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{{Short description|Oceanic language in Papua New Guinea}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Bola
|name=Bola
|nativename=Bakovi
|nativename={{lang|bnp|Bakovi}}
|states=[[Papua New Guinea]]
|states=[[Papua New Guinea]]
|speakers=14,000
|speakers=14,000
|date=2000 census
|date=2000 census
|ref=e17
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austronesian
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
Line 13: Line 14:
|fam6=[[Willaumez languages|Willaumez]]
|fam6=[[Willaumez languages|Willaumez]]
|iso3=bnp
|iso3=bnp
|glotto=bola1250
|glottorefname=Bola
}}
}}


'''Bola''', or '''Bakovi''', is an [[Oceanic language]] of [[West New Britain]] in [[Papua New Guinea]]. Harua (Xarua) dialect developed on a palm plantation.
'''Bola''', or '''Bakovi''', is an [[Oceanic language]] of [[West New Britain]] in [[Papua New Guinea]]. The Harua (Xarua) dialect developed on a palm plantation.

== Phonology ==
Phonology of the Bola language:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wiebe|first=Brent|date=August 2004|title=Bola (Bola-Bakovi) Language [BNP] East New Britain & West New Britain Province|url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/14/46/78/144678789960846966219668552667179530791/Bola.pdf|journal=Organised Phonology Data}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Consonant sounds
!
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|-
![[Plosive]]
|{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|g}}
|-
![[Fricative]]
|{{IPA link|β}}
|({{IPA link|s}})
|{{IPA link|ɣ}}
|-
![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|-
![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|}

{{IPA|/t/}} is realized as {{IPA|/s, ʃ/}} only when occurring in front of {{IPA|/i/}}. The voiced stops {{IPA|/b d ɡ/}} can often sound prenasalized {{IPA|[ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ]}} among various speakers. {{IPA|/ɣ/}} can be pronounced as a glottal fricative {{IPAblink|h}} among younger speakers.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Vowel sounds
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
|
|{{IPA link|ɑ}}
|
|}
{{IPA|/i/}} before vowel sounds {{IPA|/ɑ ɛ ɔ u/}} is pronounced as a glide sound {{IPAblink|j}}.<ref>van den Berg & Wiebe (2019)</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Citation |last=van den Berg |first=René |last2=Wiebe |first2=Brent |title=Bola Grammar Sketch |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/69/02/40/69024055998614577724075211921224072564/Bola_grammar_20_03_2019_final.pdf |year=2019 |series=Data Papers on Papua New Guinea Languages, 63 |place=Ukarumpa |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics |isbn=9980-0-4482-9}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314022246/http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/928474542277/Bola.pdf Organised Phonology Data]
* [https://bible.cloud/ebooks/pdf/BNPWBT/BNPWBT.pdf Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Ruth, Jonah, and the New Testament in the Bola language of Papua New Guinea]

{{Languages of Papua New Guinea}}
{{Meso-Melanesian languages}}
{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}}


[[Category:Meso-Melanesian languages]]
[[Category:Meso-Melanesian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Languages of West New Britain Province]]


{{MesoMelanesian-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 21:27, 10 November 2024

Bola
Bakovi
Native toPapua New Guinea
Native speakers
14,000 (2000 census)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3bnp
Glottologbola1250
ELPBola

Bola, or Bakovi, is an Oceanic language of West New Britain in Papua New Guinea. The Harua (Xarua) dialect developed on a palm plantation.

Phonology

[edit]

Phonology of the Bola language:[2]

Consonant sounds
Labial Alveolar Velar
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t d k g
Fricative β (s) ɣ
Rhotic r
Lateral l

/t/ is realized as /s, ʃ/ only when occurring in front of /i/. The voiced stops /b d ɡ/ can often sound prenasalized [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ] among various speakers. /ɣ/ can be pronounced as a glottal fricative [h] among younger speakers.

Vowel sounds
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid ɛ ɔ
Low ɑ

/i/ before vowel sounds /ɑ ɛ ɔ u/ is pronounced as a glide sound [j].[3]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bola at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Wiebe, Brent (August 2004). "Bola (Bola-Bakovi) Language [BNP] East New Britain & West New Britain Province" (PDF). Organised Phonology Data.
  3. ^ van den Berg & Wiebe (2019)

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]


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