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{{Short description|Injuries related to playing Tennis}}
Muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in [[tennis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injury in the tennis player|url = http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/46/7/492|journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine|date = 2012-06-01|issn = 1473-0480|pmid = 22554841|pages = 492–498|volume = 46|issue = 7|doi = 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091164|first = Geoffrey D.|last = Abrams|first2 = Per A.|last2 = Renstrom|first3 = Marc R.|last3 = Safran}}</ref> When an isolated large-energy appears during the muscle contraction and at the same time, bodyweight applies huge amounts of pressure to the lengthened muscle, which can result in the occurrence of [[muscle strain]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title = Joint structure and function: A comprehensive analysis (5th ed.).|last = Levangie, P. K., & Norkin, C. C.|publisher = F.A. Davis Co.|year = 2011|isbn = 9780803623620|location = Philadelphia|pages = |chapter = }}</ref> Inflammation and bleeding are triggered when muscle strain occur which resulted in redness, pain and swelling.<ref name=":4" /> Overuse is also common in tennis players from all levels. [[List of muscles of the human body|Muscle]], [[cartilage]], [[nerves]], [[Knee bursae|bursae]], [[ligaments]] and [[tendons]] may be damaged from overuse. The repetitive use of a particular muscle without time for repair and recover in the most common case among the injury.<ref name=":4" />
Muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in [[tennis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injury in the tennis player|url = http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/46/7/492|journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine|date = 2012-06-01|issn = 1473-0480|pmid = 22554841|pages = 492–498|volume = 46|issue = 7|doi = 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091164|first1 = Geoffrey D.|last1 = Abrams|first2 = Per A.|last2 = Renstrom|first3 = Marc R.|last3 = Safran|s2cid = 10416294}}</ref> When an isolated large-energy appears during the muscle contraction and at the same time, bodyweight applies huge amounts of pressure to the lengthened muscle, which can result in the occurrence of [[muscle strain]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title = Joint structure and function: A comprehensive analysis (5th ed.).|last = Levangie, P. K., & Norkin, C. C.|publisher = F.A. Davis Co.|year = 2011|isbn = 9780803623620|location = Philadelphia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-15 |title=How To Speed Up Muscle Strain Recovery In 8 Easy Steps |url=https://thenfrw.com/how-to-speed-up-muscle-strain-recovery/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=thenfrw.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Inflammation and bleeding are triggered when muscle strain occur which resulted in redness, pain and swelling.<ref name=":4" /> Overuse is also common in tennis players from all levels. [[List of muscles of the human body|Muscle]], [[cartilage]], [[nerves]], [[Knee bursae|bursae]], [[ligaments]] and [[tendons]] may be damaged from overuse. The repetitive use of a particular muscle without time for repair and recover in the most common case among the injury.<ref name=":4" />


==Types of injuries ==
==Types of injuries ==
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{{main|Tennis elbow}}
{{main|Tennis elbow}}
[[File:ECR-brevis.png|left|thumb|320x320px|Coloured in purple: the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis muscle]]
[[File:ECR-brevis.png|left|thumb|320x320px|Coloured in purple: the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis muscle]]
Lateral epicondylitis is an overuse injury that frequently occurs in tennis. It is also known as [[tennis elbow]]. This injury categorizes as a tendon injury where it occurs in the forearm muscle called the extensor carpi radialis brevis ([[ECRB]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Lateral epicondylitis in tennis: update on aetiology, biomechanics and treatment|url = http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/41/11/816|journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine|date = 2007-11-01|issn = 1473-0480|pmc = 2465303|pmid = 17616547|pages = 816–819|volume = 41|issue = 11|doi = 10.1136/bjsm.2007.036723|first = Thomas De|last = Smedt|first2 = Andy de|last2 = Jong|first3 = Wim Van|last3 = Leemput|first4 = Dossche|last4 = Lieven|first5 = Francis Van|last5 = Glabbeek}}</ref> The injury is regularly developed in recreational players.<ref name=":0" /> Experienced players are less likely to develop lateral epicondylitis than the inexperienced players due to poorer technique.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = The effect of tennis racket grip size on forearm muscle firing patterns. |date = 1992|journal = Am J Sports Med|doi =10.1177/0363546506290185 |pmid = 16861576|access-date = |volume = 34|issue = 12 |pages = 1977–83 | last1 = Hatch | first1 = George F. | last2 = Pink | first2 = Marilyn M. | last3 = Mohr | first3 = Karen J. | last4 = Sethi | first4 = Paul M. | last5 = Jobe | first5 = Frank W.}}</ref> Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylalgia is a common injury that occurs in 40-50% of tennis players. It is more prominent at the lower levels of play and usually comes from any incorrect use of the wrist or grip on the forehand or one-handed backhand strokes[18]. Players at higher levels often have more relaxed grips and have a larger racquet extension out to the ball after they make contact, where professionals have less emphasis on the arm and more on the use of every part of the body in order exert the natural power behind the ball, lower level players don’t always receive the training on how to use their whole body for a tennis stroke and are often reduced to using their arms in order to exert all of the power, therefore putting heavy strain on the arm[18]. Holding the grip tightly will put more tension on the arm therefore when going for a swing the muscles will be absorbing all of the shock from the initial contact of the ball[19]. Symptoms of tennis elbow includes slow pain, which occurs around the elbow. Simple tasks such as shaking hands or moving the wrist with force, like lifting weights or doing push ups, will worsen the pain[21]. Tennis Elbow has actually shown that inflammatory tendons are only part of the early stages or acute stages with a treatment of anti-inflammatory or steroids being appropriate uses for this symptom[20]. Most players respond well to simple rest, but other means of treatment include physical therapy, strength training, and electrical stimulation[18]. Some players will make alterations to their racquet, such as increasing their grip size which will ultimately prevent any unwanted movement of the wrist when extending out and finishing the tennis stroke[19].
Lateral epicondylitis is an overuse injury that frequently occurs in tennis. It is also known as [[tennis elbow]]. This injury categorizes as a tendon injury where it occurs in the forearm muscle called the extensor carpi radialis brevis ([[ECRB]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Lateral epicondylitis in tennis: update on aetiology, biomechanics and treatment|url= |journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine|date = 2007-11-01|issn = 1473-0480|pmc = 2465303|pmid = 17616547|pages = 816–819|volume = 41|issue = 11|doi = 10.1136/bjsm.2007.036723|first1 = Thomas De|last1 = Smedt|first2 = Andy de|last2 = Jong|first3 = Wim Van|last3 = Leemput|first4 = Dossche|last4 = Lieven|first5 = Francis Van|last5 = Glabbeek}}</ref> The injury is regularly developed in recreational players.<ref name=":0" /> Experienced players are less likely to develop lateral epicondylitis than the inexperienced players due to poorer technique.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The effect of tennis racket grip size on forearm muscle firing patterns. |date = 1992|journal = Am J Sports Med|doi =10.1177/0363546506290185 |pmid = 16861576|volume = 34|issue = 12 |pages = 1977–83 | last1 = Hatch | first1 = George F. | last2 = Pink | first2 = Marilyn M. | last3 = Mohr | first3 = Karen J. | last4 = Sethi | first4 = Paul M. | last5 = Jobe | first5 = Frank W.|s2cid = 52820230}}</ref> Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylalgia is a common injury that occurs in 40-50% of tennis players. It is more prominent at the lower levels of play and usually comes from any incorrect use of the wrist or grip on the forehand or one-handed backhand strokes<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Dines|first=Joshua S|date=2015|title=Tennis Injuries: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment|journal=The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons|volume=23|issue=3|pages=181–189|doi=10.5435/JAAOS-D-13-00148|pmid=25667400|s2cid=3562793|doi-access=free}}</ref> Players at higher levels often have more relaxed grips and have a larger racquet extension out to the ball after they make contact, where professionals have less emphasis on the arm and more on the use of every part of the body in order exert the natural power behind the ball, lower level players don’t always receive the training on how to use their whole body for a tennis stroke and are often reduced to using their arms in order to exert all of the power, therefore putting heavy strain on the arm.<ref name=":5" /> Holding the grip tightly will put more tension on the arm therefore when going for a swing the muscles will be absorbing all of the shock from the initial contact of the ball.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Rossi, Vigouroux, Barla|date=2014|title=Potential Effects of Racket Grip Size on Lateral Epicondilagly Risks|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports|volume=24|issue=6|pages=462–470|doi=10.1111/sms.12204|pmid=24646202|s2cid=13312896}}</ref> Symptoms of tennis elbow includes slow pain, which occurs around the elbow. Simple tasks such as shaking hands or moving the wrist with force, like lifting weights or doing push ups, will worsen the pain<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/tennis-elbow#1|title=The Facts about Tennis Elbow|website=WebMD}}</ref> Tennis Elbow has actually shown that inflammatory tendons are only part of the early stages or acute stages with a treatment of anti-inflammatory or steroids being appropriate uses for this symptom.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Randomized Controlled Trial of Eccentric vs. Concentric Graded Exercise in Chronic Tennis Elbow|last=Peterson, Magnus, Butler, Eriksson, Svardsudd|first=Stephen, Margaretha, Kurt|pages=869–72}}</ref> Most players respond well to simple rest, but other means of treatment include physical therapy, strength training, and electrical stimulation.<ref name=":5" /> Some players will make alterations to their racquet, such as increasing their grip size which will ultimately prevent any unwanted movement of the wrist when extending out and finishing the tennis stroke.<ref name=":6" />


=== Shoulder ===
=== Shoulder ===
[[Sports injury|Shoulder injury]] is another common type of tennis injury. Shoulder injuries are caused by the repetitive use of shoulder<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = Shoulder injuries in tennis players|url = http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/40/5/435|journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine|date = 2006-05-01|issn = 1473-0480|pmc = 2577490|pmid = 16632575|pages = 435–440|volume = 40|issue = 5|doi = 10.1136/bjsm.2005.023218|first = H. van der|last = Hoeven|first2 = W. B.|last2 = Kibler}}</ref> when serving and striking the ball. The injury also relevance to rotator cuff pathology, toscapular dyskinesis or glenohumeral internal rotation deficit which leads to internal impingement and/or labral pathology.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Results of Arthroscopic Repair of Type II Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Lesions in Overhead Athletes Assessment of Return to Preinjury Playing Level and Satisfaction|journal = The American Journal of Sports Medicine|date = 2011-09-01|issn = 0363-5465|pmid = 21737836|pages = 1883–1888|volume = 39|issue = 9|doi = 10.1177/0363546511412317|first = Brian J.|last = Neuman|first2 = C. Brittany|last2 = Boisvert|first3 = Brian|last3 = Reiter|first4 = Kevin|last4 = Lawson|first5 = Michael G.|last5 = Ciccotti|first6 = Steven B.|last6 = Cohen}}</ref> There is 24% of the high-level tennis players aged 12–19 suffered from shoulder pain and rise up to 50% for middle-aged players.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = Shoulder pain in the competitive tennis player.|last = Lehman, R. C.|date = 1988|journal = Clinics in Sports Medicine|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |issue = 2|pages = 309–327|volume = 7}}</ref>. A way to prevent shoulder injury is to flex and stretch the wrist with an exercise band three to four times a week and to stretch properly before playing a game.[23]
[[Sports injury|Shoulder injury]] is another common type of tennis injury. Shoulder injuries are caused by the repetitive use of shoulder<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = Shoulder injuries in tennis players|url= |journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine|date = 2006-05-01|issn = 1473-0480|pmc = 2577490|pmid = 16632575|pages = 435–440|volume = 40|issue = 5|doi = 10.1136/bjsm.2005.023218|first1 = H. van der|last1 = Hoeven|first2 = W. B.|last2 = Kibler}}</ref> when serving and striking the ball. The injury also relevance to rotator cuff pathology, toscapular dyskinesis or glenohumeral internal rotation deficit which leads to internal impingement and/or labral pathology.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Results of Arthroscopic Repair of Type II Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Lesions in Overhead Athletes Assessment of Return to Preinjury Playing Level and Satisfaction|journal = The American Journal of Sports Medicine|date = 2011-09-01|issn = 0363-5465|pmid = 21737836|pages = 1883–1888|volume = 39|issue = 9|doi = 10.1177/0363546511412317|first1 = Brian J.|last1 = Neuman|first2 = C. Brittany|last2 = Boisvert|first3 = Brian|last3 = Reiter|first4 = Kevin|last4 = Lawson|first5 = Michael G.|last5 = Ciccotti|first6 = Steven B.|last6 = Cohen| s2cid=206526045 }}</ref> There is 24% of the high-level tennis players aged 12–19 suffered from shoulder pain and rise up to 50% for middle-aged players.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Shoulder pain in the competitive tennis player.|last = Lehman, R. C.|date = 1988|journal = Clinics in Sports Medicine|issue = 2|pages = 309–327|volume = 7|doi = 10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30937-6|pmid = 3292066}}</ref> A way to prevent shoulder injury is to flex and stretch the wrist with an exercise band three to four times a week and to stretch properly before playing a game.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stopsportsinjuries.org/STOP/STOP/Prevent_injuries/tennis_injury_prevention.aspx|title=Preventing Tennis Injuries|website=Stop sports injuries|date=30 November 2021 }}</ref>


=== Back ===
=== Back ===
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Green represents: Slice serve
Green represents: Slice serve
]]
]]
It is common for tennis players, at all levels of play, to have experienced back injury throughout their career. In fact, more than 85% of the active athletes clarified that they have experienced back pain.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = Low back pain in college football linemen.|last = Ferguson, R. J., Mcmaster, J. H., & Stanitski, C. L.|date = 1974|journal = The American Journal of Sports Medicine|doi = 10.1177/036354657400200201|pmid = |access-date = |issue = 2|pages = 63–69|volume = 2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Overloading Changes in the Motor System Occurring in Elite Gymnasts|journal = International Journal of Sports Medicine|date = 1985-01-01|volume = 06|issue = 1|doi = 10.1055/s-2008-1025810|first = Z.|last = Szot|first2 = Z.|last2 = Boroń|first3 = Z.|last3 = Galaj|pages=36–40}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = Low back pain in elite cross‐country skiers.|last = Eriksson, K., Nemeth, G., & Eriksson, E.|date = 1996|journal = Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports|doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00067.x|pmid = |access-date = |issue = 6|volume = 1|pages = 31–35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = Low-back pain in adolescent athletes.|last = Kujala, U. M., Taimela, S., Erkintalo, M., Salminen, J. J., & Kaprio, J.|date = 1996|journal = Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise|doi = 10.1097/00005768-199602000-00002|pmid = |access-date = |issue = 2|volume = 28|pages = 165–170}}</ref> According to 148 professional tennis player in one particular study, back pain forced 39% of players to withdraw from the tournament.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|url = |title = Low back pain in the competitive tennis player.|last = Marks, M. R., Haas, S. S., & Wiesel, S. W.|date = 1988|journal = Clinics in Sports Medicine|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |issue = 2|volume = 7|pages = 277–287}}</ref> Furthermore, 29% of the players said they experienced [[Back pain|chronic back pain]].<ref name=":2" /> Lower back pain is another common injury amongst tennis players with instances of postural abnormalities and general overuse which may occur during the back rotation and extension of the serve. In order to relieve pain in the lower back people are often told to rest it, but no longer than two days because of its potential damage to the bones, connecting tissue, and cardiovascular system. Once the back pain has dispersed stretching is recommended in order to prevent the stiffness from the initial pain, with examples being the [[squatting position]] or spinal extensions. In order to prevent future lower back injuries strength training to the abdominal muscles is necessary to strengthen the abdomen, and to protect the back from excessive intervertebral disk strain. The straight crunch, the Oblique crunch, and balance exercises with the gym ball are some of the workouts for abdominal strengthening, but the exercises should be done with caution to prevent any further back strain. After the injury is dealt with, players at any level may return to the court, the higher level players will often go through proper stretching before any matches to prevent hurting their back or any other part of their body[22].
It is common for tennis players, at all levels of play, to have experienced back injury throughout their career. In fact, more than 85% of the active athletes clarified that they have experienced back pain.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Low back pain in college football linemen.|last = Ferguson, R. J., Mcmaster, J. H., & Stanitski, C. L.|date = 1974|journal = The American Journal of Sports Medicine|doi = 10.1177/036354657400200201|issue = 2|pages = 63–69|volume = 2|pmid = 127076|s2cid = 34141646|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Overloading Changes in the Motor System Occurring in Elite Gymnasts|journal = International Journal of Sports Medicine|date = 1985-01-01|volume = 06|issue = 1|doi = 10.1055/s-2008-1025810|first1 = Z.|last1 = Szot|first2 = Z.|last2 = Boroń|first3 = Z.|last3 = Galaj|pages=36–40|pmid = 3988413}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Low back pain in elite cross-country skiers.|last = Eriksson, K., Nemeth, G., & Eriksson, E.|date = 1996|journal = Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports|doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00067.x|issue = 6|volume = 1|pages = 31–35|pmid = 8680941|s2cid = 39565122}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Low-back pain in adolescent athletes.|last = Kujala, U. M., Taimela, S., Erkintalo, M., Salminen, J. J., & Kaprio, J.|date = 1996|journal = Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise|doi = 10.1097/00005768-199602000-00002|issue = 2|volume = 28|pages = 165–170|pmid = 8775149|doi-access = free}}</ref> According to 148 professional tennis player in one particular study, back pain forced 39% of players to withdraw from the tournament.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title = Low back pain in the competitive tennis player.|last = Marks, M. R., Haas, S. S., & Wiesel, S. W.|date = 1988|journal = Clinics in Sports Medicine|issue = 2|volume = 7|pages = 277–287|doi = 10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30935-2|pmid = 2968850}}</ref> Furthermore, 29% of the players said they experienced [[Back pain|chronic back pain]].<ref name=":2" /> Lower back pain is another common injury amongst tennis players with instances of postural abnormalities and general overuse which may occur during the back rotation and extension of the serve. In order to relieve pain in the lower back people are often told to rest it, but no longer than two days because of its potential damage to the bones, connecting tissue, and cardiovascular system. Once the back pain has dispersed stretching is recommended in order to prevent the stiffness from the initial pain, with examples being the [[squatting position]] or spinal extensions. In order to prevent future lower back injuries strength training to the abdominal muscles is necessary to strengthen the abdomen, and to protect the back from excessive intervertebral disk strain. The straight crunch, the oblique crunch, and balance exercises with the gym ball are some of the workouts for abdominal strengthening, but the exercises should be done with caution to prevent any further back strain. After the injury is dealt with, players at any level may return to the court, the higher level players will often go through proper stretching before any matches to prevent hurting their back or any other part of their body.


=== Blister ===
=== Blister ===
[[Blister]] can be described as a patch that appears on the skin and is filled with a clear fluid and sometimes blood. During physical activities, the continuous force of friction, cutting, squeezing and scratching, which causes the separation of the epidermal cell layer, as a result the blister is formed.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title = Sock Systems to Prevent Foot Blisters and the Impact on Overuse Injuries of the Knee Joint|journal = Military Medicine|date = 2009-01-01|volume = 174|issue = 2|doi = 10.7205/milmed-d-01-8508|pmid = 19317200|first = Damien|last = Van Tiggelen|first2 = Simon|last2 = Wickes|first3 = Pascal|last3 = Coorevits|first4 = Mich|last4 = Dumalin|first5 = Erik|last5 = Witvrouw|pages=183–189}}</ref> Blister (foot) occurs frequently among marathon runners, walk racers, backpackers and in hiking.<ref name=":3" /> In tennis, the blister development site often occurs on the hand or around the fingers because the skin is consistently rubbing against the [[Racket (sports equipment)|tennis racquet]]. Blisters can also occur on the feet due to wearing the wrong sized shoe, worn out shoes, too thin of socks, or improper foot work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tennisgems.com/how-to-prevent-blisters-on-hands-and-feet-in-tennis/|title=How to Prevent Blisters on Hands and Feet in Tennis|date=2019-01-12|website=Tennis Gems|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref>
[[Blister]] can be described as a patch that appears on the skin and is filled with a clear fluid and sometimes blood. During physical activities, the continuous force of friction, cutting, squeezing and scratching, which causes the separation of the epidermal cell layer, as a result the blister is formed.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title = Sock Systems to Prevent Foot Blisters and the Impact on Overuse Injuries of the Knee Joint|journal = Military Medicine|date = 2009-01-01|volume = 174|issue = 2|doi = 10.7205/milmed-d-01-8508|pmid = 19317200|first1 = Damien|last1 = Van Tiggelen|first2 = Simon|last2 = Wickes|first3 = Pascal|last3 = Coorevits|first4 = Mich|last4 = Dumalin|first5 = Erik|last5 = Witvrouw|pages=183–189|doi-access = free}}</ref> Blister (foot) occurs frequently among marathon runners, walk racers, backpackers and in hiking.<ref name=":3" /> In tennis, the blister development site often occurs on the hand or around the fingers because the skin is consistently rubbing against the [[Racket (sports equipment)|tennis racquet]]. Blisters can also occur on the backside of the feet due to wearing the wrong sized shoe, worn out shoes, too thin of socks, or improper foot work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tennisgems.com/how-to-prevent-blisters-on-hands-and-feet-in-tennis/|title=How to Prevent Blisters on Hands and Feet in Tennis|date=2019-01-12|website=Tennis Gems|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref>


=== Leg ===
=== Leg ===
Tennis leg is the most common tennis injury within older tennis players. Tennis leg is an incomplete tear or rupture of the calf muscle.[25] The injury is noticed right away by hearing a popping sound, or a jabbed feeling in the leg. The injury is very painful; players are unable to finish their match if injury occurs.[25] After injury occurs, players should rest, ice, compress, and elevate injury. In most cases, physical therapy is required. Physical therapy lasts from a four to six week period; includes running, stretching, and jumping drills to strengthen the muscle.[25] After recovery, returning to play is slow; prevention includes proper stretching and warmup before play, rolling out muscles, and cross training, such as, Pilates, cycling, or running.[25]
[[Tennis leg]] is the most common tennis injury within older tennis players. Tennis leg is an incomplete tear or rupture of the calf muscle.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stopsportsinjuries.org/STOP/STOP/Prevent_injuries/tennis_injury_prevention.aspx|title=Tennis Leg Care and Treatment: One to One Physical Therapy|date=30 November 2021 }}</ref> The injury is noticed right away by hearing a popping sound, or a jabbed feeling in the leg. The injury is very painful; players are unable to finish their match if injury occurs.<ref name=":7" /> After injury occurs, players should rest, ice, compress, and elevate injury. In most cases, physical therapy is required. Physical therapy lasts from a four to six week period; includes running, stretching, and jumping drills to strengthen the muscle.<ref name=":7" /> After recovery, returning to play is slow; prevention includes proper stretching and warmup before play, rolling out muscles, and cross training, such as, Pilates, cycling, or running.<ref name=":7" />


=== Knee ===
=== Knee ===
Patellar tendinopathy is an overuse injury of the patellar tendon.[26] Its more common name is Jumper’s knee. Common injury in tennis players due to constant jarring, jumping, and quick changes of motion while in play.[26] Common symptoms are pain below the knee cap, or an aching pain after playing. Recovery for Jumping knee includes strengthening the thigh muscle, stretching the front and back of the thigh, hamstrings, quadriceps, and coordination training.[26]
[[Patellar tendinopathy]] is an overuse injury of the patellar tendon.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.itftennis.com/scienceandmedicine/injury-clinic/tennis-injuries/jumpers-knee.aspx|title=Jumper's Knee|website=International Tennis Federation}}</ref> Its more common name is jumper's knee, and it is a common injury in tennis players due to constant jarring, jumping, and quick changes of motion while in play.<ref name=":8" /> Common symptoms are pain below the knee cap, or an aching pain after playing. Recovery for jumping knee includes strengthening the thigh muscle, stretching the front and back of the thigh, hamstrings, quadriceps, and coordination training.<ref name=":8" />


Another more permanent knee injury is chondromalacia. Unlike jumper’s knee, this injury is unreversible. Symptoms are pain in the front of the kneecap.[28] This condition is due to the gradual breakdown of the cartilage in the knee. [28]
Another more permanent knee injury is chondromalacia. Unlike jumper’s knee, this injury is unreversible. Symptoms are pain in the front of the kneecap.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orthoteam.com/blog/tennis-injuries-most-common-how-to-prevent-therapy-for.|title=Tennis Injuries: Most Common, How to Prevent, Therapy For|last=Havens|first=Kristen|date=7 July 2006|website=Coastal Orthopedics}}</ref> This condition is due to the gradual breakdown of the cartilage in the knee.<ref name=":9" />


=== Stress Fractures ===
=== Stress fractures ===
Stress fractures are considered one of the most common injuries in athletes. In tennis, stress fractures are due to repetitive jarring and excessive submaximal loads on bones and muscles.[27] The number one symptom of stress fractures is pain. Symptoms of stress fractures in the feet include tenderness and swelling.[28] Stress fractures are common in hands,feet, shins, and the last five vertebrae of the back.[28] Female tennis players are set at higher risk to stress fractures than males.[27]
Stress fractures are considered one of the most common injuries in athletes. In tennis, stress fractures are due to repetitive jarring and excessive submaximal loads on bones and muscles.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Maquirriain, Ghisi|first=J, J.P.|date=May 2006|title=The Incidence and Distribution of Stress Fractures in Elite Tennis Players|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=40|issue=5|pages=454–459|doi=10.1136/bjsm.2005.023465|pmid=16632579|pmc=2653875}}</ref> The number one symptom of stress fractures is pain. Symptoms of stress fractures in the feet include tenderness and swelling.<ref name=":9" /> Stress fractures are common in hands, feet, shins, and the last five vertebrae of the back.<ref name=":9" /> Female tennis players are set at higher risk to stress fractures than males.<ref name=":10" />


Wrist and arm stress fractures can lead to greater issues such as tendonitis.
⚫
==References==
{{reflist}}18. Dines, Joshua S, Bedi, Asheesh, Williams, Phillip N, Dodson, Christopher C, Ellenbecker, Todd S, Altchek, David W, Windler, Gary, and Dines, David M. "Tennis Injuries: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment." The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 23.3 (2015): 181-9. Web


== See also ==
19. Rossi, J., L. Vigouroux, C. Barla, and E. Berton. "Potential Effects of Racket Grip Size on Lateral Epicondilalgy Risks." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 24.6 (2014): E462-470. Web
* [[Tennis]]
* [[Tennis technology]]
* [[Tennis statistics]]


⚫
==References==
20. Peterson, Magnus, Stephen Butler, Margaretha Eriksson, and Kurt Svärdsudd. "A Randomized Controlled Trial of Eccentric vs. Concentric Graded Exercise in Chronic Tennis Elbow (lateral Elbow Tendinopathy)." Clinical Rehabilitation 28.9 (2014): 862-72. Print.
{{reflist}}<br />

{{Injuries by sport}}
21. “The Facts about Tennis Elbow.” WebMD.com. WEbMD Web. 27 Feb. 2014

22. “Lower Back Pain.” ITFTENNIS.com. Web. 12 Nov. 2015

23. “Preventing Tennis Injuries.” Tennis Injuries. Tennis Injury Prevention and Treatment, https://www.stopsportsinjuries.org/STOP/STOP/Prevent_injuries/tennis_injury_prevention.aspx

24. “How to Prevent Blisters on Hands and Feet in Tennis.” Tennis Gems, 5 Feb. 2019, https://www.tennisgems.com/how-to-prevent-blisters-on-hands-and-feet-in-tennis/

25. “Tennis Leg Care and Treatment.” “One on One Physical Therapy.” One on One Physical Therapy, 20 Nov.2018, https://onetherapy.com/tennis-leg-get-up-Atlanta-physical-therapy/.

26. “Jumper’s Knee.” Itftennis.com, International Tennis Federation, https://www.itftennis.com/science and medicine/injury-clinic/tennis-injuries/jumpers-knee.aspx.

27. Maquirriain, J. And J. P. Ghisi. “The Incidence and Distribution of Stress Fractures in Elite Tennis Players.” ''British Journal of Sports Medicine'', vol. 40, no. May, 2006, pp. 454.

28. Havens, Kristen. “Tennis Injuries: Most Common, How to Prevent, Therapy For.” ''Coastal Orthopedics'', 7 July, 2006, https://www.orthoteam.com/blog/tennis-injuries-most-common-how-to-prevent-therapy-for.
[[Category:Tennis]]
[[Category:Tennis]]
[[Category:Sports injuries]]
[[Category:Sports injuries]]

Latest revision as of 18:50, 10 November 2024

Muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in tennis.[1] When an isolated large-energy appears during the muscle contraction and at the same time, bodyweight applies huge amounts of pressure to the lengthened muscle, which can result in the occurrence of muscle strain.[2][3] Inflammation and bleeding are triggered when muscle strain occur which resulted in redness, pain and swelling.[2] Overuse is also common in tennis players from all levels. Muscle, cartilage, nerves, bursae, ligaments and tendons may be damaged from overuse. The repetitive use of a particular muscle without time for repair and recover in the most common case among the injury.[2]

Types of injuries

[edit]

Lateral epicondylitis

[edit]
Main article: Tennis elbow
Coloured in purple: the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis muscle

Lateral epicondylitis is an overuse injury that frequently occurs in tennis. It is also known as tennis elbow. This injury categorizes as a tendon injury where it occurs in the forearm muscle called the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB).[4] The injury is regularly developed in recreational players.[4] Experienced players are less likely to develop lateral epicondylitis than the inexperienced players due to poorer technique.[5] Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylalgia is a common injury that occurs in 40-50% of tennis players. It is more prominent at the lower levels of play and usually comes from any incorrect use of the wrist or grip on the forehand or one-handed backhand strokes[6] Players at higher levels often have more relaxed grips and have a larger racquet extension out to the ball after they make contact, where professionals have less emphasis on the arm and more on the use of every part of the body in order exert the natural power behind the ball, lower level players don’t always receive the training on how to use their whole body for a tennis stroke and are often reduced to using their arms in order to exert all of the power, therefore putting heavy strain on the arm.[6] Holding the grip tightly will put more tension on the arm therefore when going for a swing the muscles will be absorbing all of the shock from the initial contact of the ball.[7] Symptoms of tennis elbow includes slow pain, which occurs around the elbow. Simple tasks such as shaking hands or moving the wrist with force, like lifting weights or doing push ups, will worsen the pain[8] Tennis Elbow has actually shown that inflammatory tendons are only part of the early stages or acute stages with a treatment of anti-inflammatory or steroids being appropriate uses for this symptom.[9] Most players respond well to simple rest, but other means of treatment include physical therapy, strength training, and electrical stimulation.[6] Some players will make alterations to their racquet, such as increasing their grip size which will ultimately prevent any unwanted movement of the wrist when extending out and finishing the tennis stroke.[7]

Shoulder

[edit]

Shoulder injury is another common type of tennis injury. Shoulder injuries are caused by the repetitive use of shoulder[10] when serving and striking the ball. The injury also relevance to rotator cuff pathology, toscapular dyskinesis or glenohumeral internal rotation deficit which leads to internal impingement and/or labral pathology.[10][11] There is 24% of the high-level tennis players aged 12–19 suffered from shoulder pain and rise up to 50% for middle-aged players.[12] A way to prevent shoulder injury is to flex and stretch the wrist with an exercise band three to four times a week and to stretch properly before playing a game.[13]

Back

[edit]
There are 3 different types of tennis serves. Yellow represents: Flat serve Red represents: Topspin serve Green represents: Slice serve

It is common for tennis players, at all levels of play, to have experienced back injury throughout their career. In fact, more than 85% of the active athletes clarified that they have experienced back pain.[14][15][16][17] According to 148 professional tennis player in one particular study, back pain forced 39% of players to withdraw from the tournament.[18] Furthermore, 29% of the players said they experienced chronic back pain.[18] Lower back pain is another common injury amongst tennis players with instances of postural abnormalities and general overuse which may occur during the back rotation and extension of the serve. In order to relieve pain in the lower back people are often told to rest it, but no longer than two days because of its potential damage to the bones, connecting tissue, and cardiovascular system. Once the back pain has dispersed stretching is recommended in order to prevent the stiffness from the initial pain, with examples being the squatting position or spinal extensions. In order to prevent future lower back injuries strength training to the abdominal muscles is necessary to strengthen the abdomen, and to protect the back from excessive intervertebral disk strain. The straight crunch, the oblique crunch, and balance exercises with the gym ball are some of the workouts for abdominal strengthening, but the exercises should be done with caution to prevent any further back strain. After the injury is dealt with, players at any level may return to the court, the higher level players will often go through proper stretching before any matches to prevent hurting their back or any other part of their body.

Blister

[edit]

Blister can be described as a patch that appears on the skin and is filled with a clear fluid and sometimes blood. During physical activities, the continuous force of friction, cutting, squeezing and scratching, which causes the separation of the epidermal cell layer, as a result the blister is formed.[19] Blister (foot) occurs frequently among marathon runners, walk racers, backpackers and in hiking.[19] In tennis, the blister development site often occurs on the hand or around the fingers because the skin is consistently rubbing against the tennis racquet. Blisters can also occur on the backside of the feet due to wearing the wrong sized shoe, worn out shoes, too thin of socks, or improper foot work.[20]

Leg

[edit]

Tennis leg is the most common tennis injury within older tennis players. Tennis leg is an incomplete tear or rupture of the calf muscle.[21] The injury is noticed right away by hearing a popping sound, or a jabbed feeling in the leg. The injury is very painful; players are unable to finish their match if injury occurs.[21] After injury occurs, players should rest, ice, compress, and elevate injury. In most cases, physical therapy is required. Physical therapy lasts from a four to six week period; includes running, stretching, and jumping drills to strengthen the muscle.[21] After recovery, returning to play is slow; prevention includes proper stretching and warmup before play, rolling out muscles, and cross training, such as, Pilates, cycling, or running.[21]

Knee

[edit]

Patellar tendinopathy is an overuse injury of the patellar tendon.[22] Its more common name is jumper's knee, and it is a common injury in tennis players due to constant jarring, jumping, and quick changes of motion while in play.[22] Common symptoms are pain below the knee cap, or an aching pain after playing. Recovery for jumping knee includes strengthening the thigh muscle, stretching the front and back of the thigh, hamstrings, quadriceps, and coordination training.[22]

Another more permanent knee injury is chondromalacia. Unlike jumper’s knee, this injury is unreversible. Symptoms are pain in the front of the kneecap.[23] This condition is due to the gradual breakdown of the cartilage in the knee.[23]

Stress fractures

[edit]

Stress fractures are considered one of the most common injuries in athletes. In tennis, stress fractures are due to repetitive jarring and excessive submaximal loads on bones and muscles.[24] The number one symptom of stress fractures is pain. Symptoms of stress fractures in the feet include tenderness and swelling.[23] Stress fractures are common in hands, feet, shins, and the last five vertebrae of the back.[23] Female tennis players are set at higher risk to stress fractures than males.[24]

Wrist and arm stress fractures can lead to greater issues such as tendonitis.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Abrams, Geoffrey D.; Renstrom, Per A.; Safran, Marc R. (2012-06-01). "Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injury in the tennis player". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 46 (7): 492–498. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091164. ISSN 1473-0480. PMID 22554841. S2CID 10416294.
  2. ^ a b c Levangie, P. K., & Norkin, C. C. (2011). Joint structure and function: A comprehensive analysis (5th ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co. ISBN 9780803623620.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "How To Speed Up Muscle Strain Recovery In 8 Easy Steps". thenfrw.com. 2022-08-15. Retrieved 2022-08-30.
  4. ^ a b Smedt, Thomas De; Jong, Andy de; Leemput, Wim Van; Lieven, Dossche; Glabbeek, Francis Van (2007-11-01). "Lateral epicondylitis in tennis: update on aetiology, biomechanics and treatment". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 41 (11): 816–819. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.036723. ISSN 1473-0480. PMC 2465303. PMID 17616547.
  5. ^ Hatch, George F.; Pink, Marilyn M.; Mohr, Karen J.; Sethi, Paul M.; Jobe, Frank W. (1992). "The effect of tennis racket grip size on forearm muscle firing patterns". Am J Sports Med. 34 (12): 1977–83. doi:10.1177/0363546506290185. PMID 16861576. S2CID 52820230.
  6. ^ a b c Dines, Joshua S (2015). "Tennis Injuries: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment". The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 23 (3): 181–189. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-13-00148. PMID 25667400. S2CID 3562793.
  7. ^ a b Rossi, Vigouroux, Barla (2014). "Potential Effects of Racket Grip Size on Lateral Epicondilagly Risks". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 24 (6): 462–470. doi:10.1111/sms.12204. PMID 24646202. S2CID 13312896.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "The Facts about Tennis Elbow". WebMD.
  9. ^ Peterson, Magnus, Butler, Eriksson, Svardsudd, Stephen, Margaretha, Kurt. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Eccentric vs. Concentric Graded Exercise in Chronic Tennis Elbow. pp. 869–72.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b Hoeven, H. van der; Kibler, W. B. (2006-05-01). "Shoulder injuries in tennis players". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (5): 435–440. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.023218. ISSN 1473-0480. PMC 2577490. PMID 16632575.
  11. ^ Neuman, Brian J.; Boisvert, C. Brittany; Reiter, Brian; Lawson, Kevin; Ciccotti, Michael G.; Cohen, Steven B. (2011-09-01). "Results of Arthroscopic Repair of Type II Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Lesions in Overhead Athletes Assessment of Return to Preinjury Playing Level and Satisfaction". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 39 (9): 1883–1888. doi:10.1177/0363546511412317. ISSN 0363-5465. PMID 21737836. S2CID 206526045.
  12. ^ Lehman, R. C. (1988). "Shoulder pain in the competitive tennis player". Clinics in Sports Medicine. 7 (2): 309–327. doi:10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30937-6. PMID 3292066.
  13. ^ "Preventing Tennis Injuries". Stop sports injuries. 30 November 2021.
  14. ^ Ferguson, R. J., Mcmaster, J. H., & Stanitski, C. L. (1974). "Low back pain in college football linemen". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2 (2): 63–69. doi:10.1177/036354657400200201. PMID 127076. S2CID 34141646.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Szot, Z.; Boroń, Z.; Galaj, Z. (1985-01-01). "Overloading Changes in the Motor System Occurring in Elite Gymnasts". International Journal of Sports Medicine. 06 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1025810. PMID 3988413.
  16. ^ Eriksson, K., Nemeth, G., & Eriksson, E. (1996). "Low back pain in elite cross-country skiers". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 1 (6): 31–35. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00067.x. PMID 8680941. S2CID 39565122.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Kujala, U. M., Taimela, S., Erkintalo, M., Salminen, J. J., & Kaprio, J. (1996). "Low-back pain in adolescent athletes". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 28 (2): 165–170. doi:10.1097/00005768-199602000-00002. PMID 8775149.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ a b Marks, M. R., Haas, S. S., & Wiesel, S. W. (1988). "Low back pain in the competitive tennis player". Clinics in Sports Medicine. 7 (2): 277–287. doi:10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30935-2. PMID 2968850.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ a b Van Tiggelen, Damien; Wickes, Simon; Coorevits, Pascal; Dumalin, Mich; Witvrouw, Erik (2009-01-01). "Sock Systems to Prevent Foot Blisters and the Impact on Overuse Injuries of the Knee Joint". Military Medicine. 174 (2): 183–189. doi:10.7205/milmed-d-01-8508. PMID 19317200.
  20. ^ "How to Prevent Blisters on Hands and Feet in Tennis". Tennis Gems. 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
  21. ^ a b c d "Tennis Leg Care and Treatment: One to One Physical Therapy". 30 November 2021.
  22. ^ a b c "Jumper's Knee". International Tennis Federation.
  23. ^ a b c d Havens, Kristen (7 July 2006). "Tennis Injuries: Most Common, How to Prevent, Therapy For". Coastal Orthopedics.
  24. ^ a b Maquirriain, Ghisi, J, J.P. (May 2006). "The Incidence and Distribution of Stress Fractures in Elite Tennis Players". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (5): 454–459. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.023465. PMC 2653875. PMID 16632579.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


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