Trebeništa: Difference between revisions
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{{For|the village|Trebeništa, Debarca}} |
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[[File:14 Descamps.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Artifact from Trebeništa]] |
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[[File:Trebenishta mask Grave 1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Gold funeral mask found in Trebeništa, 6th century BC]] |
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'''Trebeništa''' ({{lang-mk|Требеништа}}) is an ancient [[necropolis]] located in [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]],<ref name="Cambridge">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC&pg=PA427&dq=peresadyes&hl=el&cd=7#v=onepage&q=peresadyes&f=false|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|last=Lewis|first=D. M.|last2=Boardman|first2=John|date=1994-01-01|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521233484|language=en}}</ref> dating from the [[Iron Age]] around the 7th century BC.<ref name="Cambridge"/> It is located near the town of [[Ohrid]], in the [[Republic of Macedonia]]. It is believed that the necropolis was used by the people from the ancient town of [[Ohrid|Lychnidos]]. Trebeništa was discovered in 1918 by Bulgarian soldiers. The government sent archaeologist [[Karel Škorpil]] to organize excavations. The artefacts were later researched by [[Bogdan Filov]]. Since then, large amounts of graves, five golden masks,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.academia.edu/2904760/Macedonian_Golden_Funeral_Masks_from_the_City_of_Angels_and_Light_-_Ohrid|title=Macedonian Golden Funeral Masks from the City of Angels & Light - Ohrid|access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref> and some iron earrings and plates have been found. These finds are housed in the Archaeological Museums in Ohrid, [[Sofia]] and [[Belgrade]]. |
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[[File:Dimitar Mustakov Evtim Sprostranov Trebenishta 1918.jpg| thumb|right|200px|Bulgarian military and administrative personal at the necropolis in 1918.]] |
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[[File:Golden mask from the treasure found at Trebeništa.png|thumb|Archaeological treasure from Trebenishte, Ohrid. (R.Macedonia). The objects were discovered in 1918 by Bulgarian soldiers in the making of a road.]] |
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'''Trebeništa''' ({{langx|mk|Требеништа}}) is an ancient necropolis from the [[Iron Age]] (around the 7th century BC) southeast [[Illyria]], near the northern shore of [[Lake Ohrid]].<ref name="Cambridge"/> The site is located near [[Trebeništa, Debarca|Trebeništa]] in modern-day [[North Macedonia]].<ref name="Cambridge">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC&dq=peresadyes&pg=PA427|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|last1=Lewis|first1=D. M.|last2=Boardman|first2=John|date=1994-01-01|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521233484|language=en}}</ref> It is believed that the necropolis was used by the people from the nearby Illyrian town of [[Ohrid|Lychnidos]]. They are considered to have been the product of the local [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] population, which were attested in later historical sources and Hellenistic epigraphic material to have been the [[Dassaretii]], also identified with the earlier [[Enchelei]], who constituted the oldest known [[Illyrian kingdom]].<ref name=Theodossiev>{{cite journal|last=Theodossiev|first=Nikola|title=The dead with golden faces: Dasaretian, Pelagonian, Mygdonian and Boeotian funeral masks|journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology|volume=17|issue=3|pages=345–367|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=1998|doi=10.1111/1468-0092.00067}}</ref><ref>Michail Yu Treister as ed., Hammering Techniques in Greek and Roman Jewellery and Toreutics; Volume 8 of Colloquia Pontica Series; BRILL, 2001, {{ISBN|9004121501}}, p. 31.</ref> Some have hypothecised a [[Thracian]] influence,<ref name="ArcheoSci">Ilieva, Pavlina, and Petia Penkova. "Funeral golden mask and hand with a ring The necropolis of Trebeniste." ArcheoSciences. Revue d'archéométrie 33 (2009).</ref> or a mixed [[Paleo-Balkan languages|Balkano]]-[[Aegean civilization|Aegean]] cultural expression.<ref name=Theodossiev/> Archaeological material with gold-riches from the burials at Trebeništa, [[Aiani]] on the middle valley of the [[Haliacmon]], and [[Sindos]] on the [[Thermaic Gulf]], indicates substantial cultural continuity throughout the wider region, despite the fact that different tribes lived in the various areas of the whole region.<ref>Carol J. King, Ancient Macedonia; Routledge, 2017, {{ISBN|135171032X}}, p. 3.</ref> |
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A corrupt passage from [[Strabo]] suggests that the [[Peresadyes]] and the [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] tribe of the [[Enchelei]] allied to create a new state in the area of modern [[Ohrid]]. If that suggestion is correct then the royal cemetery located in the necropolis is that of the Peresadyes.<ref name="Cambridge"/> |
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==Modern discovery== |
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| ⚫ | A golden mask from Trebeništa is depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] of the |
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Trebeništa was discovered by [[Bulgaria]]n soldiers during [[Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)|World War I Bulgarian occupation of Kingdom of Serbia]] in 1918. The Bulgarian government sent the archaeologist [[Karel Škorpil]] to organize excavations. The artifacts were later researched by the archaeologist [[Bogdan Filov]]. Since then, large amounts of graves, five golden masks,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.academia.edu/2904760|title=Macedonian Golden Funeral Masks from the City of Angels & Light - Ohrid|access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref> and some iron earrings and plates have been found. The excavations continued in 1930-1934, 1953-1954 and 1972 in Yugoslavia. The finds are housed now in the Archaeological Museums in Ohrid, [[Sofia]] and [[Belgrade]]. |
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A number of artifacts excavated in the necropolis are said to be imported from [[ancient Greece]] while the rest are of a local origin with Greek influences. Archeological findings include a bronze [[Krater]], a [[Corinthian helmet]], [[Illyrian type helmet]]s<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/36820955|title=Das goldene Antlitz des unbekannten Makedonen-königs|journal=Wolfgang David (Ed.), das Goldene Antlitz des Unbekannten Makedonenkönigs. Makedonen und Kelten Am Ohrid-See – ein Zusammenprall der Kulturen? (Schriften des Kelten Römer Museums Manching 8) 60-63 |date=January 2017 |last1=David |first1=Wolfgang }}</ref> and golden funeral masks reminiscent of Aegean culture.<ref name = "ArcheoSci"/> |
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| ⚫ | A golden mask from Trebeništa is depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] of the 500 [[Macedonian denar]] banknote, issued in 1996 and 2003.<ref>[http://www.nbrm.mk National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia]. Macedonian currency. Banknotes in circulation: [http://www.nbrm.gov.mk/default-en.asp?ItemID=F324B3844DB817418C74624BF37D1997 500 Denars] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408041010/http://www.nbrm.gov.mk/default-en.asp?ItemID=F324B3844DB817418C74624BF37D1997 |date=2009-04-08 }} (1996 issue) & [http://www.nbrm.gov.mk/default-en.asp?ItemID=CD997426CC71604FBF10691BA17118A6 500 Denars] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408040939/http://www.nbrm.gov.mk/default-en.asp?ItemID=CD997426CC71604FBF10691BA17118A6 |date=2009-04-08 }} (2003 issue). – Retrieved on 30 March 2009.</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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*B.D.Filow, K.Schkorpil, Die archaische Nekropole von Trebenischte am Ochrida-See, Berlin und Leipzig 1927. |
* B.D.Filow, K.Schkorpil, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/624984 Die archaische Nekropole von Trebenischte am Ochrida-See], Berlin und Leipzig 1927. |
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*La nécropole archaïque de Trebenischte, Extr. de la Revue Archéo., janvier-avril 1934. Vulic (N.) |
* La nécropole archaïque de Trebenischte, Extr. de la Revue Archéo., janvier-avril 1934. Vulic (N.) |
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* [http://micnews.com.mk/node/8020WHO WERE THE AUTHORS OF THE TREBENIŠTE CULTURE AND THE GOLD FUNERAL MASKS], Nade Proeva, Ph.D. |
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*Viktorija Sokolovska, Etnickite nositeli na Trebeniskata Nekropola, Skopje/Ohrid 1997 (Summary in English) |
* Viktorija Sokolovska, Etnickite nositeli na Trebeniskata Nekropola, Skopje/Ohrid 1997 (Summary in English) |
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{{Ohrid}} |
{{Ohrid}} |
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{{Commons category|Trebeništa}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Trebenista}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Trebenista}} |
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in |
[[Category:Archaeological sites in North Macedonia]] |
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[[Category:Ohrid Municipality]] |
[[Category:Ohrid Municipality]] |
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[[Category:Ancient Macedonia]] |
[[Category:Ancient Macedonia]] |
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[[Category:Archaeology of Illyria]] |
[[Category:Archaeology of Illyria]] |
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[[Category:Necropoleis]] |
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[[Category:Iron Age sites in Europe]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:38, 10 November 2024
41°12′23″N 20°45′18″E / 41.20639°N 20.75500°E
Trebeništa (Macedonian: Требеништа) is an ancient necropolis from the Iron Age (around the 7th century BC) southeast Illyria, near the northern shore of Lake Ohrid.[1] The site is located near Trebeništa in modern-day North Macedonia.[1] It is believed that the necropolis was used by the people from the nearby Illyrian town of Lychnidos. They are considered to have been the product of the local Illyrian population, which were attested in later historical sources and Hellenistic epigraphic material to have been the Dassaretii, also identified with the earlier Enchelei, who constituted the oldest known Illyrian kingdom.[2][3] Some have hypothecised a Thracian influence,[4] or a mixed Balkano-Aegean cultural expression.[2] Archaeological material with gold-riches from the burials at Trebeništa, Aiani on the middle valley of the Haliacmon, and Sindos on the Thermaic Gulf, indicates substantial cultural continuity throughout the wider region, despite the fact that different tribes lived in the various areas of the whole region.[5]
Modern discovery
[edit]Trebeništa was discovered by Bulgarian soldiers during World War I Bulgarian occupation of Kingdom of Serbia in 1918. The Bulgarian government sent the archaeologist Karel Škorpil to organize excavations. The artifacts were later researched by the archaeologist Bogdan Filov. Since then, large amounts of graves, five golden masks,[6] and some iron earrings and plates have been found. The excavations continued in 1930-1934, 1953-1954 and 1972 in Yugoslavia. The finds are housed now in the Archaeological Museums in Ohrid, Sofia and Belgrade.
A number of artifacts excavated in the necropolis are said to be imported from ancient Greece while the rest are of a local origin with Greek influences. Archeological findings include a bronze Krater, a Corinthian helmet, Illyrian type helmets[7] and golden funeral masks reminiscent of Aegean culture.[4]
A golden mask from Trebeništa is depicted on the obverse of the 500 Macedonian denar banknote, issued in 1996 and 2003.[8]
See also
[edit]Sources
[edit]- ^ a b Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John (1994-01-01). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521233484.
- ^ a b Theodossiev, Nikola (1998). "The dead with golden faces: Dasaretian, Pelagonian, Mygdonian and Boeotian funeral masks". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 17 (3). Blackwell Publishing: 345–367. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00067.
- ^ Michail Yu Treister as ed., Hammering Techniques in Greek and Roman Jewellery and Toreutics; Volume 8 of Colloquia Pontica Series; BRILL, 2001, ISBN 9004121501, p. 31.
- ^ a b Ilieva, Pavlina, and Petia Penkova. "Funeral golden mask and hand with a ring The necropolis of Trebeniste." ArcheoSciences. Revue d'archéométrie 33 (2009).
- ^ Carol J. King, Ancient Macedonia; Routledge, 2017, ISBN 135171032X, p. 3.
- ^ "Macedonian Golden Funeral Masks from the City of Angels & Light - Ohrid". Retrieved 2016-10-21.
- ^ David, Wolfgang (January 2017). "Das goldene Antlitz des unbekannten Makedonen-königs". Wolfgang David (Ed.), das Goldene Antlitz des Unbekannten Makedonenkönigs. Makedonen und Kelten Am Ohrid-See – ein Zusammenprall der Kulturen? (Schriften des Kelten Römer Museums Manching 8) 60-63.
- ^ National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia. Macedonian currency. Banknotes in circulation: 500 Denars Archived 2009-04-08 at the Wayback Machine (1996 issue) & 500 Denars Archived 2009-04-08 at the Wayback Machine (2003 issue). – Retrieved on 30 March 2009.
Bibliography
[edit]- B.D.Filow, K.Schkorpil, Die archaische Nekropole von Trebenischte am Ochrida-See, Berlin und Leipzig 1927.
- La nécropole archaïque de Trebenischte, Extr. de la Revue Archéo., janvier-avril 1934. Vulic (N.)
- WERE THE AUTHORS OF THE TREBENIŠTE CULTURE AND THE GOLD FUNERAL MASKS, Nade Proeva, Ph.D.
- Viktorija Sokolovska, Etnickite nositeli na Trebeniskata Nekropola, Skopje/Ohrid 1997 (Summary in English)
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