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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{family name hatnote|Badamdorj|Gonchigjalzangiin|lang=Mongolian}}
{{family name hatnote|Badamdorj|Gonchigjalzangiin|lang=Mongolian}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
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| office = Prime Minister of Mongolia
| office = Prime Minister of Mongolia
| term_start = 1919
| term_start = 1919
| term_end = January 1920{{fact}}
| term_end = January 1921{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
| predecessor = [[Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren]]
| predecessor = [[Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren]]
| successor = [[Dambyn Chagdarjav]]
| successor = [[Dambyn Chagdarjav]]
| birth_date =1850{{fact}}
| birth_date =1850{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
| birth_place =[[Mongolia under Qing rule|Outer Mongolia]], [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]]{{fact}}
| birth_place =[[Mongolia under Qing rule|Outer Mongolia]], [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]]{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
| death_date =1920
| death_date =1921 (aged 71){{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
| death_place =[[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia]]{{fact}}
| death_place =[[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia]]{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
}}
}}


'''Gonchigjalzangiin{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Badamdorj''' ({{Lang-mn|Гончигжалцангийн Бадамдорж}}; {{zh|巴德瑪多爾濟}}; {{bo|t=པདྨ་རྡོ་རྗེ།}} ''Padma Dorje;'' died 1920) was an early 20th-century Mongolian religious figure and prime minister under the [[History of Mongolia#Bogda Khaanate of Mongolia|Bogd Khaanate]] from late{{fact}} 1919 to January 1920.{{fact}} He is most remembered in Mongolia for caving to Qing threats and agreeing to Mongolia's "voluntary" [[Occupation of Mongolia|relinquishment of independence]] from Chinese rule in 1919.
'''Gonchigjalzangiin{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Badamdorj''' ({{Langx|mn|Гончигжалцангийн Бадамдорж}}; {{lang-zh|c=巴德瑪多爾濟|p=Bā dé mǎ duō ěr jì}}; {{bo|t=པདྨ་རྡོ་རྗེ།}} ''Padma Dorje;'' 1850–1921) was an early 20th-century Mongolian religious figure and prime minister under the [[History of Mongolia#Bogda Khaanate of Mongolia|Bogd Khaanate]] from late{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} 1919 to January 1920.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} He is most remembered in Mongolia for caving to Qing threats and agreeing to Mongolia's "voluntary" [[Occupation of Mongolia|relinquishment of independence]] from Chinese rule in 1919.


==Early career==
==Early career==
[[File:Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Autochrome of Badamdorj in 1913]]
[[File:Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Autochrome of Badamdorj in 1913]]
Little is known about Badamdorj's early life, however, from 1900 to 1911 served as an administrator, or ''Erdene Shanzav'' of the [[Bogd Gegeen|Bogd Gegeen's]] estates. He was a close confidant, advisor, and tutor to the Khalkha spiritual leader, the [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]], (later to become the [[Bogd Khan]]) who, in 1895 dispatched him to [[St. Petersburg]] as the first Mongolian envoy to meet with the newly enthroned [[Tsar|Czar]] [[Nicholas II]] and probe Russian willingness to support Mongolian aspirations for independence from Manchu rule.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGwvDwAAQBAJ&q=badamdorj&pg=PA86|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia|last=Sanders|first=Alan J. K.|date=2017-08-25|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781538102275|pages=86|language=en}}</ref> The Russians responded positively and suggested the Mongolians work secretly with Russia's envoy in [[Niislel Hüree]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
Little is known about Badamdorj's early life, however, from 1900 to 1911 served as an administrator, or ''Erdene Shanzav'' of the [[Bogd Gegeen|Bogd Gegeen's]] estates. He was a close confidant, advisor, and tutor to the Khalkha spiritual leader, the [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]], (later to become the [[Bogd Khan]]) who, in 1895 dispatched him to [[St. Petersburg]] as the first Mongolian envoy to meet with the newly enthroned [[Tsar|Czar]] [[Nicholas II]] and probe Russian willingness to support Mongolian aspirations for independence from Manchu rule.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGwvDwAAQBAJ&q=badamdorj&pg=PA86|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia|last=Sanders|first=Alan J. K.|date=2017-08-25|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781538102275|pages=86|language=en}}</ref> The Russians responded positively and suggested the Mongolians work secretly with Russia's envoy in [[Niislel Hüree]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}


In April 1910, Badamdorj moved to protect Mongolian lamas after a riot erupted near [[Gandantegchinlen Monastery|Gandan Monastery]] between lamas and Chinese merchants. As part of [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] efforts to increase [[Han Chinese|Han]] control over Mongol territory and reign in the Buddhist hierarchy, the Qing emperor [[Puyi]] issued a decree removing Badamdorj as ''Shanzav'' and transferring his authority to the Qing ''[[Amban]]'' (viceroy) [[Sando (official)|Sando]]. Despite this, Badamdorj was not a supporter of Mongolian independence and when the [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]] sent secret delegation of [[Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha]] nobles to [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]] in 1911 to seek Russian backing for independence, Badamdorj revealed the mission to Sando.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Atwood|first=Christopher P|title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire|url=https://www.academia.edu/8855875|language=en|pages=28}}</ref>
In April 1910, Badamdorj moved to protect Mongolian lamas after a riot erupted near [[Gandantegchinlen Monastery|Gandan Monastery]] between lamas and Chinese merchants. As part of [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] efforts to increase [[Han Chinese|Han]] control over Mongol territory and reign in the Buddhist hierarchy, the Qing emperor [[Puyi]] issued a decree removing Badamdorj as ''Shanzav'' and transferring his authority to the Qing ''[[Amban]]'' (viceroy) [[Sando (official)|Sando]]. Despite this, Badamdorj was not a supporter of Mongolian independence and when the [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]] sent secret delegation of [[Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha]] nobles to [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]] in 1911 to seek Russian backing for independence, Badamdorj revealed the mission to Sando.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Atwood|first=Christopher P.|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire|url=https://www.academia.edu/8855875|language=en|page=28 |isbn=0-8160-4671-9 |title=Badmadorji |date=2004 }}</ref>


Following Mongolia's [[Outer Mongolian revolution of 1911|declaration of independence]] from Chinese rule in November 1911, the [[Bogd Khan]] appointed Badamdorj the first Minister of Religion and State. In 1915 he was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs (and thus ''de facto'' prime minister)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tstqoEnIDtAC&q=badamdorj&pg=PA67|title=Herdsman to Statesman: The Autobiography of Jamsrangiin Sambuu of Mongolia|last=Sambuu|first=Zhamsrangiĭn|date=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442207509|pages=66|language=en}}</ref> after his previous office, along that of prime minister, was abolished. Although he headed the Bogd Khan's government, Badamdorj was adamant that the [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]] and his retinue should concern themselves only with religious rather than temporal matters, and so corruption flourished unchecked in Outer Mongolia, led by Badamdorj himself who accepted bribes in exchange for the granting of royal titles and falsification of census figures.<ref name=":0" />
Following Mongolia's [[Outer Mongolian revolution of 1911|declaration of independence]] from Chinese rule in November 1911, the [[Bogd Khan]] appointed Badamdorj the first Minister of Religion and State. In 1915 he was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs (and thus ''de facto'' prime minister)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tstqoEnIDtAC&q=badamdorj&pg=PA67|title=Herdsman to Statesman: The Autobiography of Jamsrangiin Sambuu of Mongolia|last=Sambuu|first=Zhamsrangiĭn|date=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442207509|pages=66|language=en}}</ref> after his previous office, along that of prime minister, was abolished. Although he headed the Bogd Khan's government, Badamdorj was adamant that the [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]] and his retinue should concern themselves only with religious rather than temporal matters, and so corruption flourished unchecked in Outer Mongolia, led by Badamdorj himself who accepted bribes in exchange for the granting of royal titles and falsification of census figures.<ref name=":0" />
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{{main|Occupation of Mongolia}}
{{main|Occupation of Mongolia}}


Between 1915 and 1919, as Russian influence in the Far East waned following the outbreak of [[World War I]], Badamdorj, along with other conservative elements of the Bogd Khan's government supported moves by [[Yuan Shikai]] and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to bring an autonomous Outer Mongolia back under Chinese rule.<ref>{{Cite book|title=guanxi shiliao: Wai menggu [Historical sources on Chinese-Russian relations: Outer Mongolia]|last=Zhung-O|year=1959|location=Taipei|pages=415}}</ref> When Chinese troops were sent to Urga in August 1919 to protect against a threatened Buriat and Inner Mongolian Pan-Mongolist invasion led by [[Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov|Grigory Semyonov]], Khalkha nobles agreed to sign a declaration of "Sixty-Four Articles" "''On respecting of Outer Mongolia by the government of China and improvement of her position in future after self-abolishing of autonomy''".<ref>{{Cite news|title="Outer Mongolia, Tired of Autonomy, Asks China to Pay Her Princes and Take Her Back".|date=31 October 1919|work=Associated Press: New York Times}}</ref>
Between 1915 and 1919, as Russian influence in the Far East waned following the outbreak of [[World War I]], Badamdorj, along with other conservative elements of the Bogd Khan's government supported moves by [[Yuan Shikai]] and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to bring an autonomous Outer Mongolia back under Chinese rule.<ref>{{Cite book|title=guanxi shiliao: Wai menggu [Historical sources on Chinese-Russian relations: Outer Mongolia]|last=Zhung-O|year=1959|location=Taipei|pages=415}}</ref> When Chinese troops were sent to Urga in August 1919 to protect against a threatened Buriat and Inner Mongolian Pan-Mongolist invasion led by [[Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov|Grigory Semyonov]], Khalkha nobles agreed to sign a declaration of "Sixty-Four Articles" "''On respecting of Outer Mongolia by the government of China and improvement of her position in future after self-abolishing of autonomy''".<ref>{{Cite news|title="Outer Mongolia, Tired of Autonomy, Asks China to Pay Her Princes and Take Her Back".|date=31 October 1919|agency=Associated Press|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
In October 1919, China's new Northwest Frontier Commissioner [[Xu Shuzheng]] arrived in Urga with a military escort and demanded that the "Sixty-Four Articles" be renegotiated. He submitted a much tougher set of conditions, the "Eight Articles," calling for the express declaration of Chinese sovereignty over Mongolia, an increase in Mongolia's population (presumably through Chinese colonization), and the promotion of commerce, industry, and agriculture. Xu installed Badamdorj, who represented reactionary lamas and was considered to be more pliable to Chinese demands, as prime minister. Xu threatened to exile the Bodg Khan if Badamdorj and others did not sign the "Eight Articles" wherein the Mongolian government "voluntarily" relinquished the country's autonomy to Chinese administration. Other national leaders including Foreign Minister [[Balingiin Tserendorj]] and the Bogd Khan himself soon followed suit.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wai mengu jinshi shi [The modern history of Outer Mongolia]|last=Chen|first=Chungzu|year=1956|location=Taipei|pages=5–7}}</ref> Badamdorj remained prime minister for only a short period thereafter, until January 1920.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
In October 1919, China's new Northwest Frontier Commissioner [[Xu Shuzheng]] arrived in Urga with a military escort and demanded that the "Sixty-Four Articles" be renegotiated. He submitted a much tougher set of conditions, the "Eight Articles," calling for the express declaration of Chinese sovereignty over Mongolia, an increase in Mongolia's population (presumably through Chinese colonization), and the promotion of commerce, industry, and agriculture. Xu installed Badamdorj, who represented reactionary lamas and was considered to be more pliable to Chinese demands, as prime minister. Xu threatened to exile the Bodg Khan if Badamdorj and others did not sign the "Eight Articles" wherein the Mongolian government "voluntarily" relinquished the country's autonomy to Chinese administration. Other national leaders including Foreign Minister [[Balingiin Tserendorj]] and the Bogd Khan himself soon followed suit.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wai mengu jinshi shi [The modern history of Outer Mongolia]|last=Chen|first=Chungzu|year=1956|location=Taipei|pages=5–7}}</ref> Badamdorj remained prime minister for only a short period thereafter, until January 1920.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
[[File:冊封使在大廟門前全體攝影.jpg|thumb|263x263px|Ceremony marking the abolition of Mongolian autonomy 1920]]
[[File:冊封使在大廟門前全體攝影.jpg|thumb|263x263px|Ceremony marking the abolition of Mongolian autonomy 1920]]
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{{succession box
{{succession box
| title = [[Prime Minister of Mongolia]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of Mongolia]]
| years = 1919—1920
| years = 1919–1920
| before = [[Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren]]
| before = [[Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren]]
| after = [[Dambyn Chagdarjav]]
| after = [[Dambyn Chagdarjav]]
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{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}
{{Prime Ministers of Mongolia}}
{{Prime Ministers of Mongolia}}
{{Foreign Ministers of Mongolia}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Badamdorj, Gonchigjalzangiin}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Badamdorj, Gonchigjalzangiin}}
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Mongolian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Mongolian anti-communists]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]

Latest revision as of 17:45, 10 November 2024

In this Mongolian name, the given name is Badamdorj. Gonchigjalzangiin is a patronymic, not a family name.
Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj
Гончигжалцангийн Бадамдорж
2nd Prime Minister of Mongolia
In office
1919 – January 1921[citation needed]
Preceded byTögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren
Succeeded byDambyn Chagdarjav
Personal details
Born1850[citation needed]
Outer Mongolia, Qing China[citation needed]
Died1921 (aged 71)[citation needed]
Bogd Khanate of Mongolia[citation needed]

Gonchigjalzangiin[citation needed] Badamdorj (Mongolian: Гончигжалцангийн Бадамдорж; Chinese: 巴德瑪多爾濟; pinyin: Bā dé mǎ duō ěr jì; Tibetan: པདྨ་རྡོ་རྗེ། Padma Dorje; 1850–1921) was an early 20th-century Mongolian religious figure and prime minister under the Bogd Khaanate from late[citation needed] 1919 to January 1920.[citation needed] He is most remembered in Mongolia for caving to Qing threats and agreeing to Mongolia's "voluntary" relinquishment of independence from Chinese rule in 1919.

Early career

[edit]
Autochrome of Badamdorj in 1913

Little is known about Badamdorj's early life, however, from 1900 to 1911 served as an administrator, or Erdene Shanzav of the Bogd Gegeen's estates. He was a close confidant, advisor, and tutor to the Khalkha spiritual leader, the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, (later to become the Bogd Khan) who, in 1895 dispatched him to St. Petersburg as the first Mongolian envoy to meet with the newly enthroned Czar Nicholas II and probe Russian willingness to support Mongolian aspirations for independence from Manchu rule.[1] The Russians responded positively and suggested the Mongolians work secretly with Russia's envoy in Niislel Hüree.[citation needed]

In April 1910, Badamdorj moved to protect Mongolian lamas after a riot erupted near Gandan Monastery between lamas and Chinese merchants. As part of Qing efforts to increase Han control over Mongol territory and reign in the Buddhist hierarchy, the Qing emperor Puyi issued a decree removing Badamdorj as Shanzav and transferring his authority to the Qing Amban (viceroy) Sando. Despite this, Badamdorj was not a supporter of Mongolian independence and when the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu sent secret delegation of Khalkha nobles to St. Petersburg in 1911 to seek Russian backing for independence, Badamdorj revealed the mission to Sando.[2]

Following Mongolia's declaration of independence from Chinese rule in November 1911, the Bogd Khan appointed Badamdorj the first Minister of Religion and State. In 1915 he was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs (and thus de facto prime minister)[3] after his previous office, along that of prime minister, was abolished. Although he headed the Bogd Khan's government, Badamdorj was adamant that the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu and his retinue should concern themselves only with religious rather than temporal matters, and so corruption flourished unchecked in Outer Mongolia, led by Badamdorj himself who accepted bribes in exchange for the granting of royal titles and falsification of census figures.[3]

Abolition of Mongolian autonomy

[edit]
Main article: Occupation of Mongolia

Between 1915 and 1919, as Russian influence in the Far East waned following the outbreak of World War I, Badamdorj, along with other conservative elements of the Bogd Khan's government supported moves by Yuan Shikai and the Republic of China to bring an autonomous Outer Mongolia back under Chinese rule.[4] When Chinese troops were sent to Urga in August 1919 to protect against a threatened Buriat and Inner Mongolian Pan-Mongolist invasion led by Grigory Semyonov, Khalkha nobles agreed to sign a declaration of "Sixty-Four Articles" "On respecting of Outer Mongolia by the government of China and improvement of her position in future after self-abolishing of autonomy".[5] In October 1919, China's new Northwest Frontier Commissioner Xu Shuzheng arrived in Urga with a military escort and demanded that the "Sixty-Four Articles" be renegotiated. He submitted a much tougher set of conditions, the "Eight Articles," calling for the express declaration of Chinese sovereignty over Mongolia, an increase in Mongolia's population (presumably through Chinese colonization), and the promotion of commerce, industry, and agriculture. Xu installed Badamdorj, who represented reactionary lamas and was considered to be more pliable to Chinese demands, as prime minister. Xu threatened to exile the Bodg Khan if Badamdorj and others did not sign the "Eight Articles" wherein the Mongolian government "voluntarily" relinquished the country's autonomy to Chinese administration. Other national leaders including Foreign Minister Balingiin Tserendorj and the Bogd Khan himself soon followed suit.[6] Badamdorj remained prime minister for only a short period thereafter, until January 1920.[citation needed]

Ceremony marking the abolition of Mongolian autonomy 1920

Badamdorj was branded a coward for not standing up to foreign threats and he soon became the victim of a rumor campaign designed to taint his reputation. Ordinary people and even children would regularly insult him. Disgraced, Badamdorj fled to the countryside and died a short while later.[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Sanders, Alan J. K. (25 August 2017). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86. ISBN 9781538102275.
  2. ^ Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). "Badmadorji". Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. p. 28. ISBN 0-8160-4671-9.
  3. ^ a b Sambuu, Zhamsrangiĭn (2010). Herdsman to Statesman: The Autobiography of Jamsrangiin Sambuu of Mongolia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 66. ISBN 9781442207509.
  4. ^ Zhung-O (1959). guanxi shiliao: Wai menggu [Historical sources on Chinese-Russian relations: Outer Mongolia]. Taipei. p. 415.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ ""Outer Mongolia, Tired of Autonomy, Asks China to Pay Her Princes and Take Her Back"". The New York Times. Associated Press. 31 October 1919.
  6. ^ Chen, Chungzu (1956). Wai mengu jinshi shi [The modern history of Outer Mongolia]. Taipei. pp. 5–7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Sources

[edit]
  • Sanders, Alan J. K. (1996). Historical dictionary of Mongolia. Asian historical dictionaries, No. 19. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. ISBN 978-0-8108-3077-6
  • Baabar, B. (1999). From world power to Soviet satellite: History of Mongolia. Cambridge: University of Cambridge. OCLC 318985384
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Mongolia
1919–1920 		Succeeded by
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