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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae}}
{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae}}
{{For|a former name of a genus of larks|Galerida}}
{{About|a genus of plants|a genus of larks formerly named ''Calendula''|Galerida}}{{For|other plants also known as marigolds|Marigold (disambiguation)#Plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Calendula January 2008-1 filtered.jpg
|image=Calendula January 2008-1 filtered.jpg
|image_caption = [[calendula arvensis|field marigold]] (''Calendula arvensis'')
|image_caption=[[Calendula arvensis|field marigold]] (''Calendula arvensis'')
|display_parents = 3
|display_parents=2
|taxon = Calendula
|taxon=Calendula
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision_ranks=Species
|subdivision = See text
|subdivision=See text
|synonyms =
⚫
|}}
*''Calendella'' {{small|Kuntze (1898), nom. superfl.}}
*''Caltha'' {{small|Mill. (1754), nom. illeg.}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30120329-2 ''Calendula'' L.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303212838/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30120329-2 |date=2024-03-03 }} ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</ref>
⚫
}}


'''''Calendula''''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|l|ɛ|n|dj|uː|l|ə}})<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a genus of about 15–20 species<ref name=china>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105062 ''Calendula''.] Flora of China.</ref> of [[Annual plant|annual]] and [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous]] [[plant]]s in the daisy [[family (biology)|family]] [[Asteraceae]] that are often known as marigolds.<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|author-link = Stace, C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| isbn=9780521707725}}</ref>{{rp|771}} They are [[native plant|native]] to southwestern Asia, western Europe, [[Macaronesia]], and the [[Mediterranean]]. (Other plants also known as [[marigold (disambiguation)|marigolds]], are [[Glebionis segetum|corn marigold]], [[Baileya (plant)|desert marigold]], [[Caltha palustris|marsh marigold]], and plants of the genus ''[[Tagetes]]'').
'''''Calendula''''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|l|ɛ|n|dj|uː|l|ə}})<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a genus of about 15–20 species<ref name=china>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105062 ''Calendula''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104017/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105062 |date=2015-04-02 }} Flora of China.</ref> of [[Annual plant|annual]] and [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous]] plants in the daisy [[family (biology)|family]], [[Asteraceae]] that are often known as marigolds.<ref name=Stace>{{cite book |last=Stace |first=C. A.|author-link=Stace, C. A. |year=2010 |title=New Flora of the British Isles |edition=Third |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521707725}}</ref>{{rp|771}} They are native to Europe, North Africa, [[Macaronesia]] and [[West Asia]], and have their center of diversity in the [[Mediterranean Region]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Calendula L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30120329-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=10 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Other plants known as marigolds include [[Glebionis segetum|corn marigold]], [[Baileya (plant)|desert marigold]], [[Caltha palustris|marsh marigold]], and plants of the genus ''[[Tagetes]]''.


The genus name ''Calendula'' is a modern Latin diminutive of ''calendae'', meaning "little calendar", "little clock" or possibly "little weather-glass".<ref name = SOED>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|edition=6th|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0199206872|pages=3804}}</ref> The common name "marigold"<ref name = SOED /> refers to the [[Virgin Mary]].
The genus name ''Calendula'' is a modern Latin diminutive of ''calendae'', meaning "little calendar", "little clock" or possibly "little weather-glass".<ref name=SOED>{{cite book |title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary |edition=6th |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-0199206872 |pages=3804}}</ref> The common name "marigold", a contraction of "Mary's gold"<ref name=SOED /> refers to the [[Virgin Mary]]. The most commonly cultivated and used member of the genus is ''[[Calendula officinalis]]'', the pot marigold. Popular herbal and cosmetic products named "Calendula" invariably derive from ''C.{{nbsp}}officinalis''.
The most commonly cultivated and used member of the genus is ''[[Calendula officinalis]]'', the pot marigold. Popular herbal and cosmetic products named "Calendula" invariably derive from ''C. officinalis''.

''Calendula''{{clarification needed|reason=which species of Calendula?|date=April 2021}} is one of the two [[birth flower]]s for the month of October, the other being ''Cosmos''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Almanac|first=Old Farmer's|title=Birth Month Flowers|url=https://www.almanac.com/content/birth-month-flowers-and-their-meanings|access-date=2021-03-03|website=Old Farmer's Almanac|language=en}}</ref>


==Uses==
==Uses==
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In historic times ''Calendula'' was more often used for magical purposes than medicinal ones. One 16th-century potion containing ''Calendula'' claimed to reveal [[fairies]]. An unmarried woman with two suitors would take a blend of powdered ''Calendula'', [[marjoram]], [[Artemisia (genus)|wormwood]] and [[thyme]] simmered in honey and white wine used as an ointment in a ritual to reveal her true match.<ref name=rodale/>
In historic times ''Calendula'' was more often used for magical purposes than medicinal ones. One 16th-century potion containing ''Calendula'' claimed to reveal [[fairies]]. An unmarried woman with two suitors would take a blend of powdered ''Calendula'', [[marjoram]], [[Artemisia (genus)|wormwood]] and [[thyme]] simmered in honey and white wine used as an ointment in a ritual to reveal her true match.<ref name=rodale/>


Romans and Greeks used the golden ''Calendula'' in many rituals and ceremonies, sometimes wearing crowns or garlands made from the flowers. One of its nicknames is "Mary's Gold," referring to the flowers' use in early Catholic events in some countries. ''Calendula'' flowers are sacred flowers in India and have been used to decorate the statues of Hindu deities since early times.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doctor |first1=Vikram |title=Marigold: The Mexican flower that has become a part of Indian festivals |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/onmyplate/marigold-the-mexican-flower-that-has-become-a-part-of-indian-festivals/ |website=Economic Times Blog |access-date=2 April 2020 |date=20 October 2017}}</ref>
[[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] and [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] used the golden ''Calendula'' in many rituals and ceremonies, sometimes wearing crowns or garlands made from the flowers. One of its nicknames is "Mary's Gold", referring to the flowers' use in early Christian events in some countries. ''Calendula'' flowers are sacred flowers in India and have been used to decorate the statues of [[Hindu deities]] since early times.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doctor |first1=Vikram |title=Marigold: The Mexican flower that has become a part of Indian festivals |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/onmyplate/marigold-the-mexican-flower-that-has-become-a-part-of-indian-festivals/ |website=Economic Times Blog |access-date=2 April 2020 |date=20 October 2017 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501025623/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/onmyplate/marigold-the-mexican-flower-that-has-become-a-part-of-indian-festivals/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


However, the most common use in historic times was culinary, and the plant was used for both its color and its flavor. They were used for [[dumplings]], [[wine]], [[oatmeal]] and [[puddings]]. In [[English cuisine]] ''Calendula'' were often cooked in the same pot with spinach, or used to flavor stewed birds. According to sixteenth-century Englishman [[John Gerard]], every proper soup of [[Dutch cuisine]] in his era would include ''Calendula'' petals.<ref name=rodale/>
The most common use in historic times was culinary, however, and the plant was used for both its color and its flavor. They were used for [[dumplings]], [[wine]], [[oatmeal]] and [[puddings]]. In [[English cuisine]] ''Calendula'' were often cooked in the same pot with spinach, or used to flavor stewed birds. According to sixteenth-century Englishman [[John Gerard]], every proper soup of [[Dutch cuisine]] in his era would include ''Calendula'' petals.<ref name=rodale/>


===Culinary===
===Culinary===
The petals are edible and can be used fresh in salads or dried and used to color cheese or as a substitute for [[saffron]].<ref name=spotlight>[http://www.complete-herbal.com/details/marigold.html Spotlight on Marigold.] The Complete Herbal - Herbs and Herbal Remedies.</ref> It can be used to add color to soups, stews, poultry dishes, [[custard]]s and liquors.<ref name=rodale/>
Also known as "poor man's saffron,"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-03 |title=Calendula Uses (Poor Man's Saffron) - Soothing Spices |url=https://soothingspices.com/calendula-uses-poor-mans-saffron/|access-date=2022-04-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> the petals are edible and can be used fresh in salads or dried and used to color cheese or as a substitute for [[saffron]].<ref name=spotlight>[http://www.complete-herbal.com/details/marigold.html Spotlight on Marigold.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518212908/http://www.complete-herbal.com/details/marigold.html |date=2011-05-18 }} The Complete Herbal - Herbs and Herbal Remedies.</ref> Calendulas have a mildly sweet taste that is slightly bitter, and as it dries these flavors become more intense. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Calendula Flowers |url=https://specialtyproduce.com/produce/Calendula_Flowers_1511.php |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=specialtyproduce.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019221536/https://specialtyproduce.com/produce/Calendula_Flowers_1511.php |url-status=live }}</ref> It can be used to add color to soups, stews, poultry dishes, [[custard]]s and liquors.<ref name=rodale/>


The common name for ''Calendula officinalis'' in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] is 'pot-marigold,' named so because of its use in [[Broth|broths]] and soups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MACHT|first=DAVID I.|title=Calendula or Marigold in Medical History and in Shakespeare|date=1955|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44446726|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=29|issue=6|pages=491–502|jstor=44446726|pmid=13276712|issn=0007-5140}}</ref>
The common name for ''Calendula officinalis'' in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] is 'pot-marigold,' named so because of its use in [[Broth|broths]] and [[Soup|soups]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MACHT |first=DAVID I. |title=Calendula or Marigold in Medical History and in Shakespeare |date=1955 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44446726 |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=491–502 |jstor=44446726 |pmid=13276712 |issn=0007-5140}}</ref>


===Dyes===
===Dyes===
[[Dye]] can be extracted from the flower and produce shades of honey, gold oranges, light browns, and vibrant yellows.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McLaughlin|first=Chris|title=Homemade Calendula Dye|url=https://www.motherearthnews.com/diy/crafting/homemade-calendula-dye-ze0z1801zmos|access-date=2021-03-03|website=Mother Earth News|language=en}}</ref>
[[Dye]] can be extracted from the flower and produce shades of honey, gold, orange, light brown, and vibrant yellow.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Chris |title=Homemade Calendula Dye |url=https://www.motherearthnews.com/diy/crafting/homemade-calendula-dye-ze0z1801zmos|access-date=2021-03-03 |website=Mother Earth News |date=July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
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==Pharmacological effects==
==Pharmacological effects==
''Calendula officinalis'' oil is still used medicinally as an [[anti-inflammatory]] and a remedy for healing wounds.<ref name=okoh>Okoh, O. O., et al. (2008). [http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/viewFile/58699/47025 The effects of drying on the chemical components of essential oils of ''Calendula officinalis'' L.] ''African Journal of Biotechnology'' 7(10) 1500-02.</ref> ''Calendula'' ointments are skin products available for use on minor cuts, burns, and skin irritation;<ref name=NCI>[http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?CdrID=446562 Calendula ointment] entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms</ref> however, evidence of their effectiveness is weak.<ref name=NCI/><ref>{{cite journal | title = Calendula officinalis and Wound Healing: A Systematic Review | author = Matthew J. Leach | date = 2008 | volume = 20 | issue = 8 | journal = Wounds | url = https://www.woundsresearch.com/article/9064 }}</ref>
''Calendula officinalis'' oil is still used medicinally as an [[anti-inflammatory]] and a remedy for healing wounds.<ref name=okoh>Okoh, O. O., et al. (2008). [http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/viewFile/58699/47025 The effects of drying on the chemical components of essential oils of ''Calendula officinalis'' L.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185816/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/viewFile/58699/47025 |date=2013-10-29 }} ''African Journal of Biotechnology'' 7(10) 1500-02.</ref> ''Calendula'' ointments are skin products available for use on minor cuts, burns, and skin irritation;<ref name=NCI>[http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?CdrID=446562 Calendula ointment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419000907/http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?CdrID=446562 |date=2015-04-19 }} entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms</ref> though evidence of their effectiveness is weak.<ref name=NCI/><ref>{{cite journal |title=''Calendula officinalis'' and Wound Healing: A Systematic Review |author=Matthew J. Leach |date=2008 |volume=20 |issue=8 |journal=Wounds |url=https://www.woundsresearch.com/article/9064 |access-date=2019-03-19 |archive-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195546/https://www.woundsresearch.com/article/9064 |url-status=live }}</ref>


Plant pharmacological studies have suggested that ''Calendula'' extracts have antiviral, anti[[genotoxic]], and anti-inflammatory properties ''[[in vitro]]''.<ref name=jim>Jimenez-Medina, E., et al. (2006). A new extract of the plant ''Calendula officinalis'' produces a dual in vitro effect: cytotoxic anti-tumor activity and lymphocyte activation. ''BMC Cancer''. 6:6.</ref> In [[herbalism]], ''Calendula'' in suspension or in tincture is used topically for treating [[Acne vulgaris|acne]], reducing inflammation, controlling bleeding, and soothing irritated tissue.<ref>{{cite journal
Plant pharmacological studies have suggested that ''Calendula'' extracts have antiviral, [[genotoxic|antigenotoxic]], and anti-inflammatory properties ''[[in vitro]]''.<ref name=jim>Jimenez-Medina, E., et al. (2006). A new extract of the plant ''Calendula officinalis'' produces a dual in vitro effect: cytotoxic anti-tumor activity and lymphocyte activation. ''BMC Cancer''. 6:6.</ref> In [[herbalism]], ''Calendula'' in suspension or in tincture is used topically for treating [[Acne vulgaris|acne]], reducing inflammation, controlling bleeding, and soothing irritated tissue.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Results of the clinical examination of an ointment with marigold (''Calendula officinalis'') extract in the treatment of venous leg ulcers |journal=Int J Tissue React |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=101–6 |year=2005 |pmid=16372475 |last1=Duran |first1=V |last2=Matic |first2=M |last3=Jovanovć |first3=M |last4=Mimica |first4=N |last5=Gajinov |first5=Z |last6=Poljacki |first6=M |last7=Boza |first7=P}}</ref><ref name=pom>Pommier, P., et al. (2004). [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/22/8/1447.full.pdf Phase III randomized trial of ''Calendula officinalis'' compared with trolamine for the prevention of acute dermatitis during irradiation for breast cancer.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726045530/http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/22/8/1447.full.pdf |date=2015-07-26 }} ''J Clin Oncol.'' 22(8) 1447-53.</ref>
| title = Results of the clinical examination of an ointment with marigold (''Calendula officinalis'') extract in the treatment of venous leg ulcers
| journal = Int J Tissue React.
| volume = 27
| issue = 3
| pages = 101–6
| year = 2005
| pmid = 16372475
| last1 = Duran
| first1 = V
| last2 =Matic
| first2 =M
| last3 =Jovanovć
| first3 =M
| last4 =Mimica
| first4 =N
| last5 =Gajinov
| first5 =Z
| last6 =Poljacki
| first6 =M
| last7 =Boza
| first7 =P }}</ref><ref name=pom>Pommier, P., et al. (2004). [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/22/8/1447.full.pdf Phase III randomized trial of ''Calendula officinalis'' compared with trolamine for the prevention of acute dermatitis during irradiation for breast cancer.] ''J Clin Oncol.'' 22(8) 1447-53.</ref>
Limited evidence indicates ''Calendula'' cream or ointment is effective in treating [[radiation dermatitis]].<ref>McQuestion, M. (2006). Evidence-based skin care management in radiation therapy. ''Semin Oncol Nurs''. 22 163-73.</ref><ref>Bolderston, A., et al. (2006). The prevention and management of acute skin reactions related to radiation therapy: a systematic review and practice guideline. ''Support Care Cancer''. 14 802-17</ref> Topical application of ''C. officinalis'' ointment has helped to prevent dermatitis and pain; thus reducing the incidence rate of skipped radiation treatments in [[randomized trial]]s.<ref name=pom/>
Limited evidence indicates ''Calendula'' cream or ointment is effective in treating [[radiation dermatitis]].<ref>McQuestion, M. (2006). Evidence-based skin care management in radiation therapy. ''Semin Oncol Nurs''. 22 163-73.</ref><ref>Bolderston, A., et al. (2006). The prevention and management of acute skin reactions related to radiation therapy: a systematic review and practice guideline. ''Support Care Cancer''. 14 802-17</ref> Topical application of ''C. officinalis'' ointment has helped to prevent dermatitis and pain; thus reducing the incidence rate of skipped radiation treatments in [[randomized trial]]s.<ref name=pom/>


''Calendula'' has been used traditionally for abdominal cramps and constipation.<ref name="Bashir S 2006">Bashir S, Janbaz KH, Jabeen Q et al. (2006). Studies on spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities of ''Calendula officinalis'' flowers. ''Phytother Res''. '''20''':906-910.</ref> In experiments with rabbit [[jejunum]], the aqueous-ethanol extract of ''C. officinalis'' flowers was shown to have both spasmolytic and spasmogenic effects, thus providing a scientific rationale for this traditional use.<ref name="Bashir S 2006"/> An aqueous extract of ''C. officinalis'' obtained by a novel extraction method has demonstrated antitumor (cytotoxic) activity and immunomodulatory properties (lymphocyte activation) ''in vitro'', as well as antitumor activity in mice.<ref name=jim/>
''Calendula'' has been used traditionally for abdominal cramps and constipation.<ref name="Bashir S 2006">Bashir S, Janbaz KH, Jabeen Q et al. (2006). Studies on spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities of ''Calendula officinalis'' flowers. ''Phytother Res''. '''20''':906-910.</ref> In experiments with rabbit [[jejunum]], the aqueous-ethanol extract of ''C. officinalis'' flowers was shown to have both spasmolytic and spasmogenic effects, thus providing a scientific rationale for this traditional use.<ref name="Bashir S 2006"/> An aqueous extract of ''C. officinalis'' obtained by a novel extraction method has demonstrated antitumor (cytotoxic) activity and immunomodulatory properties (lymphocyte activation) ''in vitro'', as well as antitumor activity in mice.<ref name=jim/>


''Calendula'' plants are known to cause allergic reactions,<ref name=MSKCC>{{cite web | url = http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/herb/calendula | title = About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products: Calendula | publisher = [[Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 11722485 | year = 2001 | last1 = Reider | first1 = N | last2 = Komericki | first2 = P | last3 = Hausen | first3 = BM | last4 = Fritsch | first4 = P | last5 = Aberer | first5 = W | title = The seamy side of natural medicines: Contact sensitization to arnica (Arnica montana L.) and marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) | volume = 45 | issue = 5 | pages = 269–72 | journal = Contact Dermatitis | doi=10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.450503.x| s2cid = 38613828 }}</ref> and should be avoided during pregnancy.<ref name=MSKCC/>
''Calendula'' plants are known to cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals,<ref name=MSKCC>{{cite web |url=http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/herb/calendula |title=About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products: Calendula |date=19 June 2023 |publisher=[[Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center]] |access-date=25 February 2012 |archive-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404010733/http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/herb/calendula |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11722485 |year=2001 |last1=Reider |first1=N |last2=Komericki |first2=P |last3=Hausen |first3=BM |last4=Fritsch |first4=P |last5=Aberer |first5=W |title=The seamy side of natural medicines: Contact sensitization to arnica (Arnica montana L.) and marigold (''Calendula officinalis''L.) |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=269–72 |journal=Contact Dermatitis |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.450503.x |s2cid=38613828}}</ref> and should be avoided during pregnancy.<ref name=MSKCC/>


==Diversity==
==Diversity==
[[File:Calendula officinalis 01.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Flower of Calendula officinalis]]
[[File:Calendula officinalis 01.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Flower of ''Calendula officinalis'']]
[[File:Calendula-arvensis-by-Zachi-Evenor-IZE11717.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Group of flowers of ''[[Calendula arvensis]]''.]]
[[File:Calendula-arvensis-by-Zachi-Evenor-IZE11717.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Group of flowers of ''[[Calendula arvensis]]''.]]
Species include:<ref>{{cite web |editor=Flann, C| title= Species of ''Calendula''|url=http://compositae.landcareresearch.co.nz/Default.aspx?Page=NameSearch&searchText=Calendula |work= Global Compositae Checklist |access-date=31 March 2011}}</ref>
Species include:<ref>{{cite web |editor=Flann, Christina |title=Search ''Calendula'' |url=https://www.compositae.org/aphia.php?p=search |work=Global Compositae Database (GCD) |access-date=31 March 2011 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924081936/https://compositae.org/aphia.php?p=search |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''[[Calendula arvensis]]'' <small>(Vaill.) L.</small> – field marigold, wild marigold
*''[[Calendula arvensis]]'' <small>(Vaill.) L.</small> – field marigold, wild marigold
*''[[Calendula denticulata]]'' <small>Schousb. ex Willd.</small>
*''[[Calendula denticulata]]'' <small>Schousb. ex Willd.</small>
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==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Flower 2007-3.jpg|''[[Calendula arvensis]]''
Image:Calendula arvensis blossom.jpg|''[[Calendula arvensis]]''
File:Calendula suffruticosa 0037.jpg|''[[Calendula suffruticosa]]'' ssp. ''fulgida''
File:Calendula suffruticosa 0037.jpg|''[[Calendula suffruticosa]]'' subsp. ''fulgida''
Image:Illustration Calendula officinalis0.jpg|''C. officinalis'' from ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'', by Thomé, 1885
Image:Illustration Calendula officinalis0.jpg|''Calendula officinalis'' from ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'', by Thomé, 1885
Image:Calendula officinalis and sky.jpg|''C. officinalis''
Image:Calendula officinalis and sky.jpg|''Calendula officinalis''
File:Calendula maritima 0030.jpg|The endangered ''[[Calendula maritima]]''
File:Calendula maritima 0030.jpg|The endangered ''[[Calendula maritima]]''
File:Calendulaarvensis.jpg|''C. arvensis'' seeds
File:Calendulaarvensis.jpg|''Calendula arvensis'' seeds
Calendula Field Marigold Calendula arvensis.jpg| ''[[Calendula arvensis]]'' in full bloom
Calendula Field Marigold Calendula arvensis.jpg|''[[Calendula arvensis]]'' in full bloom

</gallery>
</gallery>


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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Calenduleae]]
[[Category:Calendula| ]]
[[Category:Asteraceae genera]]
[[Category:Asteraceae genera]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 16:10, 10 November 2024

This article is about a genus of plants. For a genus of larks formerly named Calendula, see Galerida.
For other plants also known as marigolds, see Marigold (disambiguation) § Plants.

Calendula
field marigold (Calendula arvensis)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Calenduleae
Genus: Calendula
L.
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]
  • Calendella Kuntze (1898), nom. superfl.
  • Caltha Mill. (1754), nom. illeg.

Calendula (/kəˈlɛndjuːlə/)[2] is a genus of about 15–20 species[3] of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the daisy family, Asteraceae that are often known as marigolds.[4]: 771  They are native to Europe, North Africa, Macaronesia and West Asia, and have their center of diversity in the Mediterranean Region.[5] Other plants known as marigolds include corn marigold, desert marigold, marsh marigold, and plants of the genus Tagetes.

The genus name Calendula is a modern Latin diminutive of calendae, meaning "little calendar", "little clock" or possibly "little weather-glass".[6] The common name "marigold", a contraction of "Mary's gold"[6] refers to the Virgin Mary. The most commonly cultivated and used member of the genus is Calendula officinalis, the pot marigold. Popular herbal and cosmetic products named "Calendula" invariably derive from C. officinalis.

Uses

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History

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Calendula was not a major medicinal herb but it was used in historic times for headaches, red eye, fever and toothaches. As late as the 17th century Nicholas Culpeper claimed Calendula benefited the heart, but it was not considered an especially efficacious medicine.[7]

In historic times Calendula was more often used for magical purposes than medicinal ones. One 16th-century potion containing Calendula claimed to reveal fairies. An unmarried woman with two suitors would take a blend of powdered Calendula, marjoram, wormwood and thyme simmered in honey and white wine used as an ointment in a ritual to reveal her true match.[7]

Ancient Romans and Greeks used the golden Calendula in many rituals and ceremonies, sometimes wearing crowns or garlands made from the flowers. One of its nicknames is "Mary's Gold", referring to the flowers' use in early Christian events in some countries. Calendula flowers are sacred flowers in India and have been used to decorate the statues of Hindu deities since early times.[8]

The most common use in historic times was culinary, however, and the plant was used for both its color and its flavor. They were used for dumplings, wine, oatmeal and puddings. In English cuisine Calendula were often cooked in the same pot with spinach, or used to flavor stewed birds. According to sixteenth-century Englishman John Gerard, every proper soup of Dutch cuisine in his era would include Calendula petals.[7]

Culinary

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Also known as "poor man's saffron,"[9] the petals are edible and can be used fresh in salads or dried and used to color cheese or as a substitute for saffron.[10] Calendulas have a mildly sweet taste that is slightly bitter, and as it dries these flavors become more intense. [11] It can be used to add color to soups, stews, poultry dishes, custards and liquors.[7]

The common name for Calendula officinalis in Britain is 'pot-marigold,' named so because of its use in broths and soups.[12]

Dyes

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Dye can be extracted from the flower and produce shades of honey, gold, orange, light brown, and vibrant yellow.[13]

Chemistry

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The flowers of C. officinalis contain flavonol glycosides, triterpene oligoglycosides, oleanane-type triterpene glycosides, saponins, and a sesquiterpene glucoside.[14][15]

Pharmacological effects

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Calendula officinalis oil is still used medicinally as an anti-inflammatory and a remedy for healing wounds.[16] Calendula ointments are skin products available for use on minor cuts, burns, and skin irritation;[17] though evidence of their effectiveness is weak.[17][18]

Plant pharmacological studies have suggested that Calendula extracts have antiviral, antigenotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro.[19] In herbalism, Calendula in suspension or in tincture is used topically for treating acne, reducing inflammation, controlling bleeding, and soothing irritated tissue.[20][21] Limited evidence indicates Calendula cream or ointment is effective in treating radiation dermatitis.[22][23] Topical application of C. officinalis ointment has helped to prevent dermatitis and pain; thus reducing the incidence rate of skipped radiation treatments in randomized trials.[21]

Calendula has been used traditionally for abdominal cramps and constipation.[24] In experiments with rabbit jejunum, the aqueous-ethanol extract of C. officinalis flowers was shown to have both spasmolytic and spasmogenic effects, thus providing a scientific rationale for this traditional use.[24] An aqueous extract of C. officinalis obtained by a novel extraction method has demonstrated antitumor (cytotoxic) activity and immunomodulatory properties (lymphocyte activation) in vitro, as well as antitumor activity in mice.[19]

Calendula plants are known to cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals,[25][26] and should be avoided during pregnancy.[25]

Diversity

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Flower of Calendula officinalis
Group of flowers of Calendula arvensis.

Species include:[27]

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References

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  1. ^ Calendula L. Archived 2024-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  3. ^ Calendula. Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine Flora of China.
  4. ^ Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725.
  5. ^ "Calendula L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  6. ^ a b Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (6th ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 978-0199206872.
  7. ^ a b c d Rodale's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs
  8. ^ Doctor, Vikram (20 October 2017). "Marigold: The Mexican flower that has become a part of Indian festivals". Economic Times Blog. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  9. ^ "Calendula Uses (Poor Man's Saffron) - Soothing Spices". 2020-11-03. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  10. ^ Spotlight on Marigold. Archived 2011-05-18 at the Wayback Machine The Complete Herbal - Herbs and Herbal Remedies.
  11. ^ "Calendula Flowers". specialtyproduce.com. Archived from the original on 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  12. ^ MACHT, DAVID I. (1955). "Calendula or Marigold in Medical History and in Shakespeare". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 29 (6): 491–502. ISSN 0007-5140. JSTOR 44446726. PMID 13276712.
  13. ^ McLaughlin, Chris (July 2020). "Homemade Calendula Dye". Mother Earth News. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  14. ^ Ukiya, M., et al. (2006). Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor-promoting, and cytotoxic activities of constituents of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) flowers. J Nat Prod. 69 1692-96.
  15. ^ Yoshikawa, M., et al. (2001). Medicinal flowers. III. Marigold.(1): hypoglycemic, gastric emptying inhibitory, and gastroprotective principles and new oleanane-type triterpene oligolycosides, calendasaponins A, B, C, and D, from Egyptian Calendula officinalis. Chem Pharm Bull. 49 863-70.
  16. ^ Okoh, O. O., et al. (2008). The effects of drying on the chemical components of essential oils of Calendula officinalis L. Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine African Journal of Biotechnology 7(10) 1500-02.
  17. ^ a b Calendula ointment Archived 2015-04-19 at the Wayback Machine entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
  18. ^ Matthew J. Leach (2008). "Calendula officinalis and Wound Healing: A Systematic Review". Wounds. 20 (8). Archived from the original on 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  19. ^ a b Jimenez-Medina, E., et al. (2006). A new extract of the plant Calendula officinalis produces a dual in vitro effect: cytotoxic anti-tumor activity and lymphocyte activation. BMC Cancer. 6:6.
  20. ^ Duran, V; Matic, M; Jovanovć, M; Mimica, N; Gajinov, Z; Poljacki, M; Boza, P (2005). "Results of the clinical examination of an ointment with marigold (Calendula officinalis) extract in the treatment of venous leg ulcers". Int J Tissue React. 27 (3): 101–6. PMID 16372475.
  21. ^ a b Pommier, P., et al. (2004). Phase III randomized trial of Calendula officinalis compared with trolamine for the prevention of acute dermatitis during irradiation for breast cancer. Archived 2015-07-26 at the Wayback Machine J Clin Oncol. 22(8) 1447-53.
  22. ^ McQuestion, M. (2006). Evidence-based skin care management in radiation therapy. Semin Oncol Nurs. 22 163-73.
  23. ^ Bolderston, A., et al. (2006). The prevention and management of acute skin reactions related to radiation therapy: a systematic review and practice guideline. Support Care Cancer. 14 802-17
  24. ^ a b Bashir S, Janbaz KH, Jabeen Q et al. (2006). Studies on spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities of Calendula officinalis flowers. Phytother Res. 20:906-910.
  25. ^ a b "About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products: Calendula". Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  26. ^ Reider, N; Komericki, P; Hausen, BM; Fritsch, P; Aberer, W (2001). "The seamy side of natural medicines: Contact sensitization to arnica (Arnica montana L.) and marigold (Calendula officinalisL.)". Contact Dermatitis. 45 (5): 269–72. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.450503.x. PMID 11722485. S2CID 38613828.
  27. ^ Flann, Christina (ed.). "Search Calendula". Global Compositae Database (GCD). Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
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