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The Slovak National Council (Slovak: Slovenská národná rada, SNR) was an organisation that was formed at various times in the 19th and 20th centuries to act as the highest representative of the Slovak nation.^[1] It originated in the mid-19th century as a focus for Slovak nationalist aspirations to break away from the Kingdom of Hungary but its bid for independence was suppressed. The second SNR was more successful, issuing a celebrated declaration of Slovak independence in 1918, though it too was ultimately dissolved by the state after Czechoslovakia was formed. The third SNR coordinated Slovak resistance to the Nazis and their Slovak puppet government, and evolved into a Communist-controlled organ of state power after the Second World War. Following the 1989 Velvet Revolution it was transformed into the new democratically elected Slovak parliament.^[1] A number of mostly short-lived and not particularly influential Slovak National Councils were also proclaimed abroad between the 1920s and 1940s, the last one seeking to mobilise Slovak émigré resistance to Communist rule.^[1]

First Slovak National Council (1848–49)

The SNR was first established during the revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas, when Ľudovít Štúr, Jozef Miloslav Hurban and Michal Miloslav Hodža founded it in Vienna on 15 September 1848 during the Revolutions of 1848. It called for the establishment of autonomy for the Slovak people within the Kingdom of Hungary and promoted a document known as the Demands of the Slovak Nation. On 19 September, the SNR declared in an assembly held at Myjava that Slovakia would separate from Hungary and called for a national Slovak uprising.^[1] It had executive power in Western parts of Upper Hungary^[2] (today mostly Slovakia) occupied by united Austrian-Slovak forces within their fight against the Hungarians. The first meeting on the territory of contemporary Slovakia was in the house of Mrs. Koléniová in Myjava (then Miava).

On 19 September 1848, the first national gathering of Slovaks took place in Myjava as part of the First Slovak Volunteer Campaign (from Vienna via Moravia to Slovakia). Ľudovít Štúr declared the independence of the Slovak nation from Hungary at the gathering. However, the Slovak National Council administered only Myjava and its surroundings, and the volunteers were defeated after a few days.

A militia was formed in Vienna and marched into western Slovakia, where people from the Czech lands, Moravia and Slovakia joined it in a bid to foment an uprising. The Hungarian army was able to put down the uprising within a month and forced the militia to retreat to Moravia, executing two of its leaders and depriving Štúr, Hurban and Hodža of their citizenship on the grounds of treason.^[3] Military engagements continued through the winter and into 1849, but the Slovaks were fully defeated by November 1849. The SNR found itself unable to exercise much authority and ceased to operate by the spring of 1849.^[1] Following the suppression of the uprisings in Hungary and Slovakia, the new Austro-Hungarian Emperor, Franz Josef I, sought to co-opt the three Slovak leaders by offering them positions in the state administration. They refused, insisting on their previous demands of a separate Slovak territory within the empire. The Austrian government put them under close surveillance and they were forced to retire from politics.^[3]

There is a commemorative tablet to the council near the Karlskirche in Vienna.

Second Slovak National Council (1914–19)

The second SNR was established on 26 May 1914 under Matúš Dula. The outbreak of the First World War a few months later meant that it remained inactive for the next four years, when the Slovaks fought for the Central Powers as part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The final months of the war saw the gradual disintegration of the empire and the revitalisation of the SNR. At a meeting held in Budapest on 12 September 1918, twelve representatives of Slovak parties were nominated to serve as members of the council. It was officially constituted in the town of Turčiansky Svätý Martin (now Martin, Slovakia) on 29 October and the following day issued the Martin Declaration, in effect declaring Slovakia's independence and presaging Slovakia's unification with the Czech lands as part of the new state of Czechoslovakia.^[4] The occupation of Martin by Hungarian troops prevented the SNR doing much following the declaration, other than issuing around 200 directives,^[1] and it was dissolved by the new Czechoslovak government on 8 January 1919^[5] as part of a centralising drive by Vavro Šrobár, the government's Minister for Slovakia.^[6]

Third Slovak National Council (1943–92)

In September 1943 the SNR was again constituted to serve as a forum for resistance to the pro-Nazi puppet regime of the Slovak Republic. Its leadership was shared by Karol Šmidke, representing the Communists, and Jozef Lettrich, representing the non-communists.^[1] The creation of the council followed the pattern set in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, in which the Communists set themselves at the head of a notionally politically diverse popular front to resist Nazi rule.^[7] It characterized its task as being "to guide the struggle of the Slovak people and at an appropriate moment to take over power and transfer it to the elected representatives of the people".^[8] The SNR issued the so-called "Christmas Agreement" setting out a programme for re-establishing Slovakia as part of a reconstituted Czechoslovak state under democratic rule,^[1] a stance which was supported by all the major anti-fascist forces. It recognised the leadership of the exiled Czechoslovak leader Eduard Beneš, though he was reluctant to recognise it in return.^[8]

Following the launch of the Slovak National Uprising in 1944, the SNR took charge of areas liberated by the resistance. In February 1945 its representatives set themselves up in Košice to take full control of Slovakia. Its membership grew from an initial 41 to 100, split evenly between Communists and non-Communists, with a Board of Commissioners to act as its executive body. Its powers were gradually restricted under the Prague Agreements of 1945–46 and following the Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948, when the Communists seized power, the SNR became an instrument of the Communist regime.^[1]

This situation persisted until the Velvet Revolution of 1989, when the Communists lost power. A constitutional law passed in 1990 restored many of the SNR's former powers and transformed it into a democratically elected parliament, the first free elections to which were held in June 1990. It was renamed the National Council of the Slovak Republic on 1 September 1992 after a new Slovak constitution was promulgated; Slovakia became independent from Czechoslovakia four months later on 1 January 1993.^[1]

Slovak National Councils abroad

Four Slovak National Councils were also proclaimed abroad at various times between 1920 and 1948. The first was established by František Jehlička in Warsaw in May 1920 but failed to attract support from Slovaks abroad and was dissolved by 1922. Milan Hodža established the second in Paris on 22 November 1939, with himself as president and Peter Prídavok as secretary. Hodža sought to outline proposals for a post-war Czechoslovak state based on the Žilina Agreement. However, it was superseded by the creation on 28 January 1940 of a Czecho-Slovak National Council, headed by Hodža, and its presence in France was ended by the country's defeat in the Battle of France six months later. The third SNR abroad was founded in London by Peter Prídavok on 31 December 1943 and advocated that Slovakia should become an independent state in a federated Central Europe. The Czechoslovak government in exile refused to recognise it and it played no part in determining Slovakia's post-war settlement.^[1]

The fourth and final SNR abroad was the only one to be officially termed the Slovak National Council Abroad (Slovak: Slovenská národná rada v zahraniči, SNRvZ). It was founded in Rome in May 1948 after the Communist coup in Czechoslovakia, with Karol Sidor, Konštantin Čulen, Jozef Kirschbaum and others as founder members. It sought to restore Slovak statehood and to mobilise Slovak émigrés abroad, through its branches in West Germany, Argentina, Canada, the United States and other countries where Slovaks had settled. In September 1948 it merged with Prídavok's Slovak National Council. A further merger took place in 1960 when the Slovak Liberation Committee joined it to form the Slovak Liberation Council.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Stanislav J. Kirschbaum (14 November 2013). Historical Dictionary of Slovakia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 294–5. ISBN 978-0-8108-8030-6.
^ Mikuláš Teich; Dušan Kováč; Martin D. Brown (2011). Slovakia in History. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-139-49494-6.
^ ^a ^b Marcel Cornis-Pope; John Neubauer (1 January 2004). History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 276–77. ISBN 90-272-3452-3.
^ Mametey, Victor S. (2000). "Martin Declaration". In Frucht, Richard C. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism. Garland Pub. p. 483. ISBN 978-0-8153-0092-2.
^ Bartl, Julius (1 April 2002). Slovak history: chronology & lexicon. Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-86516-444-4.
^ Miller, Daniel (15 July 1999). Forging Political Compromise: Antonín Svehla and the Czechoslovak Republican Party, 1918–1933. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8229-7728-5.
^ Swain, Geoffrey; Swain, Nigel (30 September 2009). Eastern Europe Since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-137-01409-2.
^ ^a ^b Steiner, Eugen (1973). The Slovak Dilemma. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-521-20050-9.

[Kirschbaum2013-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Stanislav J. Kirschbaum (14 November 2013). Historical Dictionary of Slovakia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 294–5. ISBN 978-0-8108-8030-6.

[2] Mikuláš Teich; Dušan Kováč; Martin D. Brown (2011). Slovakia in History. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-139-49494-6.

[Cornis-PopeNeubauer2004-3] Marcel Cornis-Pope; John Neubauer (1 January 2004). History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 276–77. ISBN 90-272-3452-3.

[Frucht2000-4] Mametey, Victor S. (2000). "Martin Declaration". In Frucht, Richard C. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism. Garland Pub. p. 483. ISBN 978-0-8153-0092-2.

[Bartl2002-5] Bartl, Julius (1 April 2002). Slovak history: chronology & lexicon. Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-86516-444-4.

[Miller1999-6] Miller, Daniel (15 July 1999). Forging Political Compromise: Antonín Svehla and the Czechoslovak Republican Party, 1918–1933. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8229-7728-5.

[SwainSwain2009-7] Swain, Geoffrey; Swain, Nigel (30 September 2009). Eastern Europe Since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-137-01409-2.

[Steiner1973-8] Steiner, Eugen (1973). The Slovak Dilemma. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-521-20050-9.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{distinguish|National Council (Slovakia)}}
-The '''Slovak National Council''' is the name of different types of supreme bodies in the history of [[Slovakia]]. They existed within the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] or [[Czechoslovakia]] or the [[WWII Slovak Republic]] or were bodies of Slovak exile or expatriots:
+The '''Slovak National Council''' ({{langx|sk|Slovenská národná rada}}, SNR) was an organisation that was formed at various times in the 19th and 20th centuries to act as the highest representative of the Slovak nation.<ref name="Kirschbaum2013" /> It originated in the mid-19th century as a focus for Slovak nationalist aspirations to break away from the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] but its bid for independence was suppressed. The second SNR was more successful, issuing a celebrated declaration of Slovak independence in 1918, though it too was ultimately dissolved by the state after [[Czechoslovakia]] was formed. The third SNR coordinated Slovak resistance to the [[Nazis]] and their Slovak puppet government, and evolved into a Communist-controlled organ of state power after the [[Second World War]]. Following the 1989 [[Velvet Revolution]] it was transformed into the new democratically elected Slovak parliament.<ref name="Kirschbaum2013" /> A number of mostly short-lived and not particularly influential Slovak National Councils were also proclaimed abroad between the 1920s and 1940s, the last one seeking to mobilise Slovak émigré resistance to Communist rule.<ref name="Kirschbaum2013" />
-*[[Slovak National Council (1848-1849)]] (during the 1848/1949 revolution)
-*[[Slovak National Council (1914)]] (an attempt by M. Dula during WWI)
-*[[Slovak National Council (1918)]] (adopted the [[Declaration of the Slovak Nation]])
-*[[Slovak National Council (1920, 1933)]] (the Slovak National Council of F. Jehlička; a body of Slovak expatriots)
-*[[Slovak National Council (1939-1940)]] (the Slovak National Council of [[Milan Hodža]])
-*[[Slovak National Council (1943-1960)]], called "Slovak National Council Abroad" since 1948 (a body of Slovak expatriots)
-*[[Slovak National Council ]]([[1943]]-[[1992]]), which was renamed [[National Council of the Slovak Republic]] on October 1, 1992
+==First Slovak National Council (1848–49)==
-{{Disambiguation}}
+[[File:Slovak Flag (1848).svg|thumb|Flag of Slovak volunteers]]
-[[Category:History of Slovakia]]
+{{Expand Slovak|Slovenská národná rada (1848 – 1849)|section=yes}}
-[[Category:Government of Slovakia]]
+The SNR was first established during the [[revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas]], when [[Ľudovít Štúr]], [[Jozef Miloslav Hurban]] and [[Michal Miloslav Hodža]] founded it in [[Vienna]] on 15 September 1848 during the [[Revolutions of 1848]]. It called for the establishment of autonomy for the Slovak people within the Kingdom of Hungary and promoted a document known as the ''[[Demands of the Slovak Nation]]''. On 19 September, the SNR declared in an assembly held at [[Myjava]] that Slovakia would separate from Hungary and called for a [[Slovak Uprising 1848-1849|national Slovak uprising]].<ref name="Kirschbaum2013">{{cite book|author=Stanislav J. Kirschbaum|title=Historical Dictionary of Slovakia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzefAgAAQBAJ|date=14 November 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-8030-6|pages=294–5}}</ref> It had executive power in Western parts of [[Upper Hungary]]<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Mikuláš Teich]] |author2=Dušan Kováč |author3=Martin D. Brown |title=Slovakia in History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|page=126|isbn=978-1-139-49494-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrC1HFgjJxsC&dq=%22%28mainly+in+western+slovakia%29%22&pg=PA126}}</ref> (today mostly [[Slovakia]]) occupied by united Austrian-Slovak forces within their fight against the [[Hungarians]]. The first meeting on the territory of contemporary [[Slovakia]] was in the house of Mrs. Koléniová in Myjava (then Miava).
+On 19 September 1848, the first national gathering of Slovaks took place in Myjava as part of the [[First Slovak Volunteer Campaign]] (from Vienna via [[Moravia]] to Slovakia). Ľudovít Štúr declared the independence of the Slovak nation from Hungary at the gathering. However, the Slovak National Council administered only [[Myjava]] and its surroundings, and the volunteers were defeated after a few days.
-[[cs:Slovenská národní rada]]
-[[de:Slowakischer Nationalrat]]
+A militia was formed in Vienna and marched into western Slovakia, where people from the [[Czech lands]], [[Moravia]] and Slovakia joined it in a bid to foment an uprising. The Hungarian army was able to put down the uprising within a month and forced the militia to retreat to Moravia, executing two of its leaders and depriving Štúr, Hurban and Hodža of their citizenship on the grounds of treason.<ref name="Cornis-PopeNeubauer2004">{{cite book|author1=Marcel Cornis-Pope|author2=John Neubauer|title=History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pV6sFB-KuU8C&pg=PA276|date=1 January 2004|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=90-272-3452-3|pages=276–77}}</ref> Military engagements continued through the winter and into 1849, but the Slovaks were fully defeated by November 1849. The SNR found itself unable to exercise much authority and ceased to operate by the spring of 1849.<ref name="Kirschbaum2013" /> Following the suppression of the uprisings in Hungary and Slovakia, the new Austro-Hungarian Emperor, [[Franz Josef I of Austria|Franz Josef I]], sought to co-opt the three Slovak leaders by offering them positions in the state administration. They refused, insisting on their previous demands of a separate Slovak territory within the empire. The Austrian government put them under close surveillance and they were forced to retire from politics.<ref name="Cornis-PopeNeubauer2004" />
-[[sk:Slovenská národná rada]]
+There is a commemorative tablet to the council near the [[Karlskirche]] in Vienna.
+==Second Slovak National Council (1914–19)==
+The second SNR was established on 26 May 1914 under [[Matúš Dula]]. The outbreak of the [[First World War]] a few months later meant that it remained inactive for the next four years, when the Slovaks fought for the [[Central Powers]] as part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. The final months of the war saw the gradual disintegration of the empire and the revitalisation of the SNR. At a meeting held in Budapest on 12 September 1918, twelve representatives of Slovak parties were nominated to serve as members of the council. It was officially constituted in the town of Turčiansky Svätý Martin (now [[Martin, Slovakia]]) on 29 October and the following day issued the [[Martin Declaration]], in effect declaring Slovakia's independence and presaging Slovakia's unification with the Czech lands as part of the new state of [[Czechoslovakia]].<ref name="Frucht2000">{{cite book|last=Mametey|first=Victor S.|editor=Frucht, Richard C.|title=Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wiKQgAACAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Garland Pub.|isbn=978-0-8153-0092-2|page=483|chapter=Martin Declaration}}</ref>  The occupation of Martin by Hungarian troops prevented the SNR doing much following the declaration, other than issuing around 200 directives,<ref name="Kirschbaum2013" /> and it was dissolved by the new Czechoslovak government on 8 January 1919<ref name="Bartl2002">{{cite book|first=Julius|last=Bartl|title=Slovak history: chronology & lexicon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBhoAAAAMAAJ|date=1 April 2002|publisher=Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo|isbn=978-0-86516-444-4|page=306}}</ref> as part of a centralising drive by [[Vavro Šrobár]], the government's Minister for Slovakia.<ref name="Miller1999">{{cite book|first=Daniel|last=Miller|title=Forging Political Compromise: Antonín Svehla and the Czechoslovak Republican Party, 1918–1933|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQSLrMbZn5QC|date=15 July 1999|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre|isbn=978-0-8229-7728-5|page=66}}</ref>
+==Third Slovak National Council (1943–92)==
+In September 1943 the SNR was again constituted to serve as a forum for resistance to the pro-Nazi puppet regime of the [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]]. Its leadership was shared by Karol Šmidke, representing the Communists, and Jozef Lettrich, representing the non-communists.<ref name="Kirschbaum2013" /> The creation of the council followed the pattern set in [[Bulgaria]] and [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], in which the Communists set themselves at the head of a notionally politically diverse popular front to resist Nazi rule.<ref name="SwainSwain2009">{{cite book|last1=Swain|first1=Geoffrey|last2=Swain|first2=Nigel|title=Eastern Europe Since 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GugcBQAAQBAJ|date=30 September 2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-01409-2|page=46}}</ref> It characterized its task as being "to guide the struggle of the Slovak people and at an appropriate moment to take over power and transfer it to the elected representatives of the people".<ref name="Steiner1973">{{cite book|last=Steiner|first=Eugen|title=The Slovak Dilemma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODk8AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-20050-9|page=58}}</ref> The SNR issued the so-called "Christmas Agreement" setting out a programme for re-establishing Slovakia as part of a reconstituted Czechoslovak state under democratic rule,<ref name="Kirschbaum2013" /> a stance which was supported by all the major anti-fascist forces. It recognised the leadership of the exiled Czechoslovak leader [[Eduard Beneš]], though he was reluctant to recognise it in return.<ref name="Steiner1973" />
+Following the launch of the [[Slovak National Uprising]] in 1944, the SNR took charge of areas liberated by the resistance. In February 1945 its representatives set themselves up in Košice to take full control of Slovakia. Its membership grew from an initial 41 to 100, split evenly between Communists and non-Communists, with a [[Board of Commissioners (Slovak executive body)|Board of Commissioners]] to act as its executive body. Its powers were gradually restricted under the [[Prague Agreements]] of 1945–46 and following the [[Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948]], when the Communists seized power, the SNR became an instrument of the Communist regime.<ref name="Kirschbaum2013" />
+This situation persisted until the [[Velvet Revolution]] of 1989, when the Communists lost power. A constitutional law passed in 1990 restored many of the SNR's former powers and transformed it into a democratically elected parliament, the first free elections to which were held in June 1990. It was renamed the [[National Council (Slovakia)|National Council of the Slovak Republic]] on 1 September 1992 after a new Slovak constitution was promulgated; Slovakia became independent from Czechoslovakia four months later on 1 January 1993.<ref name="Kirschbaum2013" />
+==Slovak National Councils abroad==
+Four Slovak National Councils were also proclaimed abroad at various times between 1920 and 1948. The first was established by [[František Jehlička]] in [[Warsaw]] in May 1920 but failed to attract support from Slovaks abroad and was dissolved by 1922. [[Milan Hodža]] established the second in [[Paris]] on 22 November 1939, with himself as president and [[Peter Prídavok]] as secretary. Hodža sought to outline proposals for a post-war Czechoslovak state based on the [[Žilina Agreement]]. However, it was superseded by the creation on 28 January 1940 of a [[Czecho-Slovak National Council]], headed by Hodža, and its presence in France was ended by the country's defeat in the [[Battle of France]] six months later. The third SNR abroad was founded in [[London]] by [[Peter Prídavok]] on 31 December 1943 and advocated that Slovakia should become an independent state in a federated Central Europe. The [[Czechoslovak government in exile]] refused to recognise it and it played no part in determining Slovakia's post-war settlement.<ref name="Kirschbaum2013" />
+The fourth and final SNR abroad was the only one to be officially termed the Slovak National Council Abroad ({{langx|sk|Slovenská národná rada v zahraniči}}, SNRvZ). It was founded in [[Rome]] in May 1948 after the Communist coup in Czechoslovakia, with [[Karol Sidor]], [[Konštantin Čulen]], [[Jozef Kirschbaum]] and others as founder members. It sought to restore Slovak statehood and to mobilise Slovak émigrés abroad, through its branches in [[West Germany]], [[Argentina]], [[Canada]], the [[United States]] and other countries where Slovaks had settled. In September 1948 it merged with Prídavok's Slovak National Council. A further merger took place in 1960 when the [[Slovak Liberation Committee]] joined it to form the [[Slovak Liberation Council]].<ref name="Kirschbaum2013" />
+==See also==
+*[[National Council (Slovakia)|National Council of the Slovak Republic]]
+==References==
+{{reflist|30em}}
+{{Parliaments of Czechoslovakia}}
+[[Category:Political history of Slovakia]]
+[[Category:Government of Slovakia]]
+[[Category:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]]

v t e Parliaments of Czechoslovakia
Predecessor Bohemian Diet (1861–1918)
National parliaments Revolutionary National Assembly (cs) (1918–20) National Assembly (1920–39) None in the German-occupied Bohemia-Moravia; National Assembly (sk) in the Slovak State (1939–45) Interim National Assembly (1945–46) Constituent National Assembly (1946–48) National Assembly (Communist) (1948–68) Federal Assembly (1969–92)
Subnational parliaments Parliament of Carpatho-Ukraine (1938-39) Czech National Council (1969–92) Slovak National Council (1969–92)
Succeeded by Parliament of the Czech Republic (1993–present) National Council of Slovakia (1993–present)
See also: Origins of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak National Council Constitution of Czechoslovakia Munich Agreement German occupation of Czechoslovakia 1948 Communist coup Prague Spring Velvet Revolution Dissolution of Czechoslovakia