Clonewheel organ: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Electronic musical instrument}} |
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[[File:Hammond XB-2 (partial).jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Hammond XB-2 recreates the sound of the vintage electromechanical Hammond organs in a much lighter, smaller keyboard that uses electronic circuits to reproduce the sound of the spinning tonewheels.]] |
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[[File:Hammond XB-2 (partial).jpg|thumb|The Hammond XB-2 recreates the sound of the vintage electromechanical Hammond organs in a much lighter, smaller keyboard that uses electronic circuits to reproduce the sound of the spinning tonewheels.]] |
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A '''clonewheel organ''' is an electronic [[musical instrument]] that emulates (or "[[wikt:clone#Verb|clone]]s") the sound of the electromechanical [[Hammond organ|tonewheel-based organs]] formerly manufactured by [[Hammond organ|Hammond]] from the 1930s to the 1970s. Clonewheel organs generate sounds using [[Solid-state electronics|solid-state]] circuitry or [[computer chip]]s, rather than with heavy mechanical tonewheels, making clonewheel organs much lighter-weight and smaller than vintage Hammonds, and easier to transport to live performances and recording sessions. |
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The phrase "clonewheel" is a |
The phrase "clonewheel" is a play on words in reference to how the original Hammond produces sound through "[[tonewheel]]s". The first generation of clonewheel organs used synthesizer voices, which were not able to accurately reproduce the Hammond sound. In the 1990s and 2000s, clonewheel organs began using [[Sampling (music)|digitally-sampled]] real Hammond sounds or [[digital signal processing]] emulation techniques, which were much better able to capture the nuances of the vintage Hammond sound. {{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} |
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Clonewheel organs can be either electronic keyboard-based instruments such as the [[Korg CX-3]] or the [[Roland VK-7]]; or keyboardless emulation devices, which include [[MIDI]]-compatible [[tone module]]s, such as the E-MU B-3 module and software-based "[[Software synthesizer|virtual synths]]" (such as the B4 by [[Native Instruments]] [discontinued]). To use keyboardless emulation devices, they need to be connected to a [[MIDI keyboard|MIDI keyboard controller]]. |
Clonewheel organs can be either electronic keyboard-based instruments such as the [[Korg CX-3]] or the [[Roland VK-7]]; or keyboardless emulation devices, which include [[MIDI]]-compatible [[tone module]]s, such as the E-MU B-3 module and software-based "[[Software synthesizer|virtual synths]]" (such as the B4 by [[Native Instruments]] [discontinued]). To use keyboardless emulation devices, they need to be connected to a [[MIDI keyboard|MIDI keyboard controller]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{ |
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2014}} |
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===Original electromechanical Hammond=== |
===Original electromechanical Hammond=== |
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[[File:Hammond b3 con leslie 122.jpg|thumb |
[[File:Hammond b3 con leslie 122.jpg|thumb|Typical [[tonewheel organ]] and rotating speaker (Hammond B3 & Leslie). <!-- Transporting a Hammond B3 and a Leslie rotating speaker cabinet to a nightclub gig requires a large van, moving dollies, and several strong people. -->]] |
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<div style="position:relative;top:-3ex;bottom:-3ex;"> |
<div style="position:relative;top:-3ex;bottom:-3ex;"> |
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{{multiple image |direction=horizontal |align=right |
{{multiple image |direction=horizontal |align=right |
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|image1= |
|image1=Hammond-drawbars-plain.svg|width1=108 |caption1=Drawbars |
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|image2= |
|image2=Tonewheel-p.svg |width2=108 |caption2=Tonewheel (right) rotates beneath electro-magnetic pickup (left) |
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}}</div> |
}}</div> |
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{{Main|Hammond organ}} |
{{Main|Hammond organ}} |
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===First "clones"=== |
===First "clones"=== |
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[[File:KORG CX-3 (1980).jpg|thumb|left |
[[File:KORG CX-3 (1980).jpg|thumb|left|[[Korg CX-3]] (1980)<br/>According to journalist Gordon Reid, it "came close to emulating the true depth and passion of a vintage Hammond."<ref name="reid200101">{{cite magazine |
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|last = Reid |
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{{cite journal |
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| |
|first = Gordon |
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|title = Korg CX3 |
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|url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan01/articles/korgcx3.asp |
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|magazine = [[Sound on Sound]] |
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|issue = January 2001 |
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|access-date = 30 July 2013 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150218200144/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan01/articles/korgcx3.asp |
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}}</ref>]] |
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|archive-date = 18 February 2015 |
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}}</ref>]] |
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Transporting the heavy Hammond organ, bass pedalboard (a B-3 organ, bench and pedalboard weighs 425 pounds/193 kg) and Leslie speaker cabinets to performance venues makes it cumbersome for artists to tour with a vintage electromechanical organ. As well, the Hammond, as with all vintage electromechanical instruments, faces the risk of technical problems with the tonewheels or electric motor, which may be difficult to resolve in a touring situation. As such, there was a strong demand amongst musicians for a way of recreating the Hammond sound in a more portable, reliable fashion. |
Transporting the heavy Hammond organ, bass pedalboard (a B-3 organ, bench and pedalboard weighs 425 pounds/193 kg) and Leslie speaker cabinets to performance venues makes it cumbersome for artists to tour with a vintage electromechanical organ. As well, the Hammond, as with all vintage electromechanical instruments, faces the risk of technical problems with the tonewheels or electric motor, which may be difficult to resolve in a touring situation. As such, there was a strong demand amongst musicians for a way of recreating the Hammond sound in a more portable, reliable fashion. |
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===1990s and 2000s=== |
===1990s and 2000s=== |
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[[File:Nord Electro2 61keys.jpg|thumb|left |
[[File:Nord Electro2 61keys.jpg|thumb|left|The NordElectro2 reproduces the sound of the Hammond organ and several other electromechanical instruments. Unlike most "clonewheel" instruments, the Nord does not have sliding drawbars. Instead, the player presses buttons which light up a row of LEDs to indicate the drawbar setting.]] |
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By the 1990s and 2000s [[digital signal processing]] and [[sampling (music)|sampling]] technologies allowed for better imitation of the original Hammond sound, and a variety of electronic organs, emulator devices, and synthesizers provided an accurate reproduction of the Hammond tone, such as the [[Kurzweil Music Systems#K2xxx synthesizers|Kurzweil K2600]] and Clavia [[Nord Electro]] keyboard. [[Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation|Hammond Suzuki USA]] currently markets numerous home, church, and professional models that digitally reproduce the sound of vintage Hammond tonewheel organs. Some sophisticated emulation devices have algorithms that recreate many of the nuances of vintage Hammonds, such as the "crosstalk" or "leakage" between tonewheels, the sound of dirty key contacts, key click, a growling tube amplifier, and digital simulations of the rotating Leslie speaker cabinet. |
By the 1990s and 2000s [[digital signal processing]] and [[sampling (music)|sampling]] technologies allowed for better imitation of the original Hammond sound, and a variety of electronic organs, emulator devices, and synthesizers provided an accurate reproduction of the Hammond tone, such as the [[Kurzweil Music Systems#K2xxx synthesizers|Kurzweil K2600]] and Clavia [[Nord Electro]] keyboard. [[Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation|Hammond Suzuki USA]] currently markets numerous home, church, and professional models that digitally reproduce the sound of vintage Hammond tonewheel organs. Some sophisticated emulation devices have algorithms that recreate many of the nuances of vintage Hammonds, such as the "crosstalk" or "leakage" between tonewheels, the sound of dirty key contacts, key click, a growling tube amplifier, and digital simulations of the rotating Leslie speaker cabinet. |
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[[File:Roland VK-7.JPG|thumb |
[[File:Roland VK-7.JPG|thumb|Roland VK-7 (1997)<br/>Even though the VK-7 recreates the Hammond sound using electronic circuits, the instrument gives a nod to the traditional heritage of the Hammond by using a wooden case.]] |
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Currently, there are numerous B-3 "clones" on the market, which range from full-size, dual keyboard behemoths with real Leslie cabinets from Hammond Suzuki (which can cost over $10,000 US), to inexpensive [[Casio]] WK series home keyboards that have a digitally-recreated "tonewheel organ" function (which are available for less than $400 US). In between are numerous keyboard-based models from Hammond, Korg, Roland, Clavia (Nord Series), rack-mounted modules, and software-based "virtual synths" (such as the B4 by Native Instruments) which provide simulations of the B-3 sound. There is even a model by the Pari.E company which uses a modern version of the classic Hammond tonewheels, not a digital simulation. |
Currently, there are numerous B-3 "clones" on the market, which range from full-size, dual keyboard behemoths with real Leslie cabinets from Hammond Suzuki (which can cost over $10,000 US), to inexpensive [[Casio]] WK series home keyboards that have a digitally-recreated "tonewheel organ" function (which are available for less than $400 US). In between are numerous keyboard-based models from Hammond, Korg, Roland, Clavia (Nord Series), rack-mounted modules, and software-based "virtual synths" (such as the B4 by Native Instruments) which provide simulations of the B-3 sound. There is even a model by the Pari.E company which uses a modern version of the classic Hammond tonewheels, not a digital simulation. |
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The use of Hammond clones and the merits of using clones versus the vintage electromechanical Hammond is the subject of lively debate amongst musicians. The argument that digital simulations cannot recreate the complex interplay of variables that create the "Hammond sound" (tonewheel leakage, Leslie speaker rotation, etc.) is supported by a review of clones in '' Keyboard Magazine.'' The article, entitled "Clonewheel Heaven", reviewed electronic simulations of the traditional Hammond sound, and claimed that some aspects of the vintage electromechanical Hammonds' sound are not accurately reproduced by clones and emulation devices.<ref>{{cite magazine |first= Stephen |last=Fortner |title= Clonewheel Heaven |magazine= Keyboard Magazine |issue= November 2004}}</ref> Nevertheless, the increasing use of clonewheel organs on recordings by jazz and blues organ solo players is testimony to their sound and tone quality; it is also worth noting the wide variety of tonal variations that exist even among genuine vintage tonewheel Hammond organs. Owing to any number of causes — not least of which are the age of its components and the amount of use a tonewheel organ has had — variations in volume levels between tonewheels, varying levels of key click, and other tonal differences are more common than not. |
The use of Hammond clones and the merits of using clones versus the vintage electromechanical Hammond is the subject of lively debate amongst musicians. The argument that digital simulations cannot recreate the complex interplay of variables that create the "Hammond sound" (tonewheel leakage, Leslie speaker rotation, etc.) is supported by a review of clones in '' Keyboard Magazine.'' The article, entitled "Clonewheel Heaven", reviewed electronic simulations of the traditional Hammond sound, and claimed that some aspects of the vintage electromechanical Hammonds' sound are not accurately reproduced by clones and emulation devices.<ref>{{cite magazine |first= Stephen |last=Fortner |title= Clonewheel Heaven |magazine= Keyboard Magazine |issue= November 2004}}</ref> Nevertheless, the increasing use of clonewheel organs on recordings by jazz and blues organ solo players is testimony to their sound and tone quality; it is also worth noting the wide variety of tonal variations that exist even among genuine vintage tonewheel Hammond organs. Owing to any number of causes — not least of which are the age of its components and the amount of use a tonewheel organ has had — variations in volume levels between tonewheels, varying levels of key click, and other tonal differences are more common than not. |
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Despite the widespread availability of relatively lower-cost, reliable digital "clones" and emulation devices, and the near-universal use of "clones" for band tours and club gigs, many jazz, blues and gospel keyboardists still have a strong interest in using vintage Hammond organs for studio recordings. Even if a clone is able to accurately reproduce the vintage electromechanical Hammond sound — several companies such as Clavia and Hammond Suzuki are making this claim — performers still have an affection for the look, feel, characteristics and heritage embodied in the much heavier, old wooden vintage instruments. |
Despite the widespread availability of relatively lower-cost, reliable digital "clones" and emulation devices, and the near-universal use of "clones" for band tours and club gigs, many jazz, blues and gospel keyboardists still have a strong interest in using vintage Hammond organs for studio recordings. Even if a clone is able to accurately reproduce the vintage electromechanical Hammond sound — several companies such as Clavia and Hammond Suzuki are making this claim{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} — performers still have an affection for the look, feel, characteristics and heritage embodied in the much heavier, old wooden vintage instruments. |
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==Format== |
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[[File:WERSI OX7.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A WERSI OX7 organ sound module, which includes drawbars.]] |
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Clonewheel organs are available in several formats. The first is an integrated keyboard, in which the keyboard and the circuitry that provides the tonewheel emulation is in the same chassis. A second approach is a [[sound module]], a tabletop device which only provides the organ sounds; it must be connected to a [[MIDI controller]] keyboard to be used. The tabletop units vary in sophistication. The least sophisticated units provide a selection of commonly-used tonewheel sounds. More sophisticated units may have drawbars and a number of knobs and buttons for controlling the sound. The third format is as a [[virtual instrumentation|virtual instrument]], which requires a computer and monitor. The virtual instrument may depict the same types of controls that a real tonewheel organ would have on the monitor. The musician then uses a computer mouse or other input to change the settings. |
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==Instruments== |
==Instruments== |
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[[Image:Voxcontinental.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Vox Continental]] (1962–early 1970s)]] |
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===Pre-clonewheel organs=== |
===Pre-clonewheel organs=== |
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;Early drawbar organs inspired by Hammond: |
;Early drawbar organs inspired by Hammond: |
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[[Image:Voxcontinental.jpg|thumb|133px|[[Vox Continental]] (1962–early 1970s)]] |
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* [[Vox (musical equipment)|Vox]] (designed by [[Jennings Musical Instruments|JMI]], manufactured by JMI, [[Thomas Organ Company|Thomas]], [[Eko guitars|Eko]] and EME) |
* [[Vox (musical equipment)|Vox]] (designed by [[Jennings Musical Instruments|JMI]], manufactured by JMI, [[Thomas Organ Company|Thomas]], [[Eko guitars|Eko]] and EME) |
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*: '''[[Vox Continental|Continental]]''' / '''Continental I''' (1962–c.1971), '''Continental II''' / '''Super Continental''' (1966/1967–c.1972), '''Riviera''' (1966–c.1972)<ref name=ComboOrganHeaven_Vox> |
*: '''[[Vox Continental|Continental]]''' / '''Continental I''' (1962–c.1971), '''Continental II''' / '''Super Continental''' (1966/1967–c.1972), '''Riviera''' (1966–c.1972)<ref name=ComboOrganHeaven_Vox> |
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| volume = 4 |
| volume = 4 |
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| publisher = Bold Strummer |
| publisher = Bold Strummer |
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| |
| isbn = 978-0-933224-70-4 |
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}}</ref> |
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* [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] '''[[List of Yamaha products#Electone (electronic organs)|A-3]]''' (1966), '''YC-10''' (1969), '''YC-20''' / '''[[List of Yamaha products#Combo organs|YC-30]]''' (1970), '''YC-25D''' / '''YC-45D''' (1972)<ref name=Yamaha_YC> |
* [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] '''[[List of Yamaha products#Electone (electronic organs)|A-3]]''' (1966), '''YC-10''' (1969), '''YC-20''' / '''[[List of Yamaha products#Combo organs|YC-30]]''' (1970), '''YC-25D''' / '''YC-45D''' (1972)<ref name=Yamaha_YC> |
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{{cite web |
{{cite web |
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| title = Combo Organs that Strove to be More Expressive |
| title = Combo Organs that Strove to be More Expressive |
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| url = http://usa.yamaha.com/products/music-production/synthesizers/synth_40th/history/column/yc_series/ |
| url = http://usa.yamaha.com/products/music-production/synthesizers/synth_40th/history/column/yc_series/ |
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| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150713011840/http://usa.yamaha.com/products/music-production/synthesizers/synth_40th/history/column/yc_series/ |
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| archivedate=2015-07-13 |
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| work = Yamaha Synth 40th Anniversary |
| work = Yamaha Synth 40th Anniversary |
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| publisher = [[Yamaha Corporation]] |
| publisher = [[Yamaha Corporation]] |
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| url = http://www.combo-organ.com/AceTone/ |
| url = http://www.combo-organ.com/AceTone/ |
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| work = Combo Organ Heaven |
| work = Combo Organ Heaven |
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}}<br/>'''Note''': in the mid-1970s, their joint enterprise with Hammond called ''Nihon Hammond'' manufacture the several transistor Hammond organs in Japan and England, including Cadette VS-300 (after 1973), F1000/F2000/F3000, etc, according to ''[http://www.hammondclub.nl/nl/menu/Hammond/De_Hammond_Encyclopedie/A-K_series/F_series/F_1000-2000-3000_series Da Hammond Encyclopedia]''. |
}}<br/>'''Note''': in the mid-1970s, their joint enterprise with Hammond called ''Nihon Hammond'' manufacture the several transistor Hammond organs in Japan and England, including Cadette VS-300 (after 1973), F1000/F2000/F3000, etc., according to ''[http://www.hammondclub.nl/nl/menu/Hammond/De_Hammond_Encyclopedie/A-K_series/F_series/F_1000-2000-3000_series Da Hammond Encyclopedia]''. |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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* [[:fi:WLM-Organ|WLM Organ]] (1972–1984, made in Finland) |
* [[:fi:WLM-Organ|WLM Organ]] (1972–1984, made in Finland) |
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;Hammond and related models: |
;Hammond and related models: |
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[[Image:Hammond X-5 rear.jpg|thumb| |
[[Image:Hammond X-5 rear.jpg|thumb|upright|Hammond X5 (c.1974/1975)]] |
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* [[Ace Tone]] '''GT-5''', '''GT-7''' (1971, predecessor of Hammond/Sakata models) |
* [[Ace Tone]] '''GT-5''', '''GT-7''' (1971, predecessor of Hammond/Sakata models) |
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* [[Hammond organ|Hammond]] (manufactured by [[:ja:阪田商会|Sakata]]) '''X-5''' (c.1974/1975),<ref name=ComboOrganHeaven_AceTone/> '''X-2''' (1978),<ref name="Hammond'70s"/> '''B-200''' |
* [[Hammond organ|Hammond]] (manufactured by [[:ja:阪田商会|Sakata]]) '''X-5''' (c.1974/1975),<ref name=ComboOrganHeaven_AceTone/> '''X-2''' (1978),<ref name="Hammond'70s"/> '''B-200''' |
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* [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] '''VK-9''', '''VK-6''', '''VK-09''' (c.1978, spin off from Ace Tone) |
* [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] '''VK-9''', '''VK-6''', '''VK-09''' (c.1978, spin off from Ace Tone) |
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[[File:Elka X-50 clonewheel organ.jpg|thumb|Elka X-50 clonewheel organ (1982)]] |
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;Italian drawbar organs: |
;Italian drawbar organs: |
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* [[Farfisa]] Professional, Professional Duo (early '70s) VIP series ('70s), Professional 88 and 110 (1977/78), |
* [[Farfisa]] Professional, Professional Duo (early '70s) VIP series ('70s), Professional 88 and 110 (1977/78), |
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*: and console models "Maharani" and "Pergamon" |
*: and console models "Maharani" and "Pergamon" |
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* [[Crumar]] Haven, Organizer, Organizer2, Organizer T1, T2, Tokata, portable models from |
* [[Crumar]] Haven, Organizer, Organizer2, Organizer T1, T2, Tokata, portable models from 1976 to 1980, |
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*: and consoles 203, 204, 205, 2002, 2003 |
*: and consoles 203, 204, 205, 2002, 2003 |
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* [[Elka synthesizer|Elka]] X50 (1982),<ref name=SonicState_ELKAX50> |
* [[Elka synthesizer|Elka]] X50 (1982),<ref name=SonicState_ELKAX50> |
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| url = http://www.sonicstate.com/synth/ELKA_X-50/ |
| url = http://www.sonicstate.com/synth/ELKA_X-50/ |
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| work = SonicState.com |
| work = SonicState.com |
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| quote = |
| quote = ''Released: 1982'' |
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}} |
}} |
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</ref> X55, X605 and X705 (1977–1981)<ref name=ComboOrganHeaven_Elka> |
</ref> X55, X605 and X705 (1977–1981)<ref name=ComboOrganHeaven_Elka> |
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| url = http://www.combo-organ.com/Elka/ |
| url = http://www.combo-organ.com/Elka/ |
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| work = Combo Organ Heaven |
| work = Combo Organ Heaven |
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}}<div style="font-size:90%;line-height:2.5ex;">"X-50 ''— ... "Hammond emulator"'' / X-705 ''— "Full set of Hammond-clone drawbars with seven percussion settings, a full drum machine that was quite impressive for the time, and an 11-preset synth with sounds like guitar, trombone, clarinet, and sax. The synth sounds were polyphonic on the top manual and monophonic on the bottom and pedals. Used by Jean-Michael Jarre. Made from '77 to '81, original price £2662." (Thanks, Les!)''"</div></ref> |
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| quote = |
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* Solton Legend (1980s), B-1000 (c.1977, ''CRB Diamond 910M'') / B 1000 s (c.1981)<ref name=ComboOrganHeaven_Solton>{{cite web |
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}}<div style="font-size:90%;line-height:2.5ex;">"X-50 ''— ... “Hammond emulator”'' / X-705 ''— “Full set of Hammond-clone drawbars with seven percussion settings, a full drum machine that was quite impressive for the time, and an 11-preset synth with sounds like guitar, trombone, clarinet, and sax. The synth sounds were polyphonic on the top manual and monophonic on the bottom and pedals. Used by Jean-Michael Jarre. Made from '77 to '81, original price £2662.” (Thanks, Les!)''"</ref> |
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* [[Solton]] Legend (1980s), B-1000 (c.1977, ''CRB Diamond 910M'') / B 1000 s (c.1981)<ref name=ComboOrganHeaven_Solton> |
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{{cite web |
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| title = Others: Solton |
| title = Others: Solton |
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| url = http://www.combo-organ.com/Others/others.htm#Solton |
| url = http://www.combo-organ.com/Others/others.htm#Solton |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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''etc''. |
''etc.''. |
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===Early clonewheel organs=== |
===Early clonewheel organs=== |
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[[Image:Korg BX-3 (1980) in studio.jpg|thumb| |
[[Image:Korg BX-3 (1980) in studio.jpg|thumb|upright|Korg BX-3 (1980)]] |
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* [[Hammond organ|Hammond]] '''B-3000''' (1976/1978,<ref name="Hammond'70s"> |
* [[Hammond organ|Hammond]] '''B-3000''' (1976/1978,<ref name="Hammond'70s">{{cite web |
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{{cite web |
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| title = Hammond Accomplishments (1970s) |
| title = Hammond Accomplishments (1970s) |
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| url |
| url = http://www.hammond-organ.com/History/hammond_accomplishments3.htm |
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| publisher = Hammond Zone |
| publisher = Hammond Zone |
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| access-date = 2010-12-05 |
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}}</ref> utilizing [[Integrated circuit#LSI|LSI]] for multiplexing, etc.)<ref name=SuzukiHammond2007> |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101208042648/http://www.hammond-organ.com/History/hammond_accomplishments3.htm |
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| archive-date = 2010-12-08 |
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}}</ref> utilizing [[Integrated circuit#LSI|LSI]] for multiplexing, etc.)<ref name=SuzukiHammond2007> |
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{{citation |
{{citation |
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| date= 2007-08-08 |
| date= 2007-08-08 |
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| chapter= ハモンドオルガンカンパニーがトーンホイールを生産中止した理由 |
| chapter= ハモンドオルガンカンパニーがトーンホイールを生産中止した理由 (Why did Hammond Organ Company stop manufacturing of the tone wheel organs ?) |
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| |
| chapter-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071027140002/http://www.suzuki-music.co.jp/hammond/zubari/zubari06.htm |
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| |
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071012202725/http://www.suzuki-music.co.jp/hammond/zubari/index.htm |
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| |
| archive-date= 2007-10-12 |
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| title= ずばり!ハモンド!! |
| title= ずばり!ハモンド!! |
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| trans-title= |
| trans-title= Frankly on Hammond |
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| url= http://www.suzuki-music.co.jp/hammond/zubari/index.htm |
| url= http://www.suzuki-music.co.jp/hammond/zubari/index.htm |
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| |
| language= ja |
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| language= japanese |
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| publisher= Hammond Suzuki |
| publisher= Hammond Suzuki |
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| quote= <!-- ''1975年シカゴのトーンホイール生産工場がその操業を停止し、最後のB-3が生産され ... 1976年に、当時としては画期的なマルチプレックス方式を使った、B-3000という機種を発売しています。... B-3の生産を終了した翌年に発売されたこのB-3000は、ハモンドのエンジニアがB-3の持つ全ての要素を再現することが必要だと気づいたモデルなのでした。'' --> |
| quote= <!-- ''1975年シカゴのトーンホイール生産工場がその操業を停止し、最後のB-3が生産され ... 1976年に、当時としては画期的なマルチプレックス方式を使った、B-3000という機種を発売しています。... B-3の生産を終了した翌年に発売されたこのB-3000は、ハモンドのエンジニアがB-3の持つ全ての要素を再現することが必要だと気づいたモデルなのでした。'' --> |
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| deadurl= yes |
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| df= |
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}}<div style="font-size:90%;line-height:2.5ex;">[In English: "''In 1975, Hammond stop the operation of a tonewheel organ factory in Chicago after the manufacturing of last B-3 ... In 1976, Hammond released a new model B-3000 using a breakthrough mechanism, multiplex system. ... The model B-3000, released in the following year of B-3's discontinuation, was just a model on which Hammond engineers noticed the needs of reproduce of all-elements on tonewheel organ.''"]</div></ref> |
}}<div style="font-size:90%;line-height:2.5ex;">[In English: "''In 1975, Hammond stop the operation of a tonewheel organ factory in Chicago after the manufacturing of last B-3 ... In 1976, Hammond released a new model B-3000 using a breakthrough mechanism, multiplex system. ... The model B-3000, released in the following year of B-3's discontinuation, was just a model on which Hammond engineers noticed the needs of reproduce of all-elements on tonewheel organ.''"]</div></ref> |
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* [[Korg]] '''[[CX-3]]''', '''BX-3''' (1980, analog) |
* [[Korg]] '''[[Korg CX-3|CX-3]]''', '''BX-3''' (1980, analog) |
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* [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] '''VK-1''' <ref> |
* [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] '''VK-1''' <ref> |
||
{{cite journal |
{{cite journal |
||
Line 164: | Line 170: | ||
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan99/articles/rolandvk1411.htm |
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan99/articles/rolandvk1411.htm |
||
| department= Reviews |
| department= Reviews |
||
| journal = Sound |
| journal = Sound on Sound |issue=January 1999 |
||
}}</ref> (1980, analog) |
}}</ref> (1980, analog) |
||
* [[Hammond organ|Hammond]] (manufactured by Suzuki) '''Super-B''' (1986, a first all-digitally sampled organ from Hammond)<ref name="Hammond'80s"> |
* [[Hammond organ|Hammond]] (manufactured by Suzuki) '''Super-B''' (1986, a first all-digitally sampled organ from Hammond)<ref name="Hammond'80s">{{cite web |
||
{{cite web |
|||
| title = Hammond Accomplishments (1980s) |
| title = Hammond Accomplishments (1980s) |
||
| url |
| url = http://www.hammond-organ.com/History/hammond_accomplishments4.htm |
||
| publisher = Hammond Zone |
| publisher = Hammond Zone |
||
| access-date = 2010-12-05 |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101215054116/http://hammond-organ.com/History/hammond_accomplishments4.htm |
|||
| archive-date = 2010-12-15 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
===Major clonewheel organs=== |
===Major clonewheel organs=== |
||
[[Image:Get organ-ized!.jpg|thumb| |
[[Image:Get organ-ized!.jpg|thumb|upright|Hammond XB-3 (1994)]] |
||
* [[Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation|Hammond Suzuki]] '''XB-1''',<ref> |
* [[Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation|Hammond Suzuki]] '''XB-1''',<ref> |
||
{{cite journal |
{{cite journal |
||
Line 179: | Line 188: | ||
| title = Hammond XB-1 |
| title = Hammond XB-1 |
||
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/oct98/articles/hammondxb1.html |
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/oct98/articles/hammondxb1.html |
||
| journal = Sound |
| journal = Sound on Sound |issue=October 1998 |
||
}}</ref> '''XB-2''' (1991), '''XB-5''' (1993), '''XB-3''' (1994), '''XC-3''' (1995), |
}}</ref> '''XB-2''' (1991), '''XB-5''' (1993), '''XB-3''' (1994), '''XC-3''' (1995), |
||
*: '''XM-1''' / '''XMc-1''' (1997, module),<ref> |
*: '''XM-1''' / '''XMc-1''' (1997, module),<ref> |
||
Line 186: | Line 195: | ||
| title = Hammond XM-1 & XMc-1 – Organ Module & Drawbar Controller |
| title = Hammond XM-1 & XMc-1 – Organ Module & Drawbar Controller |
||
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1997_articles/may97/hammondxm1.html |
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1997_articles/may97/hammondxm1.html |
||
| journal = Sound |
| journal = Sound on Sound |issue=May 1997 |
||
}}</ref> '''XM-2''' / '''XMc-2''' (2006, module), |
}}</ref> '''XM-2''' / '''XMc-2''' (2006, module), |
||
*: '''XK-2''' (1999), '''XK-3''' / '''XLK-3''' (2004),<ref> |
*: '''XK-2''' (1999), '''XK-3''' / '''XLK-3''' (2004),<ref> |
||
Line 192: | Line 201: | ||
| title = Hammond XK-3/XLK-3 & Leslie 2121/2101 – Modelled Tonewheel Organ & Rotary Speaker System |
| title = Hammond XK-3/XLK-3 & Leslie 2121/2101 – Modelled Tonewheel Organ & Rotary Speaker System |
||
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jul05/articles/hammondxk3.htm |
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jul05/articles/hammondxk3.htm |
||
| journal = Sound |
| journal = Sound on Sound |issue=July 2005 |
||
}}</ref> '''XK-1''' (2006), '''XK-3c''' (2008), '''SK1''' / '''SK2''' (2011),<ref> |
}}</ref> '''XK-1''' (2006), '''XK-3c''' (2008), '''SK1''' / '''SK2''' (2011),<ref> |
||
{{cite magazine |
{{cite magazine |
||
Line 199: | Line 208: | ||
| title = Hammond SK1 |
| title = Hammond SK1 |
||
| url = http://museonline.co.za/tech-reviews/instrument-review-hammond-sk1/ |
| url = http://museonline.co.za/tech-reviews/instrument-review-hammond-sk1/ |
||
| |
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110901074700/http://museonline.co.za/tech-reviews/instrument-review-hammond-sk1/ |
||
| |
| archive-date=2011-09-01 |
||
| department= Instrument Review |
| department= Instrument Review |
||
| magazine = Muse Live Music Magazine |
| magazine = Muse Live Music Magazine |
||
}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
||
*: and console models '''New B-3''' (2002),<ref> |
*: and console models '''New B-3''' (2002),<ref>{{cite journal |
||
{{cite journal |
|||
|author=Hugh Robjohns |
|author=Hugh Robjohns |
||
|title=Hammond New B3 – Modelled Electromechanical Tonewheel Organ |
|title=Hammond New B3 – Modelled Electromechanical Tonewheel Organ |
||
|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jul03/articles/hammondb3.asp |
|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jul03/articles/hammondb3.asp |
||
|department=Reviews |
|department=Reviews |
||
|journal=Sound |
|journal=Sound on Sound |
||
|issue=July 2003 |
|issue=July 2003 |
||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106101906/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jul03/articles/hammondb3.asp |
|||
|deadurl=yes |
|||
|archive-date=2006-11-06 |
|||
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106101906/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jul03/articles/hammondb3.asp |
|||
|archivedate=2006-11-06 |
|||
|df= |
|||
}}</ref> '''New B-3 mk2''', and '''XH-272 Elegante'''. |
}}</ref> '''New B-3 mk2''', and '''XH-272 Elegante'''. |
||
* [[Korg]] '''New CX-3''' <ref> |
* [[Korg]] '''New CX-3''' <ref>{{cite journal |
||
|author = Gordon Reid |
|||
{{cite journal |
|||
|title = Korg CX-3 – Modelling Tonewheel Organ |
|||
| author = Gordon Reid |
|||
|url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan01/articles/korgcx3.asp |
|||
| title = Korg CX-3 – Modelling Tonewheel Organ |
|||
|department = Reviews |
|||
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan01/articles/korgcx3.asp |
|||
|journal = Sound on Sound |
|||
| department= Reviews |
|||
|issue = January 2001 |
|||
|access-date = 2011-05-16 |
|||
}}</ref> and '''New BX-3''' <ref> |
|||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150218200144/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan01/articles/korgcx3.asp |
|||
|archive-date = 2015-02-18 |
|||
}}</ref> and '''New BX-3''' <ref> |
|||
{{cite journal |
{{cite journal |
||
| author = Gordon Reid |
| author = Gordon Reid |
||
Line 230: | Line 239: | ||
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/aug03/articles/korgbx3.htm |
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/aug03/articles/korgbx3.htm |
||
| department= Reviews |
| department= Reviews |
||
| journal = Sound |
| journal = Sound on Sound |issue=August 2003 |
||
}}</ref> (2000) |
}}</ref> (2000) |
||
[[Image:Clavia Nord C2D Combo Organ (rear angled).jpg|thumb| |
[[Image:Clavia Nord C2D Combo Organ (rear angled).jpg|thumb|upright|Clavia Nord C2D Combo Organ (2012–)]] |
||
* [[Clavia]] '''[[Clavia Nord Electro|Nord Electro]]''' ''Series'' (2001–), '''[[Clavia Nord Stage|Nord Stage]]''' ''Series'' (2005–), [[Nord C Series|'''Nord C1''' / '''C2''' / '''C2D''']] Combo Organ (2007–), '''[[Nord C Series|Nord Pedal Key 27]]''' MIDI pedalboard |
* [[Clavia]] '''[[Clavia Nord Electro|Nord Electro]]''' ''Series'' (2001–), '''[[Clavia Nord Stage|Nord Stage]]''' ''Series'' (2005–), [[Nord C Series|'''Nord C1''' / '''C2''' / '''C2D''']] Combo Organ (2007–), '''[[Nord C Series|Nord Pedal Key 27]]''' MIDI pedalboard |
||
* [[Kurzweil Music Systems|Kurzweil]] '''K2500, K2600, PC2, PC2X, PC3, PC3X, PC3K, PC3A''' (KB3 mode, modeled tone wheel) |
* [[Kurzweil Music Systems|Kurzweil]] '''K2500, K2600, PC2, PC2X, PC3, PC3X, PC3K, PC3A''' (KB3 mode, modeled tone wheel) |
||
Line 241: | Line 250: | ||
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1997_articles/jul97/rolandvk7.html |
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1997_articles/jul97/rolandvk7.html |
||
| department= Reviews |
| department= Reviews |
||
| journal = Sound |
| journal = Sound on Sound |issue=July 1997 |
||
}}</ref> '''VK-77''', '''VK-8''',<ref> |
}}</ref> '''VK-77''', '''VK-8''',<ref> |
||
{{cite journal |
{{cite journal |
||
Line 248: | Line 257: | ||
|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep02/articles/rolandvk8.asp |
|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep02/articles/rolandvk8.asp |
||
|department=Reviews |
|department=Reviews |
||
|journal=Sound |
|journal=Sound on Sound |
||
|issue=September 2002 |
|issue=September 2002 |
||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322001058/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep02/articles/rolandvk8.asp |
|||
|deadurl=yes |
|||
|archive-date=2014-03-22 |
|||
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322001058/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep02/articles/rolandvk8.asp |
|||
}}</ref> '''VK-8m''', '''VK-88''', '''VR-760''', '''VR-730''' and '''VR-09''' (V-Combo)<ref> |
|||
|archivedate=2014-03-22 |
|||
|df= |
|||
}}</ref> '''VK-8m''', '''VK-88''', '''VR-760''', and '''VR-09''' (V-Combo)<ref> |
|||
{{cite journal |
{{cite journal |
||
| author = Hugh Robjohns |
| author = Hugh Robjohns |
||
| title = Roland VR760 – Performance Keyboard |
| title = Roland VR760 – Performance Keyboard |
||
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov03/articles/rolandvr760.htm |
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov03/articles/rolandvr760.htm |
||
| journal = Sound |
| journal = Sound on Sound |issue=November 2003 |
||
}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
||
;Others: |
;Others: |
||
* [[Böhm Electronic Organ|Böhm]] '''Emporio''' |
* [[Böhm Electronic Organ|Böhm]] '''Emporio''' |
||
* [[Casio]] '''CTK-691/900/7000'''/''etc'', '''WK-3000/3200/3300/3700/3800'''/''etc'' – providing digital drawbar organ function. |
* [[Casio]] '''CTK-691/900/7000'''/''etc.'', '''WK-3000/3200/3300/3700/3800'''/''etc.'' – providing digital drawbar organ function. |
||
* [[Creamware (company)|Creamware]] '''B4000''' (Tonewheel synthesizer) |
* [[Creamware (company)|Creamware]] '''B4000''' (Tonewheel synthesizer) |
||
* [[Diversi Musical Instruments]] '''DV-Solo''', '''DV-Duo''', '''DV-Duo Plus''' |
* [[Diversi Musical Instruments]] '''DV-Solo''', '''DV-Duo''', '''DV-Duo Plus''' |
||
* [[Ferrofish]] '''B4000+''' |
* [[Ferrofish]] '''B4000+''' |
||
* [[E-mu Systems|E-MU]] '''B-3''' module |
* [[E-mu Systems|E-MU]] '''B-3''' module |
||
[[Image:Joey DeFrancesco on KeyB Duo organ.jpg|thumb| |
[[Image:Joey DeFrancesco on KeyB Duo organ.jpg|thumb|upright|KeyB Duo]] |
||
* KeyB/DLQ www.keyborgan.com '''KeyB Duo''', '''KeyB Solo''', '''KeyB Expander'''<ref> |
* KeyB/DLQ www.keyborgan.com '''KeyB Duo''', '''KeyB Solo''', '''KeyB Expander'''<ref> |
||
{{cite web |
{{cite web |
||
Line 281: | Line 288: | ||
| title = Oberheim Eclipse Electronic Piano & OB3 Drawbar Organ Module |
| title = Oberheim Eclipse Electronic Piano & OB3 Drawbar Organ Module |
||
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1996_articles/mar96/oberheims.html |
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1996_articles/mar96/oberheims.html |
||
| journal = Sound |
| journal = Sound on Sound |issue=March 1996 |
||
}}</ref> '''OB-3<sup>2</sup>''' (['' |
}}</ref> '''OB-3<sup>2</sup>''' ([''Oh-Bee-Three-Squared''], module)<ref> |
||
{{cite journal |
{{cite journal |
||
| author = Nick Magnus |
| author = Nick Magnus |
||
Line 288: | Line 295: | ||
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1997_articles/sep97/oberheimob311.html |
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1997_articles/sep97/oberheimob311.html |
||
| department= Reviews |
| department= Reviews |
||
| journal = Sound |
| journal = Sound on Sound |issue=September 1997 |
||
}}</ref> and '''OB-5''' |
}}</ref> and '''OB-5''' |
||
* [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] ''' |
* [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] '''Atelier AT-900, AT-900c, AT-800''' |
||
* Studiologic '''Numa Organ''' |
* Studiologic '''Numa Organ''' |
||
* Tokai '''TX-5'''<ref name=Tokai> |
* Tokai '''TX-5'''<ref name=Tokai>{{citation |
||
|title = COMBO TX-5 CLASSIC |
|||
{{citation |
|||
|url = http://www.tokai.com.br/2012/tx5.asp |
|||
| title = COMBO TX-5 CLASSIC |
|||
|language = pt |
|||
| url = http://www.tokai.com.br/2012/tx5.asp |
|||
|location = Brazil |
|||
|publisher = Tokai |
|||
| language = Portuguese |
|||
|access-date = 18 February 2016 |
|||
| location = Brazil |
|||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316221614/http://www.tokai.com.br/2012/tx5.asp |
|||
| publisher = Tokai |
|||
|archive-date = 2016-03-16 |
|||
}}<div style="font-size:90%;line-height:2.5ex;">"''O Tokai TX-5 ... O modelo "combo" inclui: TX-5 Classic + Lower + pedaleira PD-2 + móvel ( todas estas peças podem ser adquiridas separadamente )''"</div>'''See also''': "''[http://www.tokai.com.br/2012/empresa.asp About us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203184320/http://www.tokai.com.br/2012/empresa.asp |date=2012-02-03 }}''".</ref> |
|||
| quote = |
|||
}}<div style="font-size:90%;line-height:2.5ex;">"''O Tokai TX-5 ... O modelo "combo" inclui: TX-5 Classic + Lower + pedaleira PD-2 + móvel ( todas estas peças podem ser adquiridas separadamente )''"</div>'''See also''': "''[http://www.tokai.com.br/2012/empresa.asp About us]''".</ref> |
|||
* [[Vermona]] '''Formation 1, 2, 3''' and '''3M''' |
* [[Vermona]] '''Formation 1, 2, 3''' and '''3M''' |
||
* [[Viscount (musical instrument manufacturer)|Viscount]] '''DB-3''',<ref> |
* [[Viscount (musical instrument manufacturer)|Viscount]] '''DB-3''',<ref> |
||
Line 310: | Line 316: | ||
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov02/articles/viscountdb3.asp |
| url = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov02/articles/viscountdb3.asp |
||
| department= Reviews |
| department= Reviews |
||
| journal = Sound |
| journal = Sound on Sound |issue=November 2002 |
||
}}</ref> '''DB-5''', ''' Legend''',''' Live''',''' Solo''', |
}}</ref> '''DB-5''', ''' Legend''',''' Live''',''' Solo''', |
||
* [[Voce Inc|Voce]] '''microB-II''' '''V3''','''V5''', '''V5+''' and '''Key5''' |
* [[Voce Inc|Voce]] '''microB-II''' '''V3''', '''V5''', '''V5+''' and '''Key5''' |
||
* [[Wersi]] '''Louvre''', '''Scala''', '''Verona''', '''Giga Piano''' – a German company. |
* [[Wersi]] '''Louvre''', '''Scala''', '''Verona''', '''Giga Piano''' – a German company. |
||
* [[Yamaha]] '''Reface YC''' (2015) |
* [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] '''Reface YC''' (2015) |
||
* '''KeyboardPartner HX3''' (Hardware-based physical model) – www.keyboardpartner.com |
|||
;Software |
;Software |
||
Line 324: | Line 331: | ||
| publisher = GSi Genuine Soundware and Instruments |
| publisher = GSi Genuine Soundware and Instruments |
||
}} (founded by Guido Scognamiglio) |
}} (founded by Guido Scognamiglio) |
||
</ref><ref group=note> |
</ref><ref group="note"> |
||
As of 2010s, the product line of [[Genuine Soundware and Instruments]] (GSi; founded by '''G'''uido '''S'''cognamiglio) is distributed by [[V.M. Connection di Andrea Agnoletto]] (V.M. Connection; [[Quarto d'Altino]], Italy) |
As of 2010s, the product line of [[Genuine Soundware and Instruments]] (GSi; founded by '''G'''uido '''S'''cognamiglio) is distributed by [[V.M. Connection di Andrea Agnoletto]] (V.M. Connection; [[Quarto d'Altino]], Italy) |
||
* {{cite web |
|||
* {{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.genuinesoundware.com/?a=page&p=about |publisher=GSi: Genuine Soundware and Instruments}} |
|||
| title = About |
|||
| url = http://www.genuinesoundware.com/?a=page&p=about |
|||
| publisher = GSi: Genuine Soundware and Instruments |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
</ref> |
||
* Linplug '''Organ 3''' (previously known as daOrgan) |
* Linplug '''Organ 3''' (previously known as daOrgan) |
||
*setBfree (open source, standalone or plugin)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://x42-plugins.com/|title=x42 setBfree - ToneWheel Organ|website=x42 Plugins|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref> |
|||
* [[Native Instruments]] '''B4''', '''[[B4 Organ II|B4 II]]''' |
* [[Native Instruments]] '''B4''', '''[[B4 Organ II|B4 II]]''' |
||
;Controllers |
;Controllers |
||
* ''' |
* '''Hamichord M-C3''' (powered by GSi VB3 Hamichord edition II)<ref name=hamichord_m-c3>{{citation |
||
{{citation |
|||
| date = 2009 |
| date = 2009 |
||
| title = |
| title = Hamichord M-C3 organ MIDI controller |
||
| url = http://www.bgmi.it/?a=showproduct&b=1 |
| url = http://www.bgmi.it/?a=showproduct&b=1 |
||
| |
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110905123924/http://www.bgmi.it/?a=showproduct&b=1 |
||
| |
| archive-date=2011-09-05 |
||
| location = [[Castelfidardo]] (AN), Italy |
| location = [[Castelfidardo]] (AN), Italy |
||
| publisher = BG's Musical Instruments (BGMI) |
| publisher = BG's Musical Instruments (BGMI) |
||
| quote = |
|||
}}<div style="font-size:90%;line-height:2.5ex;">"''HAMICHORD M-C3 ORGAN MIDI CONTROLLER ... In its full configuration ( Meaning M-C3 + ''[http://www.crumar.it/?a=showproduct&b=2 Exp-edition]'' ) Hamichord has a PC running Microsoft Windows XP-embedded that runs your favorite organ software. The sound engine of Hamichord is a SPECIAL VERSION OF GSI VB3 called VB3 HAMICHORD EDITION II.''" |
}}<div style="font-size:90%;line-height:2.5ex;">"''HAMICHORD M-C3 ORGAN MIDI CONTROLLER ... In its full configuration ( Meaning M-C3 + ''[http://www.crumar.it/?a=showproduct&b=2 Exp-edition]'' ) Hamichord has a PC running Microsoft Windows XP-embedded that runs your favorite organ software. The sound engine of Hamichord is a SPECIAL VERSION OF GSI VB3 called VB3 HAMICHORD EDITION II.''" |
||
</div>'''Note''': after the acquisition of CRUMAR <!-- brand --> by BGMI, the [http://www.crumar.it/?a=showproduct&b=1 same page] can be found under the [http://www.crumar.it/?a=discontinued ''discontinued'' page] on crumar.it. |
|||
</ref><br/>Hamichord had been distributed (or produced) by [[BG's Musical Instruments]] (BGMI),<ref name="Bg'S Srl"> |
</ref><br/>Hamichord had been distributed (or produced) by [[BG's Musical Instruments]] (BGMI),<ref name="Bg'S Srl">{{cite web |
||
{{cite web |
|||
| title = Bg'S Srl |
| title = Bg'S Srl |
||
| url = http://www.comune.castelfidardo.an.it/imprese/index.php?id=scheda&idaz=474 |
| url = http://www.comune.castelfidardo.an.it/imprese/index.php?id=scheda&idaz=474 |
||
| work = Città di Castelfidardo sito ufficiale |
| work = Città di Castelfidardo sito ufficiale [City of Castelfidardo website] |
||
| publisher = Comune di Castelfidardo |
| publisher = Comune di Castelfidardo |
||
}}<div style="font-size:90%;line-height:2.5ex;">"''Bg's Musical Instruments have more than 40 years of History. The Bg's Srl society was created in 2003 by Mr Mauro Baldassari and Mrs Maria Grazia Gioielli, the daughter of Mr Alfredo Gioielli, the "father" of the Italian Electromagnetic organ, PARI ''[originating from the generators created by Anton Parie in Belgium in the early 1960s]''. The big experience of Mr Alfredo, producer of organs from 1966 to 1982 ... The idea of re-make an organ with genuine electromagnetic tonewheel generator was in our heart from many years and finally, in 2003 we were able to do it: this is the birth of the new K-61 electromagnetic organ together with our Rotary speakers cabinets. ... With our growing range of product ... : Hamichord, Pari.e, Rotary, GSI, Crumar, ...''" |
|||
| quote = |
|||
</div></ref><ref group=note name=Pari_organ/> then its successor model under Crumar brand has been introduced as following: |
|||
}}<div style="font-size:90%;line-height:2.5ex;">"''Bg’s Musical Instruments have more than 40 years of History. The Bg’s Srl society was created in 2003 by Mr Mauro Baldassari and Mrs Maria Grazia Gioielli, the daughter of Mr Alfredo Gioielli, the "father" of the Italian Electromagnetic organ, PARI ''[originating from the generators created by Anton Parie in Belgium in the early 1960s]''. The big experience of Mr Alfredo, producer of organs from 1966 to 1982 ... The idea of re-make an organ with genuine electromagnetic tonewheel generator was in our heart from many years and finally, in 2003 we were able to do it: this is the birth of the new K-61 electromagnetic organ together with our Rotary speakers cabinets. ... With our growing range of product ... : Hamichord, Pari.e, Rotary, GSI, Crumar, ...''" |
|||
** Crumar '''MOJO ''' (powered by GSi VB3 version II)<ref name=Crumar_MOJO>{{citation |
|||
</div></ref><ref group=note name=Pari_organ/> then its successor model under Crumar brand has been introduced as following: |
|||
** Crumar '''MOJO ''' (powered by GSi VB3 version II)<ref name=Crumar_MOJO> |
|||
{{citation |
|||
| chapter = MOJO |
| chapter = MOJO |
||
| |
| chapter-url= http://www.crumar.it/?a=showproduct&b=4 |
||
| title = CRUMAR |
| title = CRUMAR |
||
| url = http://www.crumar.it/?a=page&p=about.us |
| url = http://www.crumar.it/?a=page&p=about.us |
||
| location = [[Quarto d'Altino]] (VE), Italy |
| location = [[Quarto d'Altino]] (VE), Italy |
||
| publisher = V.M. Connection |
| publisher = V.M. Connection |
||
| access-date= 18 February 2016 |
|||
| accessdate= {{date|2016-02-18}} |
|||
| quote = |
| quote = ''... MOJO, a compact, portable, lightweight, elegant, easy to use and affordable dual manual tonewheel organ simulation ... MOJO is powered by GSi VB3 Version II. '' |
||
}} |
}} |
||
</ref><ref group=note> |
</ref><ref group=note> |
||
In the late 2000s, [[Crumar]] brand have been acquired and revived by BG's Musical Instruments (BGMI; [[Castelfidardo]], Italy) / V.M. Connection di Andrea Agnoletto (V.M. Connection; [[Quarto d'Altino]], Italy), and as of 2010s, the former BGMI's product line have been dealt by V.M. Connection. |
In the late 2000s, [[Crumar]] brand have been acquired and revived by BG's Musical Instruments (BGMI; [[Castelfidardo]], Italy) / V.M. Connection di Andrea Agnoletto (V.M. Connection; [[Quarto d'Altino]], Italy), and as of 2010s, the former BGMI's product line have been dealt by V.M. Connection. |
||
</ref><ref name=Crumar_about.us> |
</ref><ref name=Crumar_about.us>{{citation |
||
{{citation |
|||
| title = About us |
| title = About us |
||
| url = http://www.crumar.it/?a=page&p=about.us |
| url = http://www.crumar.it/?a=page&p=about.us |
||
| work = Crumar.it |
| work = Crumar.it |
||
| publisher = V.M. Connection |
| publisher = V.M. Connection |
||
| quote = |
| quote = ''In 2008 V.M. Connection, an Italian society active in development of musical instruments decided to renew the CRUMAR name and brand and started producing keyboards under this name ...'' |
||
}} |
}} |
||
</ref> |
</ref> |
||
===Electromagnetic tonewheel organs=== |
===Electromagnetic tonewheel organs=== |
||
* [[PARI.E]] '''K-61''' (2006–c.2010s) – an Italian-made B-3 clone which uses an actual electromagnetic tonewheel generator, albeit of modern plastic construction. Also [[Leslie speaker|Leslie]]-clones were made.<ref name="OKEY2007"> |
* [[PARI.E]] '''K-61''' (2006–c.2010s) – an Italian-made B-3 clone which uses an actual electromagnetic tonewheel generator, albeit of modern plastic construction. Also [[Leslie speaker|Leslie]]-clones were made.<ref name="OKEY2007">{{cite magazine |
||
| title = PARIE New K-61 - In alter Frische |
|||
{{cite magazine |
|||
| title = PARI.E New K-61 - In alter Frische |
|||
| department= Tests |
| department= Tests |
||
| language = |
| language = de| magazine = OKEY |
||
| issue = |
| issue = 74 |
||
|date=January–February 2007 |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
</ref><ref name="pari.e K-61"> |
</ref><ref name="pari.e K-61">{{cite web |
||
{{cite book |
|||
| date = 2006-03-27 |
| date = 2006-03-27 |
||
| title = PARI.E electromagnetic organ new K-61 |
| title = PARI.E electromagnetic organ new K-61 |
||
| url = http://www.dairiki.org/hammond/pics/parie/k61-brochure.pdf |
| url = http://www.dairiki.org/hammond/pics/parie/k61-brochure.pdf |
||
|type=Brochure |
|||
| format = PDF brochure |
|||
| location = Castelfidardo (AN), Italy |
| location = Castelfidardo (AN), Italy |
||
| |
| website=Dairiki |
||
|language=en, it |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
</ref><ref name=pari.e> |
</ref><ref name=pari.e>{{cite web |
||
{{cite web |
|||
| date = 2008-03-03 |
| date = 2008-03-03 |
||
| title = PARI.E electromagnetic organ |
| title = PARI.E electromagnetic organ |
||
| url = http://www.parieorgan.it/home_en.htm |
| url = http://www.parieorgan.it/home_en.htm |
||
| |
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131022010550/http://parieorgan.it/home_en.htm |
||
| |
| archive-date=2013-10-22 |
||
| publisher = BG's Musical Instruments (BGMI) |
| publisher = BG's Musical Instruments (BGMI) |
||
}} |
}} |
||
</ref><ref group=note name=Pari_organ> |
</ref><ref group="note" name="Pari_organ"> |
||
The origin of PARI.E, the ''Pari organ'' was a tonewheel organ produced by Anton Parie in Belgium in the early 1960s, then the production of XT0 model was moved to Italy by Alfredo Gioielli around 1969, according to the [http://www.dairiki.org/HammondWiki/PariOrgans HammondWiki]: |
The origin of PARI.E, the ''Pari organ'' was a tonewheel organ produced by Anton Parie in Belgium in the early 1960s, then the production of XT0 model was moved to Italy by Alfredo Gioielli around 1969, according to the [http://www.dairiki.org/HammondWiki/PariOrgans HammondWiki]: |
||
* {{cite web |
|||
* {{cite web|url=http://www.dairiki.org/HammondWiki/PariOrgans|title=Pari Organs|author=Jeff Dairiki (Geoffrey T. Dairiki)|work=HammondWiki (dairiki.org)}}<div style="margin-left:0em;font-size:90%;line-height:2.2ex;">"''The generator of Pari organs was created by Anton Parie, who started production of an electromagnetic organ in Belgium in the early '60s. Around 1969, production of XT0 model was moved to Italy by Alfredo Gioielli ...<!-- Technically Pari organs had same good sounding related to hammonds: tonewheels, analog spring reverber system, vibrato scanner and tubes in all sound processing. For many people the fact that the gearwheels are made of plastic seems very strange ... -->''", "''In 2005 Pari factory re-opened with the name of "PARI.E" the means "pari-electromagnetic" starting the production of a new organ, ...<!-- the new K-61 that is the only electromagnetical organ made now in the world. ... --> In the latter part of 2006, Pari started production of a new two-manual organ, the new K-61 (and a portable version, the K-61P).''"</div> |
|||
| author = Jeff Dairiki (Geoffrey T. Dairiki) |
|||
| title = Pari Organs |
|||
| url = http://www.dairiki.org/HammondWiki/PariOrgans |
|||
| work = HammondWiki (dairiki.org) |
|||
| quote = |
|||
}}<div style="margin-left:0em;font-size:90%;line-height:2.2ex;">"''The generator of Pari organs was created by Anton Parie, who started production of an electromagnetic organ in Belgium in the early '60s. Around 1969, production of XT0 model was moved to Italy by Alfredo Gioielli ...<!-- Technically Pari organs had same good sounding related to hammonds: tonewheels, analog spring reverber system, vibrato scanner and tubes in all sound processing. For many people the fact that the gearwheels are made of plastic seems very strange ... -->''", "''In 2005 Pari factory re-opened with the name of "PARI.E" the means "pari-electromagnetic" starting the production of a new organ, ...<!-- the new K-61 that is the only electromagnetical organ made now in the world. ... --> In the latter part of 2006, Pari started production of a new two-manual organ, the new K-61 (and a portable version, the K-61P).''"</div> |
|||
For details of old Pari organ, see: |
For details of old Pari organ, see: |
||
* {{cite web |
|||
* {{cite web|url=http://www.hammond-leslie.info/pari/|title=The Pari XT0 and Attack Organs|author=Henning Højen|work=Hammond-Leslie.info}} |
|||
| author = [http://www.dairiki.org/HammondWiki/HenningH%F8jen Henning Højen] |
|||
| title = The Pari XT0 and Attack Organs |
|||
| url = http://www.hammond-leslie.info/pari/ |
|||
| work = Hammond-Leslie.info |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref><ref name="Bg'S Srl"/> |
</ref><ref name="Bg'S Srl"/> |
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* {{cite web |
* {{cite web |
||
| title = History & References |
| title = History & References |
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| url |
| url = http://www.hammond-organ.com/html/history.htm |
||
| work |
| work = Hammond Zone |
||
| access-date = 2010-12-05 |
|||
}} (officially supported by Hammond U.K.) |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101206100734/http://www.hammond-organ.com/html/history.htm |
|||
| archive-date = 2010-12-06 |
|||
}} (officially supported by Hammond U.K.) |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
{{reflist|30em}} |
||
Latest revision as of 17:25, 10 November 2024
A clonewheel organ is an electronic musical instrument that emulates (or "clones") the sound of the electromechanical tonewheel-based organs formerly manufactured by Hammond from the 1930s to the 1970s. Clonewheel organs generate sounds using solid-state circuitry or computer chips, rather than with heavy mechanical tonewheels, making clonewheel organs much lighter-weight and smaller than vintage Hammonds, and easier to transport to live performances and recording sessions.
The phrase "clonewheel" is a play on words in reference to how the original Hammond produces sound through "tonewheels". The first generation of clonewheel organs used synthesizer voices, which were not able to accurately reproduce the Hammond sound. In the 1990s and 2000s, clonewheel organs began using digitally-sampled real Hammond sounds or digital signal processing emulation techniques, which were much better able to capture the nuances of the vintage Hammond sound. [citation needed]
Clonewheel organs can be either electronic keyboard-based instruments such as the Korg CX-3 or the Roland VK-7; or keyboardless emulation devices, which include MIDI-compatible tone modules, such as the E-MU B-3 module and software-based "virtual synths" (such as the B4 by Native Instruments [discontinued]). To use keyboardless emulation devices, they need to be connected to a MIDI keyboard controller.
History
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2014) |
Original electromechanical Hammond
[edit]The Hammond organ is an electromechanical organ that was designed and built by Laurens Hammond in 1934. While the Hammond organ was originally sold to churches as a lower-cost alternative to the pipe organ, it came to be used for jazz, blues, and then to a greater extent in rock music (in the 1960s and 1970s) and gospel music.
The original Hammond organ imitated the function of a pipe organ's ranks of pipes in multiple registers by using additive synthesis of waveforms from harmonic series to generate its sounds. The Hammond organ's individual waveforms were made by mechanical tonewheels which rotated beneath electromagnetic pickups. The component waveforms can be mixed in varying ratios by using drawbars mounted above the two keyboards. Hammond organs also have a harmonic percussion effect, in which the 2nd and 3rd harmonic tones can be added to the attack envelope of a note.
Hammond organs have a distinctive percussive key click, which is the attack transient that occurs when all nine key contacts close, causing an audible pop or click. Originally, key click was considered to be a design defect and Hammond worked to eliminate or at least reduce it by using equalization filters. However, some performers liked the percussive effect, and it has become part of the classic sound that modern imitators of the Hammond organ have tried to reproduce. The classic way of enhancing the sound of a Hammond organ is to use a rotating speaker known as a Leslie speaker or cabinet.
First "clones"
[edit]Transporting the heavy Hammond organ, bass pedalboard (a B-3 organ, bench and pedalboard weighs 425 pounds/193 kg) and Leslie speaker cabinets to performance venues makes it cumbersome for artists to tour with a vintage electromechanical organ. As well, the Hammond, as with all vintage electromechanical instruments, faces the risk of technical problems with the tonewheels or electric motor, which may be difficult to resolve in a touring situation. As such, there was a strong demand amongst musicians for a way of recreating the Hammond sound in a more portable, reliable fashion.
Some early emulation devices from the 1970s were criticized for their unrealistic imitation of the Hammond sound, particularly in the way the upper harmonics were voiced, and in the simulation of the rotary Leslie speaker effect. Refinements to Hammond emulations eventually led to the development of relatively light electronic keyboard instruments such as the Korg CX-3 (1980), and the Roland VK-1 (1980), which produced fairly realistic re-creations of the Hammond tone. While these instruments were widely used to replace the bulky Hammonds for band tours and club dates, jazz and blues keyboardists still tended to use vintage Hammonds for recordings, because the first clonewheel organs could not reproduce the tonal nuances of the old wooden Hammonds.
1990s and 2000s
[edit]By the 1990s and 2000s digital signal processing and sampling technologies allowed for better imitation of the original Hammond sound, and a variety of electronic organs, emulator devices, and synthesizers provided an accurate reproduction of the Hammond tone, such as the Kurzweil K2600 and Clavia Nord Electro keyboard. Hammond Suzuki USA currently markets numerous home, church, and professional models that digitally reproduce the sound of vintage Hammond tonewheel organs. Some sophisticated emulation devices have algorithms that recreate many of the nuances of vintage Hammonds, such as the "crosstalk" or "leakage" between tonewheels, the sound of dirty key contacts, key click, a growling tube amplifier, and digital simulations of the rotating Leslie speaker cabinet.
Currently, there are numerous B-3 "clones" on the market, which range from full-size, dual keyboard behemoths with real Leslie cabinets from Hammond Suzuki (which can cost over $10,000 US), to inexpensive Casio WK series home keyboards that have a digitally-recreated "tonewheel organ" function (which are available for less than $400 US). In between are numerous keyboard-based models from Hammond, Korg, Roland, Clavia (Nord Series), rack-mounted modules, and software-based "virtual synths" (such as the B4 by Native Instruments) which provide simulations of the B-3 sound. There is even a model by the Pari.E company which uses a modern version of the classic Hammond tonewheels, not a digital simulation.
The use of Hammond clones and the merits of using clones versus the vintage electromechanical Hammond is the subject of lively debate amongst musicians. The argument that digital simulations cannot recreate the complex interplay of variables that create the "Hammond sound" (tonewheel leakage, Leslie speaker rotation, etc.) is supported by a review of clones in Keyboard Magazine. The article, entitled "Clonewheel Heaven", reviewed electronic simulations of the traditional Hammond sound, and claimed that some aspects of the vintage electromechanical Hammonds' sound are not accurately reproduced by clones and emulation devices.[2] Nevertheless, the increasing use of clonewheel organs on recordings by jazz and blues organ solo players is testimony to their sound and tone quality; it is also worth noting the wide variety of tonal variations that exist even among genuine vintage tonewheel Hammond organs. Owing to any number of causes — not least of which are the age of its components and the amount of use a tonewheel organ has had — variations in volume levels between tonewheels, varying levels of key click, and other tonal differences are more common than not.
Despite the widespread availability of relatively lower-cost, reliable digital "clones" and emulation devices, and the near-universal use of "clones" for band tours and club gigs, many jazz, blues and gospel keyboardists still have a strong interest in using vintage Hammond organs for studio recordings. Even if a clone is able to accurately reproduce the vintage electromechanical Hammond sound — several companies such as Clavia and Hammond Suzuki are making this claim[citation needed] — performers still have an affection for the look, feel, characteristics and heritage embodied in the much heavier, old wooden vintage instruments.
Format
[edit]Clonewheel organs are available in several formats. The first is an integrated keyboard, in which the keyboard and the circuitry that provides the tonewheel emulation is in the same chassis. A second approach is a sound module, a tabletop device which only provides the organ sounds; it must be connected to a MIDI controller keyboard to be used. The tabletop units vary in sophistication. The least sophisticated units provide a selection of commonly-used tonewheel sounds. More sophisticated units may have drawbars and a number of knobs and buttons for controlling the sound. The third format is as a virtual instrument, which requires a computer and monitor. The virtual instrument may depict the same types of controls that a real tonewheel organ would have on the monitor. The musician then uses a computer mouse or other input to change the settings.
Instruments
[edit]Pre-clonewheel organs
[edit]- Early drawbar organs inspired by Hammond
- Vox (designed by JMI, manufactured by JMI, Thomas, Eko and EME)
- Continental / Continental I (1962–c.1971), Continental II / Super Continental (1966/1967–c.1972), Riviera (1966–c.1972)[3][4]
- Yamaha A-3 (1966), YC-10 (1969), YC-20 / YC-30 (1970), YC-25D / YC-45D (1972)[5][6]
- Ace Tone TOP-1 (1968/1969), TOP-6 (c.1970)[7]
- WLM Organ (1972–1984, made in Finland)
- Hammond and related models
- Ace Tone GT-5, GT-7 (1971, predecessor of Hammond/Sakata models)
- Hammond (manufactured by Sakata) X-5 (c.1974/1975),[7] X-2 (1978),[8] B-200
- Roland VK-9, VK-6, VK-09 (c.1978, spin off from Ace Tone)
- Italian drawbar organs
- Farfisa Professional, Professional Duo (early '70s) VIP series ('70s), Professional 88 and 110 (1977/78),
- and console models "Maharani" and "Pergamon"
- Crumar Haven, Organizer, Organizer2, Organizer T1, T2, Tokata, portable models from 1976 to 1980,
- and consoles 203, 204, 205, 2002, 2003
- Elka X50 (1982),[9] X55, X605 and X705 (1977–1981)[10]
- Solton Legend (1980s), B-1000 (c.1977, CRB Diamond 910M) / B 1000 s (c.1981)[11]
etc..
Early clonewheel organs
[edit]- Hammond B-3000 (1976/1978,[8] utilizing LSI for multiplexing, etc.)[12]
- Korg CX-3, BX-3 (1980, analog)
- Roland VK-1 [13] (1980, analog)
- Hammond (manufactured by Suzuki) Super-B (1986, a first all-digitally sampled organ from Hammond)[14]
Major clonewheel organs
[edit]- Hammond Suzuki XB-1,[15] XB-2 (1991), XB-5 (1993), XB-3 (1994), XC-3 (1995),
- Korg New CX-3 [20] and New BX-3 [21] (2000)
- Clavia Nord Electro Series (2001–), Nord Stage Series (2005–), Nord C1 / C2 / C2D Combo Organ (2007–), Nord Pedal Key 27 MIDI pedalboard
- Kurzweil K2500, K2600, PC2, PC2X, PC3, PC3X, PC3K, PC3A (KB3 mode, modeled tone wheel)
- Roland Rhodes VK-1000, Roland VK-7,[22] VK-77, VK-8,[23] VK-8m, VK-88, VR-760, VR-730 and VR-09 (V-Combo)[24]
- Others
- Böhm Emporio
- Casio CTK-691/900/7000/etc., WK-3000/3200/3300/3700/3800/etc. – providing digital drawbar organ function.
- Creamware B4000 (Tonewheel synthesizer)
- Diversi Musical Instruments DV-Solo, DV-Duo, DV-Duo Plus
- Ferrofish B4000+
- E-MU B-3 module
- KeyB/DLQ www.keyborgan.com KeyB Duo, KeyB Solo, KeyB Expander[25]
- Oberheim OB-3,[26] OB-32 ([Oh-Bee-Three-Squared], module)[27] and OB-5
- Roland Atelier AT-900, AT-900c, AT-800
- Studiologic Numa Organ
- Tokai TX-5[28]
- Vermona Formation 1, 2, 3 and 3M
- Viscount DB-3,[29] DB-5, Legend, Live, Solo,
- Voce microB-II V3, V5, V5+ and Key5
- Wersi Louvre, Scala, Verona, Giga Piano – a German company.
- Yamaha Reface YC (2015)
- KeyboardPartner HX3 (Hardware-based physical model) – www.keyboardpartner.com
- Software
- There are also software emulations available:
- GSi VB3 (shareware, VST plugin)[30][note 1]
- Linplug Organ 3 (previously known as daOrgan)
- setBfree (open source, standalone or plugin)[31]
- Native Instruments B4, B4 II
- Controllers
- Hamichord M-C3 (powered by GSi VB3 Hamichord edition II)[32]
Hamichord had been distributed (or produced) by BG's Musical Instruments (BGMI),[33][note 2] then its successor model under Crumar brand has been introduced as following:
Electromagnetic tonewheel organs
[edit]- PARI.E K-61 (2006–c.2010s) – an Italian-made B-3 clone which uses an actual electromagnetic tonewheel generator, albeit of modern plastic construction. Also Leslie-clones were made.[36][37][38][note 2][33]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^
As of 2010s, the product line of Genuine Soundware and Instruments (GSi; founded by Guido Scognamiglio) is distributed by V.M. Connection di Andrea Agnoletto (V.M. Connection; Quarto d'Altino, Italy)
- "About". GSi: Genuine Soundware and Instruments.
- ^ a b
The origin of PARI.E, the Pari organ was a tonewheel organ produced by Anton Parie in Belgium in the early 1960s, then the production of XT0 model was moved to Italy by Alfredo Gioielli around 1969, according to the HammondWiki:
- Jeff Dairiki (Geoffrey T. Dairiki). "Pari Organs". HammondWiki (dairiki.org)."The generator of Pari organs was created by Anton Parie, who started production of an electromagnetic organ in Belgium in the early '60s. Around 1969, production of XT0 model was moved to Italy by Alfredo Gioielli ...", "In 2005 Pari factory re-opened with the name of "PARI.E" the means "pari-electromagnetic" starting the production of a new organ, ... In the latter part of 2006, Pari started production of a new two-manual organ, the new K-61 (and a portable version, the K-61P)."
- Henning Højen. "The Pari XT0 and Attack Organs". Hammond-Leslie.info.
- Jeff Dairiki (Geoffrey T. Dairiki). "Pari Organs". HammondWiki (dairiki.org).
- ^ In the late 2000s, Crumar brand have been acquired and revived by BG's Musical Instruments (BGMI; Castelfidardo, Italy) / V.M. Connection di Andrea Agnoletto (V.M. Connection; Quarto d'Altino, Italy), and as of 2010s, the former BGMI's product line have been dealt by V.M. Connection.
References
[edit]- "History & References". Hammond Zone. Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2010-12-05. (officially supported by Hammond U.K.)
- ^ Reid, Gordon. "Korg CX3". Sound on Sound. No. January 2001. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
- ^ Fortner, Stephen. "Clonewheel Heaven". Keyboard Magazine. No. November 2004.
- ^ "Vox". Combo Organ Heaven.
- ^ Peterson, David; Denny, Dick (1993). The Vox Story. Guitar History series. Vol. 4. Bold Strummer. ISBN 978-0-933224-70-4.
- ^ "Combo Organs that Strove to be More Expressive". Yamaha Synth 40th Anniversary. Yamaha Corporation. Archived from the original on 2015-07-13.
- ^
"Yamaha". Combo Organ Heaven.
Note: during the 1969–c.1970, Yamaha manufactured the Hammond V Series transistor organs including Cadette V-100 / V-200, according to Da Hammond Encyclopedia. - ^ a b
"Ace Tone". Combo Organ Heaven.
Note: in the mid-1970s, their joint enterprise with Hammond called Nihon Hammond manufacture the several transistor Hammond organs in Japan and England, including Cadette VS-300 (after 1973), F1000/F2000/F3000, etc., according to Da Hammond Encyclopedia. - ^ a b "Hammond Accomplishments (1970s)". Hammond Zone. Archived from the original on 2010-12-08. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^
"ELKA X-50". SonicState.com.
Released: 1982
- ^
"Elka/Unicord". Combo Organ Heaven."X-50 — ... "Hammond emulator" / X-705 — "Full set of Hammond-clone drawbars with seven percussion settings, a full drum machine that was quite impressive for the time, and an 11-preset synth with sounds like guitar, trombone, clarinet, and sax. The synth sounds were polyphonic on the top manual and monophonic on the bottom and pedals. Used by Jean-Michael Jarre. Made from '77 to '81, original price £2662." (Thanks, Les!)"
- ^ "Others: Solton". Combo Organ Heaven.
- ^
"ハモンドオルガンカンパニーがトーンホイールを生産中止した理由 (Why did Hammond Organ Company stop manufacturing of the tone wheel organs ?)", ずばり!ハモンド!! [Frankly on Hammond] (in Japanese), Hammond Suzuki, 2007-08-08, archived from the original on 2007-10-12[In English: "In 1975, Hammond stop the operation of a tonewheel organ factory in Chicago after the manufacturing of last B-3 ... In 1976, Hammond released a new model B-3000 using a breakthrough mechanism, multiplex system. ... The model B-3000, released in the following year of B-3's discontinuation, was just a model on which Hammond engineers noticed the needs of reproduce of all-elements on tonewheel organ."]
- ^ Sam Inglis. "Roland VK-1 Drawbar – Organ (Retro)". Reviews. Sound on Sound (January 1999).
- ^ "Hammond Accomplishments (1980s)". Hammond Zone. Archived from the original on 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Nick Magnus. "Hammond XB-1". Sound on Sound (October 1998).
- ^ Nick Magnus. "Hammond XM-1 & XMc-1 – Organ Module & Drawbar Controller". Sound on Sound (May 1997).
- ^ "Hammond XK-3/XLK-3 & Leslie 2121/2101 – Modelled Tonewheel Organ & Rotary Speaker System". Sound on Sound (July 2005).
- ^ Damien Albetto (2011-08-17). "Hammond SK1". Instrument Review. Muse Live Music Magazine. Archived from the original on 2011-09-01.
- ^ Hugh Robjohns. "Hammond New B3 – Modelled Electromechanical Tonewheel Organ". Reviews. Sound on Sound (July 2003). Archived from the original on 2006-11-06.
- ^ Gordon Reid. "Korg CX-3 – Modelling Tonewheel Organ". Reviews. Sound on Sound (January 2001). Archived from the original on 2015-02-18. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ Gordon Reid. "Korg BX-3 Organ – Dual-manual Modelled Combo Organ". Reviews. Sound on Sound (August 2003).
- ^ Nick Magnus. "Roland VK-7 – Virtual Modelling Tonewheel Organ". Reviews. Sound on Sound (July 1997).
- ^ Gordon Reid. "Roland VK-8 – Virtual Tonewheel Organ". Reviews. Sound on Sound (September 2002). Archived from the original on 2014-03-22.
- ^ Hugh Robjohns. "Roland VR760 – Performance Keyboard". Sound on Sound (November 2003).
- ^ "KeyB Organ". KeyB/DLQ.
- ^ Andy Davies. "Oberheim Eclipse Electronic Piano & OB3 Drawbar Organ Module". Sound on Sound (March 1996).
- ^ Nick Magnus. "Oberheim/Viscount OB3-squared – Tonewheel Organ Module". Reviews. Sound on Sound (September 1997).
- ^ COMBO TX-5 CLASSIC (in Portuguese), Brazil: Tokai, archived from the original on 2016-03-16, retrieved 18 February 2016"O Tokai TX-5 ... O modelo "combo" inclui: TX-5 Classic + Lower + pedaleira PD-2 + móvel ( todas estas peças podem ser adquiridas separadamente )"See also: "About us Archived 2012-02-03 at the Wayback Machine".
- ^ Gordon Reid. "Viscount DB3 – Viscount DB3 Digital Drawbar Organ". Reviews. Sound on Sound (November 2002).
- ^ "VB3 The Ultimate Virtual Tonewheel Organ". GSi Genuine Soundware and Instruments. (founded by Guido Scognamiglio)
- ^ "x42 setBfree - ToneWheel Organ". x42 Plugins. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
- ^ Hamichord M-C3 organ MIDI controller, Castelfidardo (AN), Italy: BG's Musical Instruments (BGMI), 2009, archived from the original on 2011-09-05"HAMICHORD M-C3 ORGAN MIDI CONTROLLER ... In its full configuration ( Meaning M-C3 + Exp-edition ) Hamichord has a PC running Microsoft Windows XP-embedded that runs your favorite organ software. The sound engine of Hamichord is a SPECIAL VERSION OF GSI VB3 called VB3 HAMICHORD EDITION II."Note: after the acquisition of CRUMAR by BGMI, the same page can be found under the discontinued page on crumar.it.
- ^ a b "Bg'S Srl". Città di Castelfidardo sito ufficiale [City of Castelfidardo website]. Comune di Castelfidardo."Bg's Musical Instruments have more than 40 years of History. The Bg's Srl society was created in 2003 by Mr Mauro Baldassari and Mrs Maria Grazia Gioielli, the daughter of Mr Alfredo Gioielli, the "father" of the Italian Electromagnetic organ, PARI [originating from the generators created by Anton Parie in Belgium in the early 1960s]. The big experience of Mr Alfredo, producer of organs from 1966 to 1982 ... The idea of re-make an organ with genuine electromagnetic tonewheel generator was in our heart from many years and finally, in 2003 we were able to do it: this is the birth of the new K-61 electromagnetic organ together with our Rotary speakers cabinets. ... With our growing range of product ... : Hamichord, Pari.e, Rotary, GSI, Crumar, ..."
- ^ "MOJO", CRUMAR, Quarto d'Altino (VE), Italy: V.M. Connection, retrieved 18 February 2016,
... MOJO, a compact, portable, lightweight, elegant, easy to use and affordable dual manual tonewheel organ simulation ... MOJO is powered by GSi VB3 Version II.
- ^ "About us", Crumar.it, V.M. Connection,
In 2008 V.M. Connection, an Italian society active in development of musical instruments decided to renew the CRUMAR name and brand and started producing keyboards under this name ...
- ^ "PARIE New K-61 - In alter Frische". Tests. OKEY (in German). No. 74. January–February 2007.
- ^ "PARI.E electromagnetic organ new K-61" (PDF). Dairiki (Brochure) (in English and Italian). Castelfidardo (AN), Italy. 2006-03-27.
- ^ "PARI.E electromagnetic organ". BG's Musical Instruments (BGMI). 2008-03-03. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22.