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{{Refimprove|date= June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{short description|Spanish Catholic mystic (1554–1633)}}
{{good article}}
{{Spanish married name|de Escobar|Montaña}}
{{Infobox religious biography
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Venerable
| honorific-prefix = [[Venerable]]
| name = Marina de Escobar
| name = Marina de Escobar
| image = Cristo jesuita y Marina de Escobar.jpg
| image = Marina-escobar-Brígidas.jpg
| alt = Devotional painting of Christ dressed as a Jesuit, speaking to Marina de Escobar
| alt =
| caption = Portrait, 17th century
| religion = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| religion = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1554|02|08|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1554|02|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = Valladolid, Spain
| birth_place = [[Valladolid]], Spain
| death_date = {{death date and age|1633|06|09|1554|02|08|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1633|06|09|1554|02|08|df=y}}
| death_place = Valladolid, Spain
| death_place = Valladolid, Spain
| mother = Margaret Montana
| mother = {{#ifexist: Margaret Montana|[[Margaret Montana]]}}
| father = Iago de Escobar
| father = {{#ifexist: Diego de Escobar|[[Diego de Escobar]]}}
| background = #0000ff
| background = <!-- #0000ff -->
}}
}}


'''Marina de Escobar''' (8 February 1554 &ndash; 9 June 1633) was a Spanish Catholic [[Christian mysticism|mystic]], and founder of a modified branch of the [[Brigittine Order]].
'''Marina de Escobar Montaña''' (8 February 1554 &ndash; 9 June 1633) was a Spanish [[Catholic mystic]] of the [[Counter-Reformation]] era. Restricted in her activity due to poor health, she devoted herself to prayer and contemplation under the guidance of her [[Jesuit]] confessors and spiritual advisors. Marina experienced visions of a number of saints, and within her lifetime she acquired a reputation throughout Spain as a holy woman, especially in her home city of [[Valladolid]].

Despite taking a [[vow of chastity]], spending her life in prayer and service, and gathering a small community of other women around her, Marina never joined a [[religious order]]. After a 1615 vision, she worked to found a modified branch of the [[Brigittine Order]], but died before she herself could join it. She was popularly venerated after her death, and her confessor, [[Luis de la Puente]], collected and prepared her accounts of her [[spiritual experience]]s. After a lengthy investigation by the [[Spanish Inquisition]], these were published, and Marina was declared [[Venerable]].


==Life==
==Life==


=== Childhood ===
=== Childhood ===
Marina was born in [[Valladolid]], [[Spain]], on 8 February 1554.<ref name="pourrat">{{cite book |last1=Pourrat |first1=Pierre |title=Christian Spirituality: Latter developments, pt. 1. From the Renaissance to Jansenism |date=1927 |publisher=P.J. Kenedey |pages=213-214 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Christian_Spirituality_Latter_developmen/R7FNAQAAMAAJ |access-date=4 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Her father, Iago de Escobar, was a professor of civil and canon law, a lawyer in the [[Royal Chancellery of Granada]], and, for a time, governor of [[Osuna]]; her mother was Margaret Montana, daughter of the [[Emperor Charles V]]'s physician.<ref name=graham>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05534a.htm Graham, Edward. "Ven. Marina de Escobar." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 10 Jun. 2013</ref><ref name="lehfeldt" /> Marina was their fourth daughter; her parents had hoped for a boy.<ref name="lehfeldt" />
Marina was born in [[Valladolid]], [[Spain]], on 8 February 1554.<ref name="pourrat">{{cite book |last1=Pourrat |first1=Pierre |title=Christian Spirituality: Latter developments, pt. 1. From the Renaissance to Jansenism |date=1927 |publisher=P.J. Kenedey |pages=213–214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7FNAQAAMAAJ |access-date=4 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Her father, Diego de Escobar, was a professor of civil and canon law, a lawyer in the [[Royal Chancellery of Granada]], and, for a time, governor of [[Osuna]]; her mother was Margaret Montaña, daughter of the [[Emperor Charles V]]'s physician.<ref name="haliczer" /><ref name=ce /><ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|427}} Marina was their fourth daughter; her parents had hoped for a boy.<ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|202}}


Between the ages of one and nine, Marina lived with her grandmother.<ref name="haliczer">{{cite book |last1=Haliczer |first1=Stephen |title=Between Exaltation and Infamy: Female Mystics in the Golden Age of Spain |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514863-3 |pages=154-155 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Between_Exaltation_and_Infamy/YXk8DwAAQBAJ |access-date=6 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> After she returned to living with her parents, her father criticized her for taking care with her appearance and for insufficient asceticism.<ref name="haliczer" /> About this time, Marina made friends with another young girl, who influenced her away from the intense devotion her family cultivated.<ref name="lehfeldt" /> Her father, displeased, chose her a confessor who pushed her towards greater austerity.<ref name="haliczer" />
Between the ages of one and nine, Marina lived with her grandmother.<ref name="haliczer">{{cite book |last1=Haliczer |first1=Stephen |title=Between Exaltation and Infamy: Female Mystics in the Golden Age of Spain |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514863-3 |pages=154–155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXk8DwAAQBAJ |access-date=6 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> After she returned to living with her parents, her father criticized her for taking care with her appearance and for insufficient asceticism.<ref name="haliczer" /> About this time, Marina made friends with another young girl, who influenced her away from the intense devotion her family cultivated.<ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|202}} Her father, displeased, chose her a confessor who pushed her towards greater austerity.<ref name="haliczer" />


Starting from the age of fourteen, Marina suffered from a severe illness, which some modern biographers suggest may have been [[schizophrenia]].<ref name="lehfeldt" /><ref name="haliczer" /> She experienced [[depression (mood)|depression]] and [[dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]], as well as frequent visions.<ref name="haliczer" />
Starting from the age of fourteen, Marina suffered from a severe illness, which some modern biographers suggest may have been [[schizophrenia]].<ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|202}}<ref name="haliczer" /> She experienced [[depression (mood)|depression]] and [[dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]], as well as frequent visions.<ref name="haliczer" />


=== Adult life ===
=== Adult life ===
Marina repeatedly evinced interest in joining a [[religious order]], beginning as early as 1568, when she met [[Teresa of Avila]]. Teresa discouraged Marina's ambition to join one of her [[discalced Carmelite]] convents, reportedly saying: "Come now, daughter, you don’t have to be a nun since God wants you for great things from the corner of your house."<ref name="lehfeldt" /><ref name="weber">{{cite book |last1=Weber |first1=Alison |title=Devout Laywomen in the Early Modern World |date=10 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-15162-3 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Devout_Laywomen_in_the_Early_Modern_Worl/9QS4CwAAQBAJ |access-date=7 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Later, in 1604, Marina spoke to {{ill|Mariana de San José|es}} about her desire to join Mariana's [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] convent, but was unable to do so due to her health.<ref name="lehfeldt" /> In fact, although she devoted her life to religion, making a [[vow of chastity]] and taking frequent [[Eucharist|communion]], Marina remained in her family home in [[Valladolid]] for most of her life.<ref name="lehfeldt" /> There she gathered around her a circle of friends and followers, including another local mystic, [[Luisa Carvajal y Mendoza]].<ref name="redworth" />
Marina repeatedly indicated interest in joining a religious order, beginning as early as 1568, when she met [[Teresa of Avila]]. Teresa discouraged Marina's ambition to join one of her [[discalced Carmelite]] convents, reportedly saying: "Come now, daughter, you don’t have to be a nun since God wants you for great things from the corner of your house."<ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|193}}<ref name="weber">{{cite book |last1=Weber |first1=Alison |title=Devout Laywomen in the Early Modern World |date=10 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-15162-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QS4CwAAQBAJ |access-date=7 October 2023 |language=en |page=38}}</ref> Later, in 1604, Marina spoke to {{ill|Mariana de San José|es}} about her desire to join Mariana's [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] convent, but was unable to do so due to her health.<ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|207}} In a 1621 vision, Marina reported that [[Ignatius of Loyola]] appeared to her, telling her that he adopted her as a member of the [[Society of Jesus]] and clothing her in the [[Religious habit|habit]] of the order.<ref name="rose">{{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Stewart |title=St. Ignatius Loyola and the Early Jesuits |date=1891 |publisher=Burns and Oates |isbn=978-0-524-07169-4 |page=422 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTYUAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref>


In fact, although she devoted her life to religion, making a vow of chastity and taking frequent [[Eucharist|communion]], Marina remained in her family home in [[Valladolid]] for most of her life.<ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|202}} There she gathered around her a circle of friends and followers, including another local mystic, [[Luisa Carvajal y Mendoza]].<ref name="redworth" /> She became popularly known as a holy woman, and corresponded with large numbers of people throughout Spain.<ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|203}}
⚫
In 1603, Marina moved into an apartment owned by her family, accompanied by two servants.<ref name="manning" /><ref name="lehfeldt" /> There, although bedridden after a 1603 accident, she gradually accumulated a group of about twenty women, engaged in making clothing for the poor and teaching the younger girls.<ref name="manning" /><ref>[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/religion-past-and-present/escobar-marina-de-SIM_04641 Reboiras, Fernando Domínguez, "Escobar, Marina de", ''Religion Past and Present''] 2011 {{ISBN|9789004146662}}</ref><ref name="lehfeldt" /> In 1615, a vision of [[Bridget of Sweden]] instructed Marina to found a branch of the Brigittine order, which Marina called the Recollects.<ref name="month">{{cite book |title=The Month |date=1888 |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, and Company |pages=474-475 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Month/WbAZAQAAIAAJ |access-date=7 October 2023 |ref=month |language=en}}</ref><ref name="manning" /> Marina prepared a modified Rule for her convent, which was approved by [[Urban VIII]].<ref name="month"/><ref name="weber" /> While she died before finishing this project, it was continued after her death by {{ill|Mariana de San José|es}},<ref name="manning" /> and the convent opened in 1637.<ref name="lehfeldt">{{cite book |last1=Lehfeldt |first1=Elizabeth A. |title=Religious Women in Golden Age Spain: The Permeable Cloister |date=5 July 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-90455-1 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Religious_Women_in_Golden_Age_Spain/vkErDwAAQBAJ |access-date=4 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>


⚫
In 1603, Marina moved into an apartment owned by her family, accompanied by two servants.<ref name="manning" /><ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|202}} There, although bedridden after a 1603 accident, she gradually accumulated a group of about twenty women, engaged in making clothing for the poor and teaching the younger girls.<ref name="manning" /><ref name="reboiras">{{cite book |last1=Reboiras |first1=Fernando Domínguez |title=Religion past & present: encyclopedia of theology and religion |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004146662 |edition=English}}</ref><ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|203}} In 1615, a vision of [[Bridget of Sweden]] instructed Marina to found a branch of the Brigittine order, which Marina called the Recollects.<ref name="month">{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Clarke |editor1-first=Richard Frederick |date=1888 |title=The Second Summer |magazine=[[The Month]] |location= |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, and Company |volume=63 |issue=290 |issn=0027-0172 |pages=474–475}}</ref><ref name="manning" /> Marina prepared a modified Rule for her convent, which was approved by [[Urban VIII]].<ref name="month"/><ref name="weber" /> While she died before finishing this project, it was continued after her death by Mariana de San José,<ref name="manning" /> and the convent opened in 1637.<ref name="lehfeldt">{{cite book |last1=Lehfeldt |first1=Elizabeth A. |title=Religious Women in Golden Age Spain: The Permeable Cloister |date=5 July 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-90455-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkErDwAAQBAJ |access-date=4 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|29}}
Within her lifetime, Marina became popularly known as a holy woman, and corresponded with large numbers of people throughout Spain.<ref name="lehfeldt" /> Her funeral, in 1633, was widely attended, and she was honored by an elaborate funeral procession.<ref name="lehfeldt" />

Marina's funeral, in 1633, was widely attended, and she was honored by an elaborate funeral procession.<ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|203}} The cause for her [[beatification]] was opened on 29 December 1691, granting her the title of [[Servant of God]].<ref name="index">{{cite book |title=Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum |date=January 1953 |publisher=Typis polyglottis vaticanis |page=170 |language=Latin |quote={{lang|la|S. D. '''Marina de Escobar,''' Mon. Ord. S. Birgittae {{dagger}} 1629. VALLISOLETAN — Aper. Proc. Ord. Inf. 29 December 1691.}}}}</ref> She was later declared [[Venerable]].<ref name="ce" />


== Spirituality ==
== Spirituality ==
[[File:Cristo jesuita y Marina de Escobar.jpg|thumb|Christ, dressed as a Jesuit, speaks to Marina de Escobar.]]


Like her parents, Marina generally turned to the local [[Jesuits]] for spiritual advice.<ref name="manning">{{cite journal |last1=Manning |first1=Patricia W. |title=Publications by Jesuits |journal=An Overview of the Pre-suppression Society of Jesus in Spain |date=2021 |pages=90–113 |doi=10.1163/j.ctv1sr6hbh.19 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv1sr6hbh.19 |publisher=Brill}}</ref><ref name="lehfeldt" /> The most prominent among her advisors were the brothers Andrés and [[Luis de Ponte]]; others included Miguel de Oreña (rector of the {{ill|Colegio de San Ambrosio|es|Colegio de San Ambrosio (Valladolid)}}), Antonio de Leon, and [[Balthazar Alvarez]].<ref name=graham/><ref name="lehfeldt" />
Like her parents, Marina generally turned to the local Jesuits for spiritual advice.<ref name="manning">{{cite journal |last1=Manning |first1=Patricia W. |title=Publications by Jesuits |journal=An Overview of the Pre-suppression Society of Jesus in Spain |date=2021 |pages=90–113 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv1sr6hbh.19 |publisher=Brill|jstor=10.1163/j.ctv1sr6hbh.19 |isbn=9789004434301 }}</ref><ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|204}} The most prominent among her advisors were the brothers Andrés and Luis de la Puente; others included Miguel de Oreña (rector of the {{ill|Colegio de San Ambrosio|es|Colegio de San Ambrosio (Valladolid)}}), Antonio de Leon, and [[Balthazar Alvarez]].<ref name=ce/><ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|204}}


Antonio de Leon encouraged Marina to practice {{lang|es|[[recogimiento]]}}, a form of [[mental prayer]] associated with the [[Franciscan order]], while discouraging her from becoming involved with related practices associated with the heretical {{lang|es|[[Alumbrados]]}}.<ref name="lehfeldt" />
Antonio de Leon encouraged Marina to practice {{lang|es|[[recogimiento]]}}, a form of [[mental prayer]] associated with the [[Franciscan order]], while discouraging her from becoming involved with related practices associated with the heretical {{lang|es|[[Alumbrados]]}}.<ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|204}} Luis de la Puente shared with her his devotion to the [[Sacred Heart]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Warren |first1=Nancy Bradley |title=The Embodied Word: Female Spiritualities, Contested Orthodoxies, and English Religious Cultures, 1350-1700 |date=2010 |publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |isbn=978-0-268-04420-6 |page=285 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FV8sAQAAMAAJ |access-date=8 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>


Marina experienced visions of saints including [[Bridget of Sweden]], [[Gertrude the Great]], [[Matilda of Ringelheim]], [[Ignatius of Loyola]], [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], [[Saint Dominic]], [[Francis of Assisi]], and the [[Virgin Mary]].<ref name="pourrat" /><ref name="lehfeldt" /> While sometimes comforting, her visions were often harsh and demanding, such as one in which Christ had her [[guardian angel]] beat her as punishment.<ref name="haliczer" />
Marina experienced visions of saints including [[Bridget of Sweden]], [[Gertrude the Great]], [[Matilda of Ringelheim]], Ignatius of Loyola, [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], [[Saint Dominic]], [[Francis of Assisi]], and the [[Virgin Mary]],<ref name="pourrat" /><ref name="lehfeldt" />{{rp|204}} as well as of people she had known personally before their death, such as her five-year-old niece Maria Hermandez.<ref name="furniss">{{cite book |last1=Furniss |first1=John |title=The Sunday School Or Catechism |date=1861 |publisher=Richardson |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7UCAAAAQAAJ |access-date=8 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> While sometimes comforting, her visions were often harsh and demanding, such as one in which Christ had her [[guardian angel]] beat her as punishment.<ref name="haliczer" />


== Writings ==
== Writings ==


⚫
Marina, whose health made it difficult for her to write, dictated accounts of her visions to the de la Puente brothers and to a secretary.<ref name="manning" /> Luis de la Puente organized the writings and prepared them for publication. The collected writings were brought before the Spanish Inquisition under suspicion of heresy; it was suggested that Marina might be exhibiting {{lang|es|[[alumbradismo]]}} or [[Quietism (Christian contemplation)|Quietism]], and that her visions might not have been authentic. As a result of this controversy, the causes for [[beatification]] of both Marina and Luis de la Puente were delayed for decades. Jean Tanner, a [[Jesuit]] priest in [[Prague]], published two influential works arguing for Marina's [[orthodoxy]].<ref name="manning" />
=== Publication ===


⚫
The compiled edition of Marina's life and writings was eventually published at Madrid in 1664; a continuation by Pinto Ramírez followed in 1673.<ref name="manning" /> It was translated into Latin by M. Hanel, S.J., and published again at Prague in 1672&ndash;1688, and in an enlarged edition at Naples 1690. A German translation in four volumes appeared in 1861.<ref name="ce">{{Cite CE1913 | wstitle = Ven. Marina de Escobar | author = Edward P. Graham}}</ref> Although often published in one large volume, the work is divided into six books, on the following topics:<ref name="ce" />
⚫
Marina, whose health made it difficult for her to write, dictated accounts of her visions to the de Ponte brothers and to a secretary.<ref name="manning" /> Luis de Ponte organized the writings and prepared them for publication.<ref name="manning" /> The collected writings were brought before the [[Spanish Inquisition]] under suspicion of heresy; it was suggested that Marina might be exhibiting {{lang|es|[[alumbradismo]]}} or [[Quietism (Christian contemplation)|Quietism]], and that her visions might not have been authentic.<ref name="manning" /> As a result of this controversy, the causes for [[beatification]] of both Marina and Luis de Ponte were delayed for decades.<ref name="manning" /> Jean Tanner, a [[Jesuit]] priest in [[Prague]], published two influential works arguing for Marina's [[orthodoxy]].<ref name="manning" />


{{Ordered list |list_style_type=upper-roman
⚫
The compiled edition of Marina's life and writings was eventually published at Madrid in 1664; a continuation by Pinto Ramírez followed in 1673.<ref name="manning" /> It was translated into Latin by M. Hanel, S.J., and published again at Prague in 1672&ndash;1688, and in an enlarged edition at Naples 1690. A German translation in four volumes appeared in 1861.
|God's guidance

|The mysteries of redemption
=== Contents ===
|The [[Trinity]]

|[[Guardian angel]]s and the Virgin Mary
The writings were published in one large volume and are divided into six books containing Luis de Ponte's remarks and her own, interspersed between the visions themselves. Book I treats of the means by which God had led her; II contains revelations about the mysteries of redemption; III about God and the [[Blessed Trinity]]; IV about [[guardian angel]]s and the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]]'s prerogatives; V gives means to help souls in [[purgatory]] and to save souls on earth; and VI reveals her perfection as shown under terrible sufferings.
|Helping souls in [[purgatory]] and on earth

|Marina's own sufferings
The style of the work is free and flowing and she speaks with simplicity and naïve frankness. The visions are picturesque, and pleasing or alarming according to their subject, but the descriptions are mere outlines, leaving much to the imagination, and never going into details. Their variety is great, including: Daily communion and [[Satan]]'s objection to it; [[mystic espousal]]s; how the bodies of saints can appear in visions; internal stigmata; some saints with whom modern hagiographers have dealt harshly, as [[St. Christopher]].
}}


According to de Ponte, Marina's writing was "wordy and sloppy; she repeats something several times in order to make herself understood, and with too many words."<ref name="redworth">{{cite book |last1=Redworth |first1=Glyn |title=The She-Apostle: The Extraordinary Life and Death of Luisa de Carvajal |date=21 April 2011 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-161987-8 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_She_Apostle/gTuLHBGLKP0C |access-date=7 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
Other topics discussed include the practice of daily communion, [[mystic espousal]]s, internal [[stigmata]], and various saints.<ref name="ce" /> Edward Graham, in the Catholic Encyclopedia, describes the writing as "free and flowing", and Marina's style as displaying "simplicity and naïve frankness".<ref name="ce" /> On the other hand, de la Puente describes Marina's writing as "wordy and sloppy; she repeats something several times in order to make herself understood, and with too many words."<ref name="redworth">{{cite book |last1=Redworth |first1=Glyn |title=The She-Apostle: The Extraordinary Life and Death of Luisa de Carvajal |date=21 April 2011 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-161987-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTuLHBGLKP0C |access-date=7 October 2023 |language=en|quote= It is tempting to think of what Luis de la Puente said about the writings of her close friend in Valladolid, Marina de Escobar. A master of mystical writing himself, De la Puente’s down-to-earth opinion of Escobar was that 'really her style is wordy and sloppy; she repeats something several times in order to make herself understood, and with too many words'. The same might be said of Luisa.}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:16th-century Spanish nuns]]
[[Category:16th-century Spanish nuns]]
[[Category:17th-century Spanish nuns]]
[[Category:17th-century Spanish nuns]]
[[Category:Venerated Catholics]]
[[Category:Spanish venerated Catholics]]
[[Category:17th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:17th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:People from Valladolid]]
[[Category:People from Valladolid]]

Latest revision as of 17:26, 10 November 2024

This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is de Escobar, the second or maternal family name is Montaña.
Venerable
Marina de Escobar
Portrait, 17th century
Personal
Born(1554-02-08)8 February 1554
Valladolid, Spain
Died9 June 1633(1633-06-09) (aged 79)
Valladolid, Spain
ReligionCatholic

Marina de Escobar Montaña (8 February 1554 – 9 June 1633) was a Spanish Catholic mystic of the Counter-Reformation era. Restricted in her activity due to poor health, she devoted herself to prayer and contemplation under the guidance of her Jesuit confessors and spiritual advisors. Marina experienced visions of a number of saints, and within her lifetime she acquired a reputation throughout Spain as a holy woman, especially in her home city of Valladolid.

Despite taking a vow of chastity, spending her life in prayer and service, and gathering a small community of other women around her, Marina never joined a religious order. After a 1615 vision, she worked to found a modified branch of the Brigittine Order, but died before she herself could join it. She was popularly venerated after her death, and her confessor, Luis de la Puente, collected and prepared her accounts of her spiritual experiences. After a lengthy investigation by the Spanish Inquisition, these were published, and Marina was declared Venerable.

Life

[edit]

Childhood

[edit]

Marina was born in Valladolid, Spain, on 8 February 1554.[1] Her father, Diego de Escobar, was a professor of civil and canon law, a lawyer in the Royal Chancellery of Granada, and, for a time, governor of Osuna; her mother was Margaret Montaña, daughter of the Emperor Charles V's physician.[2][3][4]: 427  Marina was their fourth daughter; her parents had hoped for a boy.[4]: 202 

Between the ages of one and nine, Marina lived with her grandmother.[2] After she returned to living with her parents, her father criticized her for taking care with her appearance and for insufficient asceticism.[2] About this time, Marina made friends with another young girl, who influenced her away from the intense devotion her family cultivated.[4]: 202  Her father, displeased, chose her a confessor who pushed her towards greater austerity.[2]

Starting from the age of fourteen, Marina suffered from a severe illness, which some modern biographers suggest may have been schizophrenia.[4]: 202 [2] She experienced depression and dissociation, as well as frequent visions.[2]

Adult life

[edit]

Marina repeatedly indicated interest in joining a religious order, beginning as early as 1568, when she met Teresa of Avila. Teresa discouraged Marina's ambition to join one of her discalced Carmelite convents, reportedly saying: "Come now, daughter, you don’t have to be a nun since God wants you for great things from the corner of your house."[4]: 193 [5] Later, in 1604, Marina spoke to Mariana de San José [es] about her desire to join Mariana's Augustinian convent, but was unable to do so due to her health.[4]: 207  In a 1621 vision, Marina reported that Ignatius of Loyola appeared to her, telling her that he adopted her as a member of the Society of Jesus and clothing her in the habit of the order.[6]

In fact, although she devoted her life to religion, making a vow of chastity and taking frequent communion, Marina remained in her family home in Valladolid for most of her life.[4]: 202  There she gathered around her a circle of friends and followers, including another local mystic, Luisa Carvajal y Mendoza.[7] She became popularly known as a holy woman, and corresponded with large numbers of people throughout Spain.[4]: 203 

In 1603, Marina moved into an apartment owned by her family, accompanied by two servants.[8][4]: 202  There, although bedridden after a 1603 accident, she gradually accumulated a group of about twenty women, engaged in making clothing for the poor and teaching the younger girls.[8][9][4]: 203  In 1615, a vision of Bridget of Sweden instructed Marina to found a branch of the Brigittine order, which Marina called the Recollects.[10][8] Marina prepared a modified Rule for her convent, which was approved by Urban VIII.[10][5] While she died before finishing this project, it was continued after her death by Mariana de San José,[8] and the convent opened in 1637.[4]: 29 

Marina's funeral, in 1633, was widely attended, and she was honored by an elaborate funeral procession.[4]: 203  The cause for her beatification was opened on 29 December 1691, granting her the title of Servant of God.[11] She was later declared Venerable.[3]

Spirituality

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Christ, dressed as a Jesuit, speaks to Marina de Escobar.

Like her parents, Marina generally turned to the local Jesuits for spiritual advice.[8][4]: 204  The most prominent among her advisors were the brothers Andrés and Luis de la Puente; others included Miguel de Oreña (rector of the Colegio de San Ambrosio [es]), Antonio de Leon, and Balthazar Alvarez.[3][4]: 204 

Antonio de Leon encouraged Marina to practice recogimiento, a form of mental prayer associated with the Franciscan order, while discouraging her from becoming involved with related practices associated with the heretical Alumbrados.[4]: 204  Luis de la Puente shared with her his devotion to the Sacred Heart.[12]

Marina experienced visions of saints including Bridget of Sweden, Gertrude the Great, Matilda of Ringelheim, Ignatius of Loyola, Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint Dominic, Francis of Assisi, and the Virgin Mary,[1][4]: 204  as well as of people she had known personally before their death, such as her five-year-old niece Maria Hermandez.[13] While sometimes comforting, her visions were often harsh and demanding, such as one in which Christ had her guardian angel beat her as punishment.[2]

Writings

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Marina, whose health made it difficult for her to write, dictated accounts of her visions to the de la Puente brothers and to a secretary.[8] Luis de la Puente organized the writings and prepared them for publication. The collected writings were brought before the Spanish Inquisition under suspicion of heresy; it was suggested that Marina might be exhibiting alumbradismo or Quietism, and that her visions might not have been authentic. As a result of this controversy, the causes for beatification of both Marina and Luis de la Puente were delayed for decades. Jean Tanner, a Jesuit priest in Prague, published two influential works arguing for Marina's orthodoxy.[8]

The compiled edition of Marina's life and writings was eventually published at Madrid in 1664; a continuation by Pinto Ramírez followed in 1673.[8] It was translated into Latin by M. Hanel, S.J., and published again at Prague in 1672–1688, and in an enlarged edition at Naples 1690. A German translation in four volumes appeared in 1861.[3] Although often published in one large volume, the work is divided into six books, on the following topics:[3]

  1. God's guidance
  2. The mysteries of redemption
  3. The Trinity
  4. Guardian angels and the Virgin Mary
  5. Helping souls in purgatory and on earth
  6. Marina's own sufferings

Other topics discussed include the practice of daily communion, mystic espousals, internal stigmata, and various saints.[3] Edward Graham, in the Catholic Encyclopedia, describes the writing as "free and flowing", and Marina's style as displaying "simplicity and naïve frankness".[3] On the other hand, de la Puente describes Marina's writing as "wordy and sloppy; she repeats something several times in order to make herself understood, and with too many words."[7]

References

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  1. ^ a b Pourrat, Pierre (1927). Christian Spirituality: Latter developments, pt. 1. From the Renaissance to Jansenism. P.J. Kenedey. pp. 213–214. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Haliczer, Stephen (2002). Between Exaltation and Infamy: Female Mystics in the Golden Age of Spain. Oxford University Press. pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-0-19-514863-3. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Edward P. Graham (1913). "Ven. Marina de Escobar" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Lehfeldt, Elizabeth A. (5 July 2017). Religious Women in Golden Age Spain: The Permeable Cloister. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-90455-1. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  5. ^ a b Weber, Alison (10 March 2016). Devout Laywomen in the Early Modern World. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-317-15162-3. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  6. ^ Rose, Stewart (1891). St. Ignatius Loyola and the Early Jesuits. Burns and Oates. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-524-07169-4.
  7. ^ a b Redworth, Glyn (21 April 2011). The She-Apostle: The Extraordinary Life and Death of Luisa de Carvajal. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-161987-8. Retrieved 7 October 2023. It is tempting to think of what Luis de la Puente said about the writings of her close friend in Valladolid, Marina de Escobar. A master of mystical writing himself, De la Puente's down-to-earth opinion of Escobar was that 'really her style is wordy and sloppy; she repeats something several times in order to make herself understood, and with too many words'. The same might be said of Luisa.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Manning, Patricia W. (2021). "Publications by Jesuits". An Overview of the Pre-suppression Society of Jesus in Spain. Brill: 90–113. ISBN 9789004434301. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctv1sr6hbh.19.
  9. ^ Reboiras, Fernando Domínguez (2007). Religion past & present: encyclopedia of theology and religion (English ed.). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004146662.
  10. ^ a b Clarke, Richard Frederick, ed. (1888). "The Second Summer". The Month. Vol. 63, no. 290. Simpkin, Marshall, and Company. pp. 474–475. ISSN 0027-0172.
  11. ^ Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum (in Latin). Typis polyglottis vaticanis. January 1953. p. 170. S. D. Marina de Escobar, Mon. Ord. S. Birgittae † 1629. VALLISOLETAN — Aper. Proc. Ord. Inf. 29 December 1691.
  12. ^ Warren, Nancy Bradley (2010). The Embodied Word: Female Spiritualities, Contested Orthodoxies, and English Religious Cultures, 1350-1700. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-268-04420-6. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  13. ^ Furniss, John (1861). The Sunday School Or Catechism. Richardson. p. 35. Retrieved 8 October 2023.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Ven. Marina de Escobar". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

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