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{{Short description|Oceanic language in Papua New Guinea}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Bola
|name=Bola
|nativename=Bakovi
|nativename={{lang|bnp|Bakovi}}
|states=[[Papua New Guinea]]
|states=[[Papua New Guinea]]
|speakers=14,000
|speakers=14,000
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== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Phonology of the Bola language:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wiebe|first=Brent|date=August 2004|title=Bola (Bola-Bakovi) Language [BNP] East New Britain & West New Britain Province|url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/14/46/78/144678789960846966219668552667179530791/Bola.pdf|journal=Organised Phonology Data}}</ref>
Phonology of the Bola language:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wiebe|first=Brent|date=August 2004|title=Bola (Bola-Bakovi) Language [BNP] East New Britain & West New Britain Province|url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/14/46/78/144678789960846966219668552667179530791/Bola.pdf|journal=Organised Phonology Data}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Consonant sounds
|+ Consonant sounds
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! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|-
![[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|p b
|{{IPA link|n}}
|t d
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|k g
|-
|-
![[Plosive]]
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}
⚫
|m
|{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}}
⚫
|n
|{{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|g}}
|ŋ
⚫
|-
![[Fricative]]
|{{IPA link|β}}
|({{IPA link|s}})
|{{IPA link|ɣ}}
|-
|-
![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
⚫
|r
|
|
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|β
|
|ɣ
|-
|-
![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|l
|
|
|}
|}

/t/ is realized as /s, ʃ/ when only occurring in front of /i/. The voiced stops /b d ɡ/ can often sound prenasalized [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ] among various speakers. /ɣ/ can be pronounced as a glottal fricative [h] among younger speakers.
{{IPA|/t/}} is realized as {{IPA|/s, ʃ/}} only when occurring in front of {{IPA|/i/}}. The voiced stops {{IPA|/b d ɡ/}} can often sound prenasalized {{IPA|[ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ]}} among various speakers. {{IPA|/ɣ/}} can be pronounced as a glottal fricative {{IPAblink|h}} among younger speakers.
⚫
{| class="wikitable"

⚫
|+ '''Vowel sounds'''
⚫
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
⚫
|+ Vowel sounds
!
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
Line 62: Line 66:
|-
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
! [[High vowel|High]]
| align="center" |{{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA link|i}}
⚫
|
| || align="center" |{{IPA|u}}
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| align="center" |{{IPA|ɛ}}
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
⚫
|
| || align="center" |{{IPA|ɔ}}
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}
|-
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
|
|
| align="center" |{{IPA|ɑ}}
|{{IPA link|ɑ}}
|
|
|}
|}
/i/ before vowel sounds /ɑ ɛ ɔ u/ is pronounced as a glide sound [j].<ref>van den Berg & Wiebe (2019)</ref>
{{IPA|/i/}} before vowel sounds {{IPA|/ɑ ɛ ɔ u/}} is pronounced as a glide sound {{IPAblink|j}}.<ref>van den Berg & Wiebe (2019)</ref>


==References==
==References==
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{{Languages of Papua New Guinea}}
{{Languages of Papua New Guinea}}
{{Meso-Melanesian languages}}
{{Meso-Melanesian languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}}


[[Category:Meso-Melanesian languages]]
[[Category:Meso-Melanesian languages]]

Latest revision as of 21:27, 10 November 2024

Bola
Bakovi
Native toPapua New Guinea
Native speakers
14,000 (2000 census)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3bnp
Glottologbola1250
ELPBola

Bola, or Bakovi, is an Oceanic language of West New Britain in Papua New Guinea. The Harua (Xarua) dialect developed on a palm plantation.

Phonology

[edit]

Phonology of the Bola language:[2]

Consonant sounds
Labial Alveolar Velar
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t d k g
Fricative β (s) ɣ
Rhotic r
Lateral l

/t/ is realized as /s, ʃ/ only when occurring in front of /i/. The voiced stops /b d ɡ/ can often sound prenasalized [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ] among various speakers. /ɣ/ can be pronounced as a glottal fricative [h] among younger speakers.

Vowel sounds
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid ɛ ɔ
Low ɑ

/i/ before vowel sounds /ɑ ɛ ɔ u/ is pronounced as a glide sound [j].[3]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bola at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Wiebe, Brent (August 2004). "Bola (Bola-Bakovi) Language [BNP] East New Britain & West New Britain Province" (PDF). Organised Phonology Data.
  3. ^ van den Berg & Wiebe (2019)

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]


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