-5|pages=13–15}}</ref>
+'''Halebidu''' ([[IAST]]: Haḷēbīḍ, literally "old capital, city, encampment"<ref>JF Fleet, Nele-Vidu: Appayana-Vidu, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117-119, {{JSTOR|25189510}}</ref> or "ruined city"<ref>{{cite book | last=Duraiswamy | first=S. | title=The Creative Touches of the Chisel | year=2004 | isbn=978-955-8095-49-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cmfAAAAMAAJ | page=107| publisher=Vijitha Yapa Publications }}</ref>) is a town located in [[Hassan District]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Historically known as '''Dwarasamudra''' (also Dorasamudra), Halebidu became the regal capital of the [[Hoysala Empire]] in the 11th century CE.<ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 44–46</ref>{{refn|group=note|Dorasamudra was one of the capitals of the Hoysalas. Governors had their own capital, with temples and infrastructure. Sosavur (Sasapura, Sasakapura) was their first capital. Belur served as another capital for a part of the 12th-century. The king used to relocate and stay for extended periods in other capitals. However, Dorasamudra is repeatedly called as the ''srimad rajdhani'' ("most illustrious capital") in inscriptions found in distant parts of the Hoysala kingdom.}} In the modern era literature it is sometimes referred to as '''Halebeedu''' or '''Halebid''' as the phonetic equivalent, a local name after it was damaged and deserted after being [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|ransacked]] and looted twice by the forces of the [[Turko-Persian]] [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the 14th century.<ref name="Bradnock2000p959">{{cite book|author1=Robert Bradnock|author2=Roma Bradnock|title=India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hCFDsTbmhoC|year=2000|publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-658-01151-1|page=959}}</ref><ref name="Asher1995p29">{{cite book|author=Catherine B. Asher|title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ |year=1995|publisher=South Asia |isbn=978-0-945921-42-4|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Joan-Pau Rubiés|title=Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250-1625|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adpkHQ9SCq0C |year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52613-5|pages=13–15}}</ref>
-Halebidu is home to some of the best examples of Hindu and Jain temples with [[Hoysala architecture]]. These show the breadth of Hindu artwork traditions – Shiva, Vishnu, Devi and Vedic deities – fused into the same temple complex, depicted with a diversity of regional heritages, along with inscriptions in scripts from South and North India. The Hindu temples include Jaina reliefs in its panel. Similarly, the Jaina artwork includes the different Tirthankara as well as a Saraswati within its  mantapa. Most notable among the Halebidu monuments are the ornate [[Hoysaleswara Temple|Hoysalesvara temple]], Kedareshwara temple, Jaina Basadi temples, as well as the Hulikere step well (''kalyani''). These sites are within a kilometer of each other.<ref name="BharneKrusche2014p1">{{cite book|author1=V Bharne|author2=K Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.gle.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4|pages=1–17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/adinatha-basti-halebid|title=Adinatha Basti, Halebid &#124; ASI Bengaluru Circle}}</ref><ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/178 178]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> The Hoysaleshwara Temple remains the only surviving monument in Halebidu.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
+Halebidu is home to some of the best examples of Hindu and Jain temples with [[Hoysala architecture]]. These show the breadth of Hindu artwork traditions – Shiva, Vishnu, Devi and Vedic deities – fused into the same temple complex, depicted with a diversity of regional heritages, along with inscriptions in scripts from across India. The Hindu temples include Jaina reliefs in its panel. Similarly, the Jaina artwork includes the different Tirthankara as well as a Saraswati within its  mantapa. Most notable among the Halebidu monuments are the ornate [[Hoysaleswara Temple|Hoysalesvara temple]], Kedareshwara temple, Jaina Basadi temples, as well as the Hulikere step well (''kalyani''). These sites are within a kilometer of each other.<ref name="BharneKrusche2014p1">{{cite book|author1=V Bharne|author2=K Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4|pages=1–17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/adinatha-basti-halebid|title=Adinatha Basti, Halebid &#124; ASI Bengaluru Circle|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418145223/http://asibengalurucircle.in/adinatha-basti-halebid|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/178 178]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> The Hoysaleshwara Temple remains the only surviving monument in Halebidu.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
 ==Location==
-Halebidu is connected by road and rail to [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] (30&nbsp;km), [[Mysore]] (150&nbsp;km) and [[Mangalore]] (184&nbsp;km). It is about 15 kilometers from [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], another site known for its intricately carved Hoysala era temples.
+Halebidu is connected by road to [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] on [[State Highway 21 (Karnataka)|SH-21]] (30&nbsp;km), [[Mysore]] (150&nbsp;km) and [[Mangalore]] on [[National Highway 73 (India)|NH-73]] (184&nbsp;km). It is about 15 kilometers from [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], another site known for its intricately carved Hoysala era temples.
 ==History==
-Halebidu is in the midst of a valley east of the Western Ghats. It is surrounded by low-lying mountains, boulders and seasonal rivers. This valley is well connected to northern Karnataka, western Andhra Pradesh and northern Tamil Nadu.<ref name=Kasdorf/> Around this region, between the 10th and 14th-century, the Hoysaḷa dynasty came to power, whose history is unclear. By their own 11th and 12th-century inscriptions, they were descendants of the Krishna-Baladeva-roots and the Yadavas of Maharashtra. They married into the Kalyana Chalukya Hindu dynasty, known for its temple and art tradition. The reliability of these inscriptions have been questioned as potential mythistory by some historians, who propose that the Hoysalas were a local Hindu family – a hill chief from the Western Ghats remembered for having killed a tiger or a lion, and they seized and over time expanded their power starting in the 10th-century.<ref name="Fischel">{{cite book | last=Fischel | first=F.R.S. | title=Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan | publisher=Edinburgh University Press | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-4744-3609-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoxEAAAQBAJ | pages=34–39}}</ref><ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 46–49</ref><ref>{{cite book| author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ | year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2|pages = 295–302 }}</ref>
+Halebidu is in the midst of a valley east of the Western Ghats(Sahyadri Mountains un Karnataka). It is surrounded by low-lying mountains, boulders and seasonal rivers. This valley is well connected to northern Karnataka, western Andhra Pradesh and northern Tamil Nadu.<ref name=Kasdorf/> Around this region, between the 10th and 14th-century, the Hoysaḷa dynasty came to power, whose history is unclear. By their own 11th and 12th-century inscriptions, they were descendants of the Krishna-Baladeva-roots and the Yadavas of Devagiri. They married into the Kalyana Chalukya Hindu dynasty, known for its temple and art tradition. The reliability of these inscriptions have been questioned as potential mythistory by some historians, who propose that the Hoysalas were a local Hindu family – a hill chief from the Sahyadri hill range of Karnataka remembered for having killed a tiger or a lion, and they seized and over time expanded their power starting in the 10th century.<ref name="Fischel">{{cite book | last=Fischel | first=F.R.S. | title=Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan | publisher=Edinburgh University Press | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-4744-3609-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoxEAAAQBAJ | pages=34–39}}</ref><ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 46–49</ref><ref>{{cite book| author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ | year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2|pages = 295–302 }}</ref>
-Halebidu was built anew near a large reservoir by the early Hoysala kings, with support from their governors, merchants, and artisans.{{refn|group=note|The Hoysalas built many water reservoirs throughout their kingdom, a source of their political stability, public support and economic prosperity. Such public infrastructure projects began at least in the 11th-century and continued through the early 13th-century. This is evidenced by the texts of their era and inscriptions found near these reservoirs, water tanks and temples.<ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 62–67 with footnotes</ref> They also built canals and completed irrigation projects.<ref>C. P. Rajendran and P. Aravazhi (2011), ''Ancient canal and stone quarries near Halebidu, Hassan District, Karnataka'', Current Science, Vol. 101, No. 8, pp. 987-989, {{JSTOR|24079259}}</ref>}} They greatly excavated and expanded the Dorasamudra reservoir. Major and spectacularly carved Hindu and Jain temples were already complete by the 12th-century. Around the city were fort walls, generally tracing a rounded square-like area with an average span of 2.25 kilometers. Inside were four major water reservoirs and many smaller public water tanks. The city life, it major temples and the roads were centered near the Dorasamudra water reservoir. The city several dozen temples, of which only a small set has survived. Three set of temples – Hoysaleswara (twin temple), Jain Basadi (three temples) and Kedareshvara (one temple) – were the largest, more sophisticated in their architecture and artwork, while the rest were simpler.<ref name=Kasdorf/>
+Halebidu was built anew near a large reservoir by the early Hoysala kings, with support from their governors, merchants, and artisans.{{refn|group=note|The Hoysalas built many water reservoirs throughout their realm, a source of their political stability, public support and economic prosperity. Such public infrastructure projects began at least in the 11th-century and continued through the early 13th-century. This is evidenced by the texts of their era and inscriptions found near these reservoirs, water tanks and temples.<ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 62–67 with footnotes</ref> They also built canals and completed irrigation projects.<ref>C. P. Rajendran and P. Aravazhi (2011), ''Ancient canal and stone quarries near Halebidu, Hassan District, Karnataka'', Current Science, Vol. 101, No. 8, pp. 987-989, {{JSTOR|24079259}}</ref>}} They greatly excavated and expanded the Dorasamudra reservoir. Major and spectacularly carved Hindu and Jain temples were already complete by the 12th century. Around the city were fort walls, generally tracing a rounded square-like area with an average span of 2.25 kilometers. Inside were four major water reservoirs and many smaller public water tanks. The city life, it major temples and the roads were centered near the Dorasamudra water reservoir. The city several dozen temples, of which only a small set has survived. Three set of temples – Hoysaleswara (twin temple), Jain Basadi (three temples) and Kedareshvara (one temple) – were the largest, more sophisticated in their architecture and artwork, while the rest were simpler.<ref name=Kasdorf/>
 To the immediate west of the major Hindu and Jain temples was the Hoysala Palace. This palace stretched south up to the ''Benne Gudda'' (''lit.'', butter hill). The palace is completely ruined and gone, with section lost in mounds and fragments found near the Benne Gudda. To the west of the palace was another group of Hindu and Jain temples – the Nagaresvara site, also destroyed whose ruins have been found in mounds. To the north of the original Hoysala city was a Saraswati temple and a Krishna temple, both also ruined and mostly lost. Towards the center and south of the old city were Hucesvara temple and a Rudresvara temple, evidenced by inscriptions and ruins that have been discovered. Four temples in northeastern section have survived – Gudlesvara, Virabhadra, Kumbalesvara and Ranganatha. The western part of the fortified section and beyond the fort were the historic farms that fed the population of the Dorasamudra capital. Roads connected the Hoysala capital to other major towns and pilgrimage sites such as Belur and Pushpagiri.<ref name=Kasdorf>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press</ref> Numerous inscriptions dating between mid 10th-century to early 13th-century attest to the importance of Dorasamudra to various Hoysala kings.<ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 49–61 with footnotes</ref>
-After the [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|first invasion]] and destruction of Dorasamudra in the 14th-century, inscriptions suggest that there were attempts to repair the temples, palace and infrastructure in Dorasamudra. As a condition to an end to the invasion, Malik Kafur of Delhi Sultanate demanded king Ballala to accept suzerainty of Khalji, pay tribute and provide logistical support to the Sultanate forces seeking to raid and loot the fabled wealth in the Pandya capital of Madurai in Tamil Nadu. Additional waves of wars of destruction and loot from the Sultanates ended the Hoysala kingdom and Dorasamudra's prosperity as a capital city.<ref name="Bradnock2000p959">{{cite book|author1=Robert Bradnock|author2=Roma Bradnock|title=India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hCFDsTbmhoC|year=2000|publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-658-01151-1|page=959}}</ref><ref name="Asher1995p29">{{cite book|author=Catherine B. Asher|title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ |year=1995|publisher=South Asia |isbn=978-0-945921-42-4|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Joan-Pau Rubiés|title=Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250-1625|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adpkHQ9SCq0C |year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52613-5|pages=13–15}}</ref> For nearly 300 years, Dorasamudra saw no new inscriptions or evidence of political or economic prosperity. A mid 17th-century Nayaka era inscription in Belur thereafter becomes the first to mention "Halebidu". Meanwhile the surviving Hindu and Jain communities continued to support and repair the temples, with evidence of living temples in what is now the northern part of Halibidu.<ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 57–62 with footnotes</ref>
+After the [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|first invasion]] and destruction of Dorasamudra in the 14th century, inscriptions suggest that there were attempts to repair the temples, palace and infrastructure in Dorasamudra. As a condition to an end to the invasion, [[Malik Kafur]] of [[Turko-Persian]] Delhi Sultanate demanded the monarch [[Veera Ballala III]] to accept suzerainty of Khalji, pay tribute and provide logistical support to the Sultanate forces seeking to raid and loot the fabled wealth in the Pandya capital of Madurai in Tamil Nadu. Additional waves of wars of destruction and loot from the [[Turko-Persian]] Sultanates ended the Hoysala kingdom and Dorasamudra's prosperity as a capital city.<ref name="Bradnock2000p959"/><ref name="Asher1995p29"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Joan-Pau Rubiés|title=Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250-1625|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adpkHQ9SCq0C |year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52613-5|pages=13–15}}</ref> For nearly 300 years, Dorasamudra saw no new inscriptions or evidence of political or economic prosperity. A mid 17th-century Nayaka era inscription in Belur thereafter becomes the first to mention "Halebidu". Meanwhile the surviving Hindu and Jain communities continued to support and repair the temples, with evidence of living temples in what is now the northern part of Halibidu.<ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 57–62 with footnotes</ref>
 ==Monuments==
@@ Line 69: / Line 71: @@
 *[[Nageshvara-Chennakeshava Temple complex, Mosale]] – another major temple complex that presents Shaivism and Vaishnavism traditions together; about {{convert|20|km}} northeast of Halebidu
 *[[Veera Narayana Temple, Belavadi]] – a major three sanctum temples complex, about 25 kilometers from Belur, with beautiful carvings, preserved Vesara superstructure and a galaxy of artwork from all Hindu traditions; about {{convert|12|km}} north of Halebidu
-*[[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Javagal]] – a triple sanctum shrine from the 13th-century, with a galaxy of artwork from all Hindu traditions; A Vesara architecture, where the aedicule on the outer walls show many major variants of Dravida and Nagara ''shikhara'' (superstructure) styles; it is about {{Convert|12|km}} northeast from Halebidu.
+*[[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Javagal]] – a triple sanctum shrine from the 13th century, with a galaxy of artwork from all Hindu traditions; A Vesara architecture, where the aedicule on the outer walls show many major variants of Dravida and Nagara ''shikhara'' (superstructure) styles; it is about {{Convert|12|km}} northeast from Halebidu.
 *[[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli]] and [[Someshvara Temple, Haranhalli]] – a set of Hindu temples from 1234 CE, with a complex two-storey Vesara-architecture, one dedicated to Vishnu avatars and the other to Shiva, but they include major reliefs of Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Shaktism; about {{Convert|30|km}} east from Halebidu.
 *[[Ishvara Temple, Arasikere]] – a Vesara and Hoysala architecture Hindu temple for Shiva that illustrates the dome-style Hindu architecture for mandapa built about a hundred years before the first invasion of Delhi Sultanate and the start of Deccan version of the Indo-Islamic architecture. It is about 40 kilometers east-northeast of Halebidu.
 *[[Lakshmi Devi Temple, Doddagaddavalli]] – one of the earliest Hoysala temples, four sanctums and beautifully carved; ; about {{Convert|18|km}} south of Halebidu.
 *[[Shravanabelagola]], Channarayapatna: a major group of many Jain and Hindu monuments; it is about {{convert|75|km}} southeast from Belur on National Highway 75, one of the most important Digambara Jainism pilgrimage site in South India.<ref name=Subramanian>{{cite book|author=V. K. Subramanian|title=Art Shrines of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcMhnC9sYS8C|year=2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-431-8|pages=75–77}}</ref>
-*[[Nuggehalli]] group of temples – about {{convert|80|km}} to the east of Halebidu, with the Lakshminarasimha temple featuring an ingenious structure that makes three sanctums appear as one sanctum from outside; a Vesara architecture from the 13th-century. The other major temple in the village called the [[Sadasiva Temple, Nuggehalli]] is a remarkable Hoysala synthesis of north Indian [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]] architecture with South Indian ideas on architecture.<ref>{{cite book| author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ | year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2|page = 372–374 }}</ref>
+*[[Nuggehalli]] group of temples – about {{convert|80|km}} to the east of Halebidu, with the Lakshminarasimha temple featuring an ingenious structure that makes three sanctums appear as one sanctum from outside; a Vesara architecture from the 13th century. The other major temple in the village called the [[Sadasiva Temple, Nuggehalli]] is a remarkable Hoysala synthesis of north Indian [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]] architecture with South Indian ideas on architecture.<ref>{{cite book| author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ | year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2|pages = 372–374 }}</ref>
 ==Gallery==
@@ Line 106: / Line 108: @@
 {{commons category|Halebidu}}
 *[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5898/ Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala – Belur and Halebid], UNESCO World Heritage Sites Pending Application Package
-*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/hoysalesvara-temple-halebid Hoysalesvara Temple, Halebid], Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
+*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/hoysalesvara-temple-halebid Hoysalesvara Temple, Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826130757/http://asibengalurucircle.in/hoysalesvara-temple-halebid |date=26 August 2021 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
-*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/parsvanatha-basti-halebid Parsvanatha Basadi, Halebid], Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
+*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/parsvanatha-basti-halebid Parsvanatha Basadi, Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222232/http://asibengalurucircle.in/parsvanatha-basti-halebid |date=18 November 2017 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
-*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/kedaresvara-temple-halebid Kedaresvara Temple, Halebid], Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
+*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/kedaresvara-temple-halebid Kedaresvara Temple, Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826130815/http://asibengalurucircle.in/kedaresvara-temple-halebid |date=26 August 2021 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
-*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/shantinatha-basti-halebid Shantinatha Basadi, Halebid], Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
+*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/shantinatha-basti-halebid Shantinatha Basadi, Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128195429/http://asibengalurucircle.in/shantinatha-basti-halebid |date=28 November 2016 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
-*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/kalyani-tank-hulikere-0 Step well, Hulikere Halebid], Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
+*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/kalyani-tank-hulikere-0 Step well, Hulikere Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826130803/http://asibengalurucircle.in/kalyani-tank-hulikere-0 |date=26 August 2021 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
 {{Historical Places in Karnataka}}
@@ Line 124: / Line 126: @@
 [[Category:12th-century Jain temples]]
 [[Category:Colossal Jain statues in India]]
+[[Category:Religious buildings and structures destroyed in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]

v t e Archaeological sites in India
Andhra Pradesh	Amaravati Anupu Bavikonda Bhattiprolu Biccavolu Bojjannakonda Dharanikota Dantapuram Ghantasala, India Goli fort Gooty Gudimallam Lingam Gudiwada Dibba, Vizianagaram Gurramkonda Jaggaiahpet Jwalapuram Kotturu Dhanadibbalu Lepakshi Madakasira Nagarjunakonda Pavurallakonda Penukonda Ramatheertham Salihundam Tadpatri Thotlakonda Undavalli caves Yaganti
Arunachal Pradesh	Bhalukpong Bhismaknagar Gomsi Ita Fort
Assam	Joysagar Kamakhya Hill Maibong
Bihar	Agam Kuan Areraj Barabar Caves Giriyak Stupa Kavadol Kesaria Stupa Kukkutarama Kumhrar Nalanda Rajgir Saptaparni Cave Son Bhandar Caves Vaishali Vikramashila
Chhattisgarh	Sirpur
Goa	Arvalem Caves Chandore
Gujarat	Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park Desalpur Dholavira Dholka City Ghumli Lothal Modhera Rani ki vav Sarkhej Roza Surkotada Talaja Umta Vadnagar
Haryana	Agroha Mound Assandh Asigarh Fort Balu Banawali Bhirrana Farmana Harsh Ka Tila Jhajjar Kanwari Khanak Kunal Lohari Ragho Mangar Bani Mitathal Narnaul Rakhigarhi Siswal Thanesar
Himachal Pradesh	Kangra Fort Masrur Temples
Jammu and Kashmir	Ambaran Awantipura Harwan Martand Sun Temple Parihaspura
Jharkhand	Barwadi Punkhri Belwadag Dalmi Guhiapal Isko Itkhori Kalhua Pahari Rajmahal Nautangwa Sidpa Satpahar
Karnataka	Aihole Badami Bijapur Brahmagiri archaeological site Byse Halebidu Hampi Hirebenkal Kallur archaeological site Kanaganahalli Kupgal petroglyphs Lakkundi Maski Morera Thatte Pattadakal Sanganakallu Shravanabelagola Sudi Watgal
Kerala	Anakkara megalithic necropolis Ariyannur Bekal Fort Cheraman Parambu Chermanangad Chowannur Eyyal Kandanissery Kattakambal Kunnamkulam Muziris Tangasseri Thovarimala Ezhuthupara Ummichipoyil Vizhinjam rock caves
Madhya Pradesh	Dhaba Gwalior Fort Mandu Orchha Panguria, India Sanchi Silhara Talpur Thoban Udaygiri Caves
Maharashtra	Ajanta Caves Bedse Caves Bhaja Caves Daimabad Ellora Caves Ghorawadi Caves Karla Caves Kanheri Caves Kharosa Lenyadri Mansar Nala Sopara Pitalkhora
Odisha	Jaugada Kharligarh Pushpagiri Sisupalgarh
Punjab	Qila Mubarak Rupnagar Sanghol
Sikkim	Rabdentse
Tamil Nadu	Adichanallur Kalugumalai Keelathooval Mahabalipuram Sittanavasal Cave Subrahmanya Temple, Saluvankuppam
Telangana	Alampur Dhulikatta Kolanpaka Nelakondapalli Phanigiri Warangal fort
Tripura	Devtamura Pilak Unakoti
Uttarakhand	Jagatgram Jageshwar
Uttar Pradesh	Ahichatra Bhitargaon Kaushambi Kulpahar Kushinagar Sarnath Shravasti
West Bengal	Bangarh Bharatpur Bishnupur temples Chandraketugarh Deulpota Dihar Gauda Harinarayanpur Jagjivanpur Karnasubarna Kana Moghalmari Pandu Rajar Dhibi Tamralipta Tilpi