Bola language (Austronesian): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Oceanic language in Papua New Guinea}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=Bola |
|name=Bola |
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|nativename=Bakovi |
|nativename={{lang|bnp|Bakovi}} |
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|states=[[Papua New Guinea]] |
|states=[[Papua New Guinea]] |
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|speakers=14,000 |
|speakers=14,000 |
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'''Bola''', or '''Bakovi''', is an [[Oceanic language]] of [[West New Britain]] in [[Papua New Guinea]]. The Harua (Xarua) dialect developed on a palm plantation. |
'''Bola''', or '''Bakovi''', is an [[Oceanic language]] of [[West New Britain]] in [[Papua New Guinea]]. The Harua (Xarua) dialect developed on a palm plantation. |
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== Phonology == |
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Phonology of the Bola language:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wiebe|first=Brent|date=August 2004|title=Bola (Bola-Bakovi) Language [BNP] East New Britain & West New Britain Province|url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/14/46/78/144678789960846966219668552667179530791/Bola.pdf|journal=Organised Phonology Data}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|+ Consonant sounds |
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! |
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! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
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! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
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|- |
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![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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|{{IPA link|m}} |
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|{{IPA link|n}} |
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|{{IPA link|ŋ}} |
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|- |
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![[Plosive]] |
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|{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}} |
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|{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}} |
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|{{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|g}} |
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|- |
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![[Fricative]] |
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|{{IPA link|β}} |
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|({{IPA link|s}}) |
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|{{IPA link|ɣ}} |
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|- |
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![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] |
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| |
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|{{IPA link|r}} |
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|- |
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![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] |
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|{{IPA link|l}} |
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|} |
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{{IPA|/t/}} is realized as {{IPA|/s, ʃ/}} only when occurring in front of {{IPA|/i/}}. The voiced stops {{IPA|/b d ɡ/}} can often sound prenasalized {{IPA|[ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ]}} among various speakers. {{IPA|/ɣ/}} can be pronounced as a glottal fricative {{IPAblink|h}} among younger speakers. |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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|+ Vowel sounds |
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! |
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! [[Front vowel|Front]] |
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![[Central vowel|Central]] |
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! [[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- |
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! [[High vowel|High]] |
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| {{IPA link|i}} |
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| |
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| {{IPA link|u}} |
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|- |
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! [[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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| {{IPA link|ɛ}} |
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| |
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| {{IPA link|ɔ}} |
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|- |
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! [[Low vowel|Low]] |
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|{{IPA link|ɑ}} |
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|} |
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{{IPA|/i/}} before vowel sounds {{IPA|/ɑ ɛ ɔ u/}} is pronounced as a glide sound {{IPAblink|j}}.<ref>van den Berg & Wiebe (2019)</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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== Further reading == |
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* {{Citation |last=van den Berg |first=René |last2=Wiebe |first2=Brent |title=Bola Grammar Sketch |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/69/02/40/69024055998614577724075211921224072564/Bola_grammar_20_03_2019_final.pdf |year=2019 |series=Data Papers on Papua New Guinea Languages, 63 |place=Ukarumpa |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics |isbn=9980-0-4482-9}} |
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==External links== |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314022246/http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/928474542277/Bola.pdf Organised Phonology Data] |
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* [https://bible.cloud/ebooks/pdf/BNPWBT/BNPWBT.pdf Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Ruth, Jonah, and the New Testament in the Bola language of Papua New Guinea] |
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{{Languages of Papua New Guinea}} |
{{Languages of Papua New Guinea}} |
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{{Meso-Melanesian languages}} |
{{Meso-Melanesian languages}} |
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{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}} |
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[[Category:Meso-Melanesian languages]] |
[[Category:Meso-Melanesian languages]] |
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[[Category:Languages of West New Britain Province]] |
[[Category:Languages of West New Britain Province]] |
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{{ |
{{MesoMelanesian-lang-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 21:27, 10 November 2024
| Bola | |
|---|---|
| Bakovi | |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
Native speakers | 14,000 (2000 census)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bnp |
| Glottolog | bola1250 |
| ELP | Bola |
Bola, or Bakovi, is an Oceanic language of West New Britain in Papua New Guinea. The Harua (Xarua) dialect developed on a palm plantation.
Phonology
[edit]Phonology of the Bola language:[2]
| Labial | Alveolar | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ |
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g |
| Fricative | β | (s) | ɣ |
| Rhotic | r | ||
| Lateral | l |
/t/ is realized as /s, ʃ/ only when occurring in front of /i/. The voiced stops /b d ɡ/ can often sound prenasalized [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ] among various speakers. /ɣ/ can be pronounced as a glottal fricative [h] among younger speakers.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Low | ɑ |
/i/ before vowel sounds /ɑ ɛ ɔ u/ is pronounced as a glide sound [j].[3]
References
[edit]- ^ Bola at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Wiebe, Brent (August 2004). "Bola (Bola-Bakovi) Language [BNP] East New Britain & West New Britain Province" (PDF). Organised Phonology Data.
- ^ van den Berg & Wiebe (2019)
Further reading
[edit]- van den Berg, René; Wiebe, Brent (2019), Bola Grammar Sketch (PDF), Data Papers on Papua New Guinea Languages, 63, Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics, ISBN 9980-0-4482-9
External links
[edit]- Organised Phonology Data
- Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Ruth, Jonah, and the New Testament in the Bola language of Papua New Guinea